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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<!-- 2023-05-11 四 20:30 -->
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<title>linux命令杂记</title>
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<div id="content" class="content">
<h1 class="title">linux命令杂记</h1>
<div id="table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
<ul>
<li><a href="#org3766660">1. fd (find)</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgb4bf943">2. shell</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org9a43d6b">2.1. 忽略错误继续执行</a></li>
<li><a href="#org2a0730a">2.2. 退出 exit n</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5ce42c2">2.3. 判断文件是否存在</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org6e72e86">3. git</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org06b67fa">3.1. 设置/取消代理</a></li>
<li><a href="#org0882232">3.2. clone 子模块</a></li>
<li><a href="#org71dae92">3.3. 指定需要克隆的branch</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org0d47efc">4. grep -i 忽略大小写</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgb6f1276">5. fc-list 显示已安装字体</a></li>
<li><a href="#org41720d1">6. docker</a></li>
<li><a href="#orga5047f5">7. tar fvx XXX</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgfede6a4">8. du -h 以可读形式显示文件大小</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgd6203f7">8.1. 查看目录下的大文件</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org0cc1a86">9. test命令</a></li>
<li><a href="#org836492d">10. bash脚本的编写</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org976a87f">10.1. <code>set -e</code> 遇到错误就停止</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org774f89f">11. pstree 查看进程树</a></li>
<li><a href="#org562155e">12. strace 追踪程序的系统调用</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgcd31302">13. objdump -D 显示可执行文件/库文件的反汇编</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgab42851">14. ldd 显示链接信息</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5dec9e4">15. code2html 的使用</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5feaf7b">16. wget 保存整个网站</a></li>
<li><a href="#org1ed9d66">17. 配置apt软件源</a></li>
<li><a href="#org26c06e7">18. 在ArchLinux中安装deb</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org5f89a47">18.1. debtap</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6d3030d">18.2. dpkg</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgb00c1f6">19. <code>Xterm</code> 配置文件</a></li>
<li><a href="#org10cf1d4">20. ssh</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org250ee66">20.1. 重启ssh服务</a></li>
<li><a href="#org448d5de">20.2. 查看ssh服务是否启动</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgde6aa5a">21. 递归改变文件owner</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6874d1e">22. 汇编文件(.s)的结构</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgbac7cc4">23. makefile</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org135ccae">23.1. 定义变量</a></li>
<li><a href="#orga60ea87">23.2. 伪目标 .PHONY</a></li>
<li><a href="#org92d112d">23.3. 为整个项目添加宏定义</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgabd670f">23.4. 为目标链接上库</a></li>
<li><a href="#org641d9ca">23.5. 通配符</a></li>
<li><a href="#org564dca4">23.6. 函数调用</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgd48dc2c">23.6.1. 当前目录下某一类型的所有文件形成的列表</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgd539509">23.6.2. 将列表中的所有匹配项替换为指定形式</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org73834d2">24. GDB</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org75a7a21">24.1. 为可执行文件设置环境变量</a></li>
<li><a href="#org3ca96c9">24.2. 为可执行程序传参</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgab5d8cb">24.3. 显示某文件源代码</a></li>
<li><a href="#org01cc234">24.4. 添加断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#org1f5b8a2">24.5. 查看断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#org43a5966">24.6. 禁用断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgda59d2e">24.7. 重新启用断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#orga2c7a8d">24.8. 删除断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#org3c7a344">24.9. 保存断点到文件</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6a09d2a">24.10. 单步跳过 next</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgebfa63a">24.11. 继续执行, 直至遇到断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgfa7780c">24.12. 运行到某处,忽略期间的断点</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgab7ec9c">24.13. 进入到函数内部</a></li>
<li><a href="#org386d8b5">24.14. 从函数中跳出并暂停</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgde7f3c0">24.15. 强制从函数中返回特定值</a></li>
<li><a href="#org992d939">24.16. 跳转到指定位置继续执行</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgdc966cc">24.17. 显示当前所有的局部变量</a></li>
<li><a href="#org2bf9a09">24.18. 变量/表达式相关</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgaac24c6">24.18.1. 打印变量/表达式</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgca13cf7">24.18.2. 自动显示变量值</a></li>
<li><a href="#org9206474">24.18.3. 取消对变量的自动显示</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5fd3c66">24.18.4. 显示变量/表达式类型</a></li>
<li><a href="#org124b2c1">24.18.5. 修改变量的值</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgdbe4131">24.18.6. 监视某变量的值</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org2a4793c">24.19. 栈相关</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org9668619">24.19.1. 显示堆栈信息: bt</a></li>
