diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-core.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-core.yml
index 15c9bf6..60a8a00 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-core.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-core.yml
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@ on:
         description: GitHub-generated merge commit to test
         required: true
         type: string
-      publish_status:
-        description: Publish CI / required from the trusted main refresh path
-        required: false
-        type: boolean
-        default: false
 
 concurrency:
   group: ci-pr-${{ inputs.pr_number }}
@@ -463,7 +458,6 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 5
     permissions:
       contents: read
-      statuses: write
     steps:
       - name: 汇总所有必要任务
         id: summary
@@ -519,42 +513,6 @@ jobs:
           require_job nginx "$NGINX_RESULT" "$NGINX_REQUIRED"
           require_job dependency_review "$DEPENDENCY_RESULT" "$DEPENDENCY_REQUIRED"
 
-      - name: 发布 main 更新重检状态
-        if: always() && inputs.publish_status
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
-          MERGE_SHA: ${{ inputs.merge_sha }}
-          SUMMARY_OUTCOME: ${{ steps.summary.outcome }}
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          state=failure
-          description="UniSpeaking 必要 CI 检查未通过"
-          if [[ "$SUMMARY_OUTCOME" == success ]]; then
-            state=success
-            description="UniSpeaking 必要 CI 检查已通过"
-          fi
-
-          jq -n \
-            --arg state "$state" \
-            --arg context "CI / required" \
-            --arg description "$description" \
-            --arg target_url "$GITHUB_SERVER_URL/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/actions/runs/$GITHUB_RUN_ID" \
-            '{
-              state: $state,
-              context: $context,
-              description: $description,
-              target_url: $target_url
-            }' > "$RUNNER_TEMP/status.json"
-
-          curl --fail-with-body --silent --show-error \
-            --request POST \
-            --header "Authorization: Bearer $GH_TOKEN" \
-            --header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            --header "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            --data-binary "@$RUNNER_TEMP/status.json" \
-            "$GITHUB_API_URL/repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/statuses/$MERGE_SHA"
-
       - name: 执行最终门禁
         if: always() && steps.summary.outcome != 'success'
         run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-refresh-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-refresh-pr.yml
index 83f3060..ff4766c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-refresh-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-refresh-pr.yml
@@ -122,4 +122,50 @@ jobs:
       base_sha: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.base_sha }}
       head_sha: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.head_sha }}
       merge_sha: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.merge_sha }}
-      publish_status: true
+
+  publish:
+    name: 发布重检状态
+    needs:
+      - resolve
+      - core
+    if: always() && needs.resolve.outputs.runnable == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      statuses: write
+    steps:
+      - name: 发布 CI / required
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          MERGE_SHA: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.merge_sha }}
+          CORE_RESULT: ${{ needs.core.result }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          state=failure
+          description="UniSpeaking 必要 CI 检查未通过"
+          if [[ "$CORE_RESULT" == success ]]; then
+            state=success
+            description="UniSpeaking 必要 CI 检查已通过"
+          fi
+
+          jq -n \
+            --arg state "$state" \
+            --arg context "CI / required" \
+            --arg description "$description" \
+            --arg target_url "$GITHUB_SERVER_URL/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/actions/runs/$GITHUB_RUN_ID" \
+            '{
+              state: $state,
+              context: $context,
+              description: $description,
+              target_url: $target_url
+            }' > "$RUNNER_TEMP/status.json"
+
+          curl --fail-with-body --silent --show-error \
+            --request POST \
+            --header "Authorization: Bearer $GH_TOKEN" \
+            --header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            --header "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            --data-binary "@$RUNNER_TEMP/status.json" \
+            "$GITHUB_API_URL/repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/statuses/$MERGE_SHA"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d7d2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+name: Coverage
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    paths:
+      - backend/**
+      - .github/workflows/coverage.yml
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: coverage-main
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  backend:
+    name: 生成并发布后端覆盖率
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: backend/unispeaking-server
+    steps:
+      - name: 检出 main
+        uses: actions/checkout@11d5960a326750d5838078e36cf38b85af677262 # v4
+
+      - name: 配置 Java 21
+        uses: actions/setup-java@c1e323688fd81a25caa38c78aa6df2d33d3e20d9 # v4
+        with:
+          distribution: temurin
+          java-version: "21"
+          cache: maven
+          cache-dependency-path: backend/unispeaking-server/pom.xml
+
+      - name: 运行测试并生成 JaCoCo 聚合报告
+        shell: bash
+        run: >-
+          ./mvnw
+          --batch-mode
+          --no-transfer-progress
+          -Pci-integration,coverage-aggregate
+          clean
+          verify
+
+      - name: 上传 JaCoCo XML 到 Codecov
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          use_oidc: true
+          files: backend/unispeaking-server/target/site/jacoco-aggregate/jacoco.xml
+          disable_search: true
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          flags: backend
+          name: backend-aggregate
+
+      - name: 保存 JaCoCo 聚合报告
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4
+        with:
+          name: backend-main-coverage
+          path: backend/unispeaking-server/target/site/jacoco-aggregate
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 30
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 80174bb..e9bd72e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 # UniSpeaking
 
