terrain.cpp

#include "terrain.h"


// Load images and initialize variables
terrain::terrain()
{
	initialized = false;
	heightmap = 0;
	angle = 0;

	// The display list is not valid
	dl_valid = false;
	dl_handle = 0;

	// Try to load the heightmap
	if (!load_heightmap("../../data/tex_height.bmp"))
		return;

	// Try to load the texture
	if (!load_texture("../../data/tex_topo.bmp", &texture_handle))
		return;

	initialized = true;

	// Basic initial settings
	set_show_solid(true);
	set_show_wireframe(false);
	set_show_levels(false);

}



// Unload images and textures
terrain::~terrain()
{
	// Delete the texture
	glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_handle);
	// Free the memory for the height map
	BMP_Free(heightmap);
	// Delete the display list if neccessary
	if (glIsList(dl_handle))
		glDeleteLists(dl_handle, 1);
}



// Render the actual scene
void terrain::render()
{
	// Enable depth testing
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	// Enable automatic normalization of normals
	glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);

	// Clear the screen
	glClearColor(1,1,1,0);
	glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

	// Nothing to do if we are not properly initialized
	if (!initialized)
		return;

	// Setup perspective and modelview matrix
	setup_projection();
	// Setup light
	setup_light();


	// Render the solid terrain with lighting and texture mapping
	if (show_solid)
		render_solid_terrain();

	// Render the outline of the terrain
	if (show_wireframe)
		render_wireframe_terrain();

	// Eventually render level lines
	if (show_levels)
		render_level_lines();
}




// Render the terrain as solid
void terrain::render_solid_terrain()
{
	// Enable lighting
	glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

	// This is a trick which is neccessary in order to draw lines
	// later on. Otherwise there would be artifacts due to a z-fight.
	glPolygonOffset(1, 1);
	glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL);


	/********
	Task 2.2.4.    Activate 2D texture mapping and bind the texture that
				   is identified by the handle "texture_handle". Do not remove
				   any of the code in this method.
	Aufgabe 2.2.4. Aktivieren Sie 2D-Texturierung und binden Sie die
				   Textur, die ueber das Handle "texture_handle" identifiziert
				   ist. Entfernen Sie keinen Code in dieser Methode.
	************/


	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_handle);
	glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);



	// Set the material color to white
	glColor3d(1, 1, 1);
	// Render the terrain
	render_terrain();

	// Disable texture mapping
	glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	// Disable support for depth buffer offsets
	glDisable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL); 
	// Disable lighting
	glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
}




// Render the terrain as wireframe
void terrain::render_wireframe_terrain()
{
	// Set the line width to be 1 pixel
	glLineWidth(1.0);
	// Set the draw mode to draw outlines of polygons
	glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
	// Set the color to black
	glColor3d(0, 0, 0);
	// Render the terrain
	render_terrain(); 

	// Set the draw mode to fill polygons
	glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
}



// Render the terrain
void terrain::render_terrain()
{
	// Store width and height for faster access
	int map_width = get_heightmap_width();
	int map_height = get_heightmap_height();


	// Move and scale the coordinate system so that we can work with
	// whole units. That means that a vertex at height map position (x, y)
	// with a height of h can be placed as glVertex3d(x, h, y). The
	// terrain extents in the XZ-layer while the height is on the Y-axis.
	glPushMatrix();
	glTranslated(-1, 0, -1);
	glScaled(2.0/(double)map_width, 1.0/256.0, 2.0/(double)map_height);




	/********
	Task 2.2.1.    Complete the code below to create a regular grid which expands
				   along the X-Z-layer. Create the grid by specifying triangle
				   strips for each line. The coordinate system is already scaled
				   and translated to use the values of the variables "x" and "y"
				   defined below directly as coordinates. The initial height of
				   the grid shall be 0.
	Aufgabe 2.2.1. Vervollstaendigen Sie den nachfolgenden Quelltext um die 
				   Erstellung eines regelmaessigen Gitters das sich ueber die
				   X-Z-Ebene erstreckt. Erstellen Sie dieses Gitter, indem Sie
				   zeilenweise Dreiecksstreifen definieren. Das Koordinatensystem
				   ist bereits skaliert und verschoben, so dass Sie die Werte
				   der Variablen "x" und "y", die unten definiert werden direkt
				   als Koordinaten einsetzen koennen. Das Gitter soll zunaechst
				   eine Hoehe von 0 besitzen.