<li><a href="#org28f9c96">24.19.2. 切换栈帧</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org1692ab0">24.20. 调试已经运行的程序</a></li>
<li><a href="#org412df64">24.21. 检查点</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orge503029">24.21.1. 在当前位置添加checkpoint</a></li>
<li><a href="#org34e985e">24.21.2. 查看所有checkpoints</a></li>
<li><a href="#orge0c02b0">24.21.3. 删除指定checkpoint</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org1565b8c">24.22. 线程</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgc2bbfbb">24.22.1. 显示所有线程</a></li>
<li><a href="#org63623b1">24.22.2. 切换到指定线程</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgd887d01">24.23. 以指定格式显示某地址处的内容</a></li>
<li><a href="#org40faf3e">24.24. 反向运行</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org0e48f95">25. valgrind</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org0f47e0e">25.1. 无法使用, 报错</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org441336a">26. CMake</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgef9a14f">27. clangd 配置</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgc9e1410">27.1. 配置纯C项目</a></li>
<li><a href="#org1d3fe76">27.2. 配置C++项目</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org6cd262a">28. cgroup v2</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org77d20c2">28.1. 组成</a></li>
<li><a href="#org469b329">28.2. 功能</a></li>
<li><a href="#org294aeac">28.3. 接口</a></li>
<li><a href="#org31eaef4">28.4. eg: pids控制器</a></li>
<li><a href="#orge5f34e4">28.5. 删除cgroup</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgf7f8d2b">28.6. 控制器概览</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org0fb2c19">28.6.1. cpu</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgfda2e86">28.6.2. cpuset: 控制cpu和内存亲和度</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org3766660" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org3766660"><span class="section-number-2">1.</span> fd (find)</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
在当前目录下的所有文件中寻找某字符串:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">fd . --type f <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">文件类型 f, d ..</span>
--exec grep --color=always -nH -e rust <span style="color: #98be65;">\{\}</span> <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">-exec 对每个查找出来的文件路径执行命令</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">其中{}代表路径, \{\} 是为了防止歧义</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">find -type f -exec grep --color=always -nH -e hello <span style="color: #98be65;">\{\}</span> + <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">对于find 的-exec子命令, {}后面需要接上加号+ !!</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">grep --color=always -nH -i -e hello <FILE>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">-n 行号</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">-H 文件名</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">-e 正则表达式</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">-i 忽略大小写</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">--color=always 给查询结果上色</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">--null 在文件名后面加上尾零.</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb4bf943" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgb4bf943"><span class="section-number-2">2.</span> shell</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org9a43d6b" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org9a43d6b"><span class="section-number-3">2.1.</span> 忽略错误继续执行</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c678dd;">set</span> +e
</pre>
</div>
<p>
恢复默认:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh"><span style="color: #c678dd;">set</span> -e
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org2a0730a" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org2a0730a"><span class="section-number-3">2.2.</span> 退出 exit n</h3>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5ce42c2" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5ce42c2"><span class="section-number-3">2.3.</span> 判断文件是否存在</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh"><span style="color: #51afef;">if</span> [ -f $<span style="color: #dcaeea;">1</span> ]
<span style="color: #51afef;">then</span>
<span style="color: #51afef;">else</span>
<span style="color: #51afef;">fi</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
n* git
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6e72e86" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org6e72e86"><span class="section-number-2">3.</span> git</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org06b67fa" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org06b67fa"><span class="section-number-3">3.1.</span> 设置/取消代理</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">设置ss</span>
git config --global http.proxy <span style="color: #98be65;">'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'</span>
git config --global https.proxy <span style="color: #98be65;">'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'</span>
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">设置代理</span>
git config --global https.proxy http://127.0.0.1:1080
git config --global https.proxy https://127.0.0.1:1080
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">取消代理</span>
git config --global --unset http.proxy
git config --global --unset https.proxy