+[![后端测试](https://github.com/1024XEngineer/UniSpeaking/actions/workflows/coverage.yml/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://github.com/1024XEngineer/UniSpeaking/actions/workflows/coverage.yml)
+[![后端覆盖率](https://codecov.io/gh/1024XEngineer/UniSpeaking/branch/main/graph/badge.svg?flag=backend)](https://codecov.io/gh/1024XEngineer/UniSpeaking)
+
+覆盖率目前统计后端 Java 代码，合并单元测试及 PostgreSQL、Redis 集成测试结果；
+前端尚未接入自动化测试覆盖率。
+
 UniSpeaking 是一个面向英语口语学习的 AI 实时陪练系统。当前仓库包含 React 前端、
 Spring Boot 后端、PostgreSQL 数据模型以及 Nginx/Docker 部署配置。
 
diff --git a/docs/ci.md b/docs/ci.md
index 9ecff5a..facf964 100644
--- a/docs/ci.md
+++ b/docs/ci.md
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ Redis 引入生产运行时。
 | `ci-refresh.yml` | `main` 更新后查找全部开放 PR，并行发起重检 |
 | `ci-refresh-pr.yml` | 等待包含最新 `main` 的 merge SHA，跳过冲突或已变化的 PR |
 | `ci-status.yml` | 在可信上下文校验当前 base、head、merge SHA 后发布 `CI / required` |
+| `coverage.yml` | `main` 后端变更后生成 JaCoCo 聚合报告并通过 OIDC 上传到 Codecov |
 
 同一 PR 的核心检查使用 `ci-pr-<PR 编号>` 并发组。出现新提交或 `main` 更新时，旧检查
 会自动取消；不同 PR 可以并行执行。PR 工作流只使用只读权限，不接收仓库 Secrets。
@@ -74,6 +75,18 @@ GitHub Actions 在对应运行的 Artifacts 中保留以下内容 30 天：
 PR 不上传后端 JAR、前端 `dist` 或 Docker 镜像。用于在任务间合并覆盖率和校验 merge SHA
 的临时数据只保留 1 天。
 
+根目录 README 显示 `main` 分支的后端测试状态和 Codecov 覆盖率。覆盖率合并单元测试
+及 PostgreSQL、Redis 集成测试所执行的后端 Java 代码；它不是数据库表或 SQL 语句的
+覆盖率。前端尚未建立自动化测试覆盖率，因此 README 暂不显示前端覆盖率。
+`coverage.yml` 上传的是 JaCoCo 聚合报告
+`backend/unispeaking-server/target/site/jacoco-aggregate/jacoco.xml`，同时使用
+`backend` flag 标记报告。上传通过 GitHub OIDC 鉴权，不需要配置 `CODECOV_TOKEN`。
+
+首次启用前，仓库管理员需要在 Codecov 中安装 GitHub App 并激活
+`1024XEngineer/UniSpeaking`。工作流合入 `main` 后会自动进行首次上传；也可以在
+Actions 的 Coverage 工作流中手动运行。首次上传成功前，README 徽章可能显示
+`unknown`。
+
 ## 首次启用与分支保护
 
 新增工作流的首个 PR 合并前，默认分支尚不存在可供 Ruleset 选择的