	
	Task 2.2.2.    Now elevate the height of the vertices to create the grid terrain
				   that corresponds to the height map. Use "get_heightmap_value(x, y)".
	Aufgabe 2.2.2. Heben Sie jetzt die Vertices an um ein Drahtgitterterrain zu erstellen,
				   das zur Hoehenkarte korrespondiert. Nutzen Sie die Methode 
				   "get_heightmap_value(x, y)".


	Task 2.2.3.    Make sure to call "set_normal" for every vertex and continue this 
				   task in "set_normal".
	Aufgabe 2.2.3. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie "set_normal" für jeden Vertex aufrufen
				   und fahren Sie in "set_normal" mit der Aufgabe fort.


	Task 2.2.4.    Activate texture mapping and bind the texture in the method 
				   "render_solid_terrain". Provide 2D texture coordinates per vertex in
				   this method using "glTexCoord2d". 
	Aufgabe 2.2.4. Aktivieren Sie Texturmapping und binden Sie eine Textur in der
				   Methode "render_solid_terrain". Spezifizieren Sie in dieser Methode pro
				   Vertex eine Texturkoordinate mittels der Methode "glTexCoord2d".
   *********/


	// Go through all rows (-1)
	for (int y = 0; y<map_height-1; y++) {

		glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);

		// Draw one strip+
		for (int x = 0; x<map_width; x++) {
			glTexCoord2d((double) x / map_width, (double) y / (map_height - 1));
			set_normal(x, y);
			glVertex3d(x, get_heightmap_value(x, y), y);
			glTexCoord2d((double) x / map_width, (double) (y + 1) / (map_height - 1));
			set_normal(x, y + 1);
			glVertex3d(x, get_heightmap_value(x, y + 1), y + 1);
		}
		glEnd();

	}

	glPopMatrix();
}




// Calculate and set the normal for height map entry (x,y)
void terrain::set_normal(int x, int y)
{
	/********
	Task 2.2.3.    Calculate the normal for the vertex that corresponds to
				   the height map value (x, y). You can either use forward differences,
				   backward differences or central differences. The latter will give
				   the best results. The calculation is done by first determining direction
				   vectors in X and Z and then using vector operations to get a vector that 
				   is perpendicular to both. You find some examples for vector operations in 
				   this project below. Do not forget to pass the normal to OpenGL using
				   the command glNormal3d.

	Aufgabe 2.2.3. Berechnen Sie die Normalen fuer den Vertex der zum Hoehenwert (x, y)
				   gehoert. Sie koennen entweder Vorwaerts-, Rueckwaerts- oder Zentral-
				   Differenzen verwenden. Die letzte Methode erzeugt die besten Resultate.
				   Fuer die Berechnung werden zunaechst Richtungvektoren in X- und Z-Richtung
				   gebildet und anschliessend mittels Vektoroperationen ein zu beiden Vektoren
				   senkrechter Vektor berechnet. Nachfolgend ein paar Beispiele fuer Vektor-
				   rechnungen in diesem Projekt. Vergessen Sie nicht die Normale nach der 
				   Berechnung mittels glNormal3d an OpenGL zu senden.