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0882232" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org0882232"><span class="section-number-3">3.2.</span> clone 子模块</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-2">
<pre class="example">
git submodule update --init --recursive
</pre>
<p>
此命令经常无速度, 可能需要手动clone, 见 <code>.gitmodules</code>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org71dae92" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org71dae92"><span class="section-number-3">3.3.</span> 指定需要克隆的branch</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-3">
<pre class="example">
git clone -b fsf-gdb-10.1-with-sim<分支> https://github.com/riscv-collab/riscv-binutils-gdb.git riscv-gdb<别名>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0d47efc" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org0d47efc"><span class="section-number-2">4.</span> grep -i 忽略大小写</h2>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb6f1276" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgb6f1276"><span class="section-number-2">5.</span> fc-list 显示已安装字体</h2>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org41720d1" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org41720d1"><span class="section-number-2">6.</span> docker</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
<p>
恢复容器的运行 :
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">sudo docker start <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`sudo docker ps -a -q`</span>
sudo docker attach <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`sudo docker ps -aq`</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orga5047f5" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orga5047f5"><span class="section-number-2">7.</span> tar fvx XXX</h2>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgfede6a4" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgfede6a4"><span class="section-number-2">8.</span> du -h 以可读形式显示文件大小</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-8">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">$ du -h linux-note.org
12K linux-note.org
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgd6203f7" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgd6203f7"><span class="section-number-3">8.1.</span> 查看目录下的大文件</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-8-1">
<pre class="example">
du -sh .* * | grep G
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0cc1a86" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org0cc1a86"><span class="section-number-2">9.</span> test命令</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-9">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">test <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`命令`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">'str'</span>
test <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`命令`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">'string'</span> -a <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`命令`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">'string'</span>
test <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`命令`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">"string"</span> -o <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`命令`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">'string'</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
E.g
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh"><span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">判断当前平台是否是linux</span>
test <span style="color: #51afef; font-weight: bold;">`uname -s`</span> = <span style="color: #98be65;">'Linux'</span>
<span style="color: #c678dd;">echo</span> $<span style="color: #dcaeea;">?</span> <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">返回零表示无错误发生 </span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org836492d" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org836492d"><span class="section-number-2">10.</span> bash脚本的编写</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-10">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org976a87f" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org976a87f"><span class="section-number-3">10.1.</span> <code>set -e</code> 遇到错误就停止</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-10-1">
<p>
bash脚本默认行为是忽略错误,继续运行.
在脚本开头设置set -e就会使得: 只要有命令返回值!=0整个脚本的运行就会终止
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org774f89f" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org774f89f"><span class="section-number-2">11.</span> pstree 查看进程树</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-11">
<p>
<code>pstree -ap | grep mysql/redis ...</code>
</p>
<p>
在emacs中的shell运行pstree.
</p>
<pre class="example">
sun@Salted-PC:saltedf.github.io [main] $ pstree -ap | grep emacs
| `-emacs,65 -nw .
| | |-grep,217 --color=auto emacs
| `-{emacs},66
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org562155e" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org562155e"><span class="section-number-2">12.</span> strace 追踪程序的系统调用</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-12">
<p>
用于debug和理解程序的流程.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">strace -f -s 65535 -i -t -T -p <pid> -o 输出文件
</pre>
</div>
<p>
有时候会输出大量信息, 根本无法分析, 若只是需要特定的系统调用,可以使用 <code>-e trace=</code> 进行过滤, 如:负责读取/接收这类的系统调用.
</p>
<p>
<code>-e trace=recvfrom,read,recv,recvmsg</code>
</p>
<pre class="example">
strace -f -s 65535 -i -t -T -e trace=write,sendto,send -p <PID>
</pre>
<p>
统计各个系统调用总耗时:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">strace -c <程序>
strace -c -p <PID>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
结果显示了各个系统调用所花费总时间以及所占百分比, 调用次数, 以及出错次数. 出错越多一般代码质量越差.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
49.27 0.009506 7 1281 clock_gettime
18.75 0.003617 9 390 rt_sigprocmask
9.05 0.001747 9 175 ioctl
8.12 0.001567 17 92 write
5.40 0.001042 23 45 pselect6
2.48 0.000478 28 17 fcntl
2.38 0.000459 13 35 rt_sigreturn
1.37 0.000265 6 38 read
1.37 0.000264 7 35 timerfd_settime
1.29 0.000249 27 9 poll
0.37 0.000071 35 2 kill
0.16 0.000030 15 2 getpid
0.00 0.000000 0 2 close
0.00 0.000000 0 2 openat
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00 0.019295 2125 total
</pre>
</div>
<p>
代码分析组合拳: strace看关键调用. ==> 用calltree找出关键系统调用的调用关系. ==>用IDE细看这条调用链
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgcd31302" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgcd31302"><span class="section-number-2">13.</span> objdump -D 显示可执行文件/库文件的反汇编</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-13">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">objdump -D XXX | less
</pre>
</div>
<p>
不加less会显示太多!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgab42851" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgab42851"><span class="section-number-2">14.</span> ldd 显示链接信息</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-14">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">$ ldd ./build/udpclient
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcb2d85000)
libstdc++.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6 (0x00007f4c64e2a000)
libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00007f4c64e0f000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4c64c1d000)
libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f4c64ace000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f4c65024000)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5dec9e4" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org5dec9e4"><span class="section-number-2">15.</span> <a href="https://github.com/agentzh/code2ebook/">code2html</a> 的使用</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-15">
<p>
先进入项目根目录:
</p>
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>代码转html</li>
</ol>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">src2html.pl --tab-width 4 --color --cross-reference <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--navigator --line-numbers . <项目名>
</pre>
</div>
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>html合成pdf</li>
</ol>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">ebook-convert html_out/index.html llvm_release_1.pdf <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--use-profile-size <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--paper-size a3 <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--pdf-default-font-size 13 <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--pdf-mono-font-size 13 <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--margin-left 5 --margin-right 5 <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--margin-top 5 --margin-bottom 5 <span style="color: #98be65;">\</span>
--page-breaks-before=<span style="color: #98be65;">'/'</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5feaf7b" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org5feaf7b"><span class="section-number-2">16.</span> wget 保存整个网站</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-16">
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/lujun9972/linux-document/blob/master/examples/10%20wget%20command%20examples.org">https://github.com/lujun9972/linux-document/blob/master/examples/10%20wget%20command%20examples.org</a>
</p>
<pre class="example">
wget --mirror --convert-links --page-requisites --no-parent -P /path/to/download https://example-domain.com
</pre>
<p>
但这样可能会下载不全，原因可能有很多。这里遇到的问题是默认是不跨域名下载的。
</p>
<p>
需要运行第二次，并附加上多个选项
</p>
<pre class="example">
wget --mirror --convert-links -r -D "www.seas.upenn.edu,www.cis.upenn.edu" -A.pdf -A.zip -A.shtml --tries=1 --timeout=8 --span-hosts -l 5 --page-requisites --no-parent -P ./ https://www.seas.upenn.edu/\~cis341/17sp/
</pre>
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>-A 指定那些没有被下载的文件类型 （需要观察网站特征获知）</li>
<li>–span-hosts 跨主机名下载。</li>
<li>-D 指定域名/主机名 list，否则将遍历大量无用的域名（需要观察网站特征获知）</li>
<li>–tries=1 重试一次，因为有些域名无法访问，也不含要下载的文件。</li>
<li>–timeout=10 设定超时时间，防止等待太长时间。</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org1ed9d66" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org1ed9d66"><span class="section-number-2">17.</span> 配置apt软件源</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-17">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">sudo vim /etc/apt/source.list