				   // Create a vector
				   vec3d vec1(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
				   // Create another vector
				   vec3d vec2(0.5, -1.0, 2.0);
				   // Normalize the first vector
				   vec1.normalize();
				   // Add the first vector to the second
				   vec2 = vec1 + vec2;
				   // Increase the length of the first vector
				   vec1 *= 10.0;
				   // Calculate the dot product
				   double x = dot(vec1, vec2);
				   // Calculate the cross product
				   vec3d vec3 = cross(vec1, vec2);
				   // Get the length
				   double l = vec3.length();
				   // Get the components for a vector
				   double x = vec3.x();
				   double y = vec3.y();
				   double z = vec3.z();
   *****************/

	vec3d v1(x, get_heightmap_value(x, y), y);
	vec3d v2(x, get_heightmap_value(x, y + 1), y + 1);
	vec3d v3(x + 1, get_heightmap_value(x + 1, y), y);
	
	v2 = v2 - v1;
	v3 = v3 - v1;

	v1 = cross(v2, v3);

	glNormal3d(v1.x(), v1.y(), v1.z());

}




// Render height level lines
void terrain::render_level_lines()
{
	// Set color to gray
	glColor3d(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
	// Set the line width to 3 pixels
	glLineWidth(2.0);

	// Change the coordinate system so that one can work with whole units
	glPushMatrix();
	glTranslated(-1, 0, -1);
	glScaled(2.0/(double)get_heightmap_width(), 1.0/256.0, 2.0/(double)get_heightmap_height());

	// Connect with lines
	glBegin(GL_LINES);

	// Render lines which were created in "create_level_lines" and stored into
	// the list "level_lines"
	for (int i=0; i<(int)level_lines.size(); i+=2) {
			glVertex3d(level_lines[i  ].x(), level_lines[i  ].y(), level_lines[i  ].z());
			glVertex3d(level_lines[i+1].x(), level_lines[i+1].y(), level_lines[i+1].z());
	}

	glEnd();

	// Set the width back to 1.0
	glLineWidth(1.0);

	glPopMatrix();
}



// Create height lines for the level "level"
void terrain::create_level_line(int level)
{
	/********
	Additional Task: Find iso lines with the "Marching Squares" algorithm for the 
					 height value "level". Store the start and end points of the 
					 found lines in the list "level_lines".
	Zusatzaufgabe:   Finden Sie Hoehenlinien mittels des "Marching Squares"-Algorithmus
					 fuer den Hoehenwert "level". Legen Sie die Start- und Endpunkte
					 der gefundenen Linien in der Liste "level_lines" ab.
	*************/
}




// Set the light parameters
void terrain::setup_light()
{
	// Enable lighting and colored materials
	glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
	glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

	// Enable light source 0
	glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);

	// Set the modelview matrix to be the identity to avoid
	// having the light position moved with the terrain.
	glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
	glPushMatrix();
	glLoadIdentity();

	// Set light parameters
	float position[4]={1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};
	float ambient_color[4]={0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f};
	float diffuse_color[4]={1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};
	float specular_color[4]={1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};
	glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, position);
	glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambient_color);
	glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse_color);
	glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, specular_color);

	glLightf(GL_LIGHT0,GL_SPOT_EXPONENT, 10.0f);   

	glPopMatrix();

	glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);

}



// Set the projection and the view
void terrain::setup_projection()
{
	// For projection choose a perspective matrix with an aperture angle of
	// 45deg, an aspect ratio that corresponds to the width and height of the
	// window, z_near at 0.01 and z_far at 10.0
	glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
	glLoadIdentity();
	gluPerspective(45, glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH) / (double)glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT), 0.01, 10.0);

	// For the modelview matrix choose a view from the position (2.5, 2.5, 0) to
	// the position (0, 0, 0) where the up-direction is (0, 1, 0).
	// Also rotate with the specified angle around the Y-axis
	glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
	glLoadIdentity();
	gluLookAt(2.5,2.5,0,  0,0,0,  0,1,0);
	glRotated(angle, 0,1,0);
}



// Advance one frame
void terrain::advance_frame()
{
	// Increase angle and perform a modulo 360
	angle = (angle+1)%360;
}