sudo apt-get update
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org26c06e7" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org26c06e7"><span class="section-number-2">18.</span> 在ArchLinux中安装deb</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-18">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5f89a47" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5f89a47"><span class="section-number-3">18.1.</span> debtap</h3>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6d3030d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org6d3030d"><span class="section-number-3">18.2.</span> dpkg</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-18-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">yay -Sy dpkg
dpkg -i xxx.deb
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb00c1f6" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgb00c1f6"><span class="section-number-2">19.</span> <code>Xterm</code> 配置文件</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-19">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">cat ~/.Xresources
</pre>
</div>
<p>
修改后使配置生效:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">xrdb ~/.Xresources
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">or: </span>
xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources
</pre>
</div>
<p>
最后重启xterm.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-xml">
! font and locale
xterm.locale: true
xterm.utf8: true
xterm*utf8Title: true
xterm*fontMenu*fontdefault*Label: Default
! 斜体在最后添加`:italic`
xterm*faceName: Sarasa Mono SC:antialias=true:style=Book
xterm*faceSize: 15
xterm*faceNameDoublesize: Sarasa Mono SC ! Noto Sans CJK SC
xterm*renderFont: true
xterm*xftAntialias: true
xterm*cjk_width: true
! 窗口设置
! 窗口大小及位置
xterm*geometry: 80x25
xterm*dynamicColors: true
xterm*saveLines: 2048
xterm*scrollKey: true
xterm*scrollTtyOutput: false
xterm*scrollBar: true
xterm*rightScrollBar: true
xterm*jumpScroll: true
xterm*multiScroll: true
xterm*toolBar: false
xterm*Scrollbar*thickness: 10
xterm*Scrollbar*background: black
xterm*Scrollbar*foreground: gray90
xterm*background: rgb:1a/1a/1a
xterm*foreground: rgb:d6/d6/d6
xterm*cursorColor: rgb:d6/d6/d6
! 提供xterm-256color类型支持
! 如果修改后，没有得到正确的结果，说明你可能需要安装ncurses-term包来提供xterm-256color类型支持
xterm*termName: xterm-256color
! 启用 Sixel 图形支持
xterm*decTerminalID: vt340
! 配置选择文本自动复制到剪贴板
! https://askubuntu.com/questions/237942/how-does-copy-paste-work-with-xterm
xterm*selectToClipboard: true
! 启用“Ctrl+v”来复制
xterm*VT100.Translations: #override \
<<span style="color: #c678dd;">Btn1Up</span>>: select-end(CLIPBOARD,PRIMARY,CUT_BUFFER0) \n\
Ctrl <<span style="color: #c678dd;">KeyPress</span>> V: insert-selection(CLIPBOARD,PRIMARY,CUT_BUFFER0)
! 解决Alt键不好使
xterm*eightBitInput: false
xterm*altSendsEscape: true
! 配置主题
! -- Tango color scheme
xterm*color0: #2e3436
xterm*color1: #cc0000
xterm*color2: #4e9a06
xterm*color3: #c4a000
xterm*color4: #3465a4
xterm*color5: #75507b
xterm*color6: #0b939b
xterm*color7: #d3d7cf
xterm*color8: #555753
xterm*color9: #ef2929
xterm*color10: #8ae234
xterm*color11: #fce94f
xterm*color12: #729fcf
xterm*color13: #ad7fa8
xterm*color14: #00f5e9
xterm*color15: #eeeeec
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org10cf1d4" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org10cf1d4"><span class="section-number-2">20.</span> ssh</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-20">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org250ee66" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org250ee66"><span class="section-number-3">20.1.</span> 重启ssh服务</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-20-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">sudo service ssh restart
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org448d5de" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org448d5de"><span class="section-number-3">20.2.</span> 查看ssh服务是否启动</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-20-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">sudo lsof -i :22
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgde6aa5a" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgde6aa5a"><span class="section-number-2">21.</span> 递归改变文件owner</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-21">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">chown -R sun:sun ./dir
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6874d1e" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org6874d1e"><span class="section-number-2">22.</span> 汇编文件(.s)的结构</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-22">
<pre class="example">
.text: 代码段
.data: 常量 字符串 初始化的全局变量
.bss: 不占用实际空间, 仅仅标记那些局部变量和未初始化的全局变量.
</pre>
<p>
因为已知初值的且生命周期长的变量才有提前为它们分配空间的必要,因此data段才占用空间. bss段中记录的是局部变量/未初始化的全局变量, 没必要一开始就为这些量准备好空间, 只要在程序实际运行时为其准备空间即可.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgbac7cc4" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgbac7cc4"><span class="section-number-2">23.</span> makefile</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-23">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org135ccae" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org135ccae"><span class="section-number-3">23.1.</span> 定义变量</h3>
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<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #dcaeea;">CC</span> := gcc <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">定义常量, 后续不能用+=</span>
<span style="color: #dcaeea;">OBJS</span> = hello.o world.o <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">定义变量, 后续可以用+=增加</span>
<span style="color: #dcaeea;">ObJS</span> += fuck.o
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-orga60ea87" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orga60ea87"><span class="section-number-3">23.2.</span> 伪目标 .PHONY</h3>
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<p>
通常是指那些不生成文件的. 只负责执行某些命令的.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #51afef;">.PHONY</span>: clean <span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">这个之后的target都是伪目标</span>
<span style="color: #51afef;">clean</span>:
<span style="color: #ECBE7B;">-</span>${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">RM</span>} *.o ${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">target</span>}
echo <span style="color: #98be65;">"finish"</span>
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-org92d112d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org92d112d"><span class="section-number-3">23.3.</span> 为整个项目添加宏定义</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-23-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile">
<span style="color: #dcaeea;">DEFS</span> = -D_DEBUG -D_POSIX_SOURCE
<span style="color: #dcaeea;">FLAGS</span> = -g ${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">DEFS</span>}
</pre>
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<h3 id="orgabd670f"><span class="section-number-3">23.4.</span> 为目标链接上库</h3>
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<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #dcaeea;">LIBS</span> = -lpthread -lqt
</pre>
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<h3 id="org641d9ca"><span class="section-number-3">23.5.</span> 通配符</h3>
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<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">* 所有
% :任意一个文件
? :
</pre>
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<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bash">$<span style="color: #dcaeea;">@</span> 目标
$^ 全部的依赖文件
$< 首个依赖项
</pre>
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<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #51afef;">${</span><span style="color: #51afef;">target</span><span style="color: #51afef;">}</span> : ${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">OBJS</span>}
${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">CC</span>} ${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">FLAGS</span>} -o <span style="color: #51afef;">$</span><span style="color: #a9a1e1;">@</span> $<span style="color: #a9a1e1;">^</span> ${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">LIBS</span>}
<span style="color: #51afef;">%.o</span> : %.c
${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">CC</span>} -o <span style="color: #51afef;">$</span><span style="color: #a9a1e1;">@</span> $<span style="color: #a9a1e1;">^</span>
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-org564dca4" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org564dca4"><span class="section-number-3">23.6.</span> 函数调用</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-23-6">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile">$(<span style="color: #dcaeea;">my_func</span> arg1,arg2,arg3)
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-orgd48dc2c" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgd48dc2c"><span class="section-number-4">23.6.1.</span> 当前目录下某一类型的所有文件形成的列表</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-23-6-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #dcaeea;">SRC</span> = $(<span style="color: #dcaeea;">wildcard</span> *.c) ==> hello.c world.c fuck.c
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-orgd539509" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgd539509"><span class="section-number-4">23.6.2.</span> 将列表中的所有匹配项替换为指定形式</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-23-6-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-makefile"><span style="color: #dcaeea;">OBJS</span> = $(<span style="color: #dcaeea;">patsubset</span> %.c,%.o,${<span style="color: #dcaeea;">SRC</span>} )
<span style="color: #5B6268;"># </span><span style="color: #5B6268;">将 SRC = hello.c fuck.c 替换成 hello.o fuck.o </span>
</pre>
</div>
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<div id="outline-container-org73834d2" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org73834d2"><span class="section-number-2">24.</span> GDB</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-24">
<p>
gef/cgdb/emacs gdb-many-windows
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org75a7a21" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org75a7a21"><span class="section-number-3">24.1.</span> 为可执行文件设置环境变量</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-24-1">
<p>
set environment FOO = XX
unset environment FOO
</p>
</div>