// (De)activate solid rendering
void terrain::set_show_solid(bool state)
{
	show_solid = state;
	// The current display list is outdated now
	dl_valid = false;
}


// (De)activate wireframe rendering
void terrain::set_show_wireframe(bool state)
{
	show_wireframe = state;
	// The current display list is outdated now	
	dl_valid = false;
}


// (De)activate height level line rendering
void terrain::set_show_levels(bool state)
{
	show_levels = state;

	// If level lines shall be displayed then
	// recreate them in equidistant ranges
	if (show_levels) {
		level_lines.clear();
		for (int i=20; i<=255; i+=20)
			create_level_line(i);
	}

	// The current display list is outdated now
	dl_valid = false;
}




// Load the height map from the file "filename"
bool terrain::load_heightmap(const char *filename)
{
	// Load the heightmap by reading a bmp file
	heightmap = BMP_ReadFile(filename);

	// Return false and show an error message if the file
	// could not be loaded
	if (BMP_GetError() != BMP_OK) {
		std::cout<<BMP_GetErrorDescription()<<std::endl;
		return false;
	}

	// All went well...
	return true;	
}




// Load a texture and store its handle in "handle"
bool terrain::load_texture(const char *filename, GLuint *handle)
{
	BMP *bitmap;

	// Load the texture by reading a bmp file
	bitmap = BMP_ReadFile(filename);

	// Return false and show an error message if the file
	// could not be loaded
	if (BMP_GetError() != BMP_OK) {
		std::cout<<BMP_GetErrorDescription()<<std::endl;
		return false;
	}

	// Get a pointer to the bitmap data
	unsigned char* data = BMP_GetImageData(bitmap);

	// Generate one texture and store its ID in "handle"
	glGenTextures(1, handle);
	// Bind the texture
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, *handle);
	// Enable linear blending between different mipmapping levels
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR);
	// Clamp the texture at the borders
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP);
	// Transfer the image data to the graphics card.
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, BMP_GetWidth(bitmap), BMP_GetHeight(bitmap), 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);	

	// Not needed anymore
	free(data);
	BMP_Free(bitmap);

	// Unbind texture
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);

	return true;
}



// Return the width of the height map
int terrain::get_heightmap_width() const
{
	return BMP_GetWidth(heightmap);
}



// Return the height of the height map
int terrain::get_heightmap_height() const
{
	return BMP_GetHeight(heightmap);
}



// Return the height value at (x,y)
int terrain::get_heightmap_value(int x, int y) const
{
	// Returns one value from the heightmap. The image should
	// be in grayscale so just the red channel is returned.
	// The image is mirrored at the edges (by adjusting the
	// coordinates) to assure correct normal estimation.
	unsigned char r, g, b;

	// Mirror at the left and upper edge if neccessary
	x = abs(x);
	y = abs(y);

	// Mirror at the right and bottom edge if neccessary
	if (x>=get_heightmap_width())
		x = 2*get_heightmap_width()-x-1;
	if (y>=get_heightmap_height())
		y = 2*get_heightmap_height()-y-1;

	// Read the pixel and return the red component
	BMP_GetPixelRGB(heightmap, x, y, &r, &g, &b);

	return r;
}



// Set debug text
void terrain::set_text(stringstream &stream)
{
	if (!initialized) {
		stream<<"Cannot show terrain - not all files were loaded!";
		return;
	}
	stream<<"Showing terrain";

	if (!show_solid && !show_wireframe && !show_levels) {
		stream<<" (all features disabled)";
		return;
	}

	stream<<" (";
	if (show_solid)
		stream<<"as solid geometry";
	if (show_solid && show_wireframe)
		stream<<", ";
	if (show_wireframe)
		stream<<"as wireframe";
	if (show_wireframe && show_levels)
		stream<<", ";
	if (show_levels)
		stream<<"with level lines";
	stream<<")";
}