diff --git a/Dictionaries/eng_OCRFixReplaceList.xml b/Dictionaries/eng_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
index 1636eeed62..da82ad94aa 100644
--- a/Dictionaries/eng_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
+++ b/Dictionaries/eng_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
@@ -3395,6 +3395,12 @@
 		<RegEx find="(2 )(nd\b)" replaceWith="2$2" />
 		<RegEx find="(3 )(rd\b)" replaceWith="3$2" />
 		<RegEx find="([456789])( th\b)" replaceWith="$1th" />
+		<!-- ü misread as ii: Fiihrer/Obergruppenfiihrer etc. (from #12644) -->
+		<RegEx find="iihrer" replaceWith="ührer" />
+		<!-- ñ misread as fi: Sefior/sefiorita, compafiero (from #12644) -->
+		<RegEx find="\b([Ss])efior" replaceWith="${1}eñor" />
+		<RegEx find="ompafier" replaceWith="ompañer" />
+		<RegEx find="ompafiar" replaceWith="ompañar" />
 	</RegularExpressions>
 	<RegularExpressionsIfSpelledCorrectly>
 		<RegEx find="\[([A-Zl]+)\]" replaceAllFrom="l" replaceAllTo="I" spellCheck="$1" replaceWith="[$1]" />		
diff --git a/Dictionaries/fra_OCRFixReplaceList.xml b/Dictionaries/fra_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
index 9e73675d20..17bcbf0bd6 100644
--- a/Dictionaries/fra_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
+++ b/Dictionaries/fra_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
@@ -267,7 +267,23 @@
   </PartialLines>
   <BeginLines />
   <EndLines />
-  <RegularExpressions />
+  <RegularExpressions>
+    <!-- From #12644 (community-contributed, safety-reviewed) -->
+    <!-- "Il y a" misread as "ILy a" -->
+    <RegEx find="\bILy a\b" replaceWith="Il y a" />
+    <!-- d'ou is always d'où -->
+    <RegEx find="\b([Dd])'([Oo])u\b" replaceWith="${1}'${2}ù" />
+    <!-- S misread as 5 in S'il -->
+    <RegEx find="5 *'il\b" replaceWith="S'il" />
+    <!-- spaced apostrophe: s 'il / s 'ils -->
+    <RegEx find="([Ss]) 'il(s?)\b" replaceWith="${1}'il${2}" />
+    <!-- l misread as I in l'a -->
+    <RegEx find="\bI'a\b" replaceWith="l'a" />
+    <!-- spaced apostrophe after t' before vowel/h: "Je t' aime" -->
+    <RegEx find=" t' ([aehiouyéèêàùâîôûAEHIOUYÉÈÊÀÙÂÎÔÛ])" replaceWith=" t'${1}" />
+    <!-- S misread as 5 in SOS (letter O only - never the number 505) -->
+    <RegEx find="\b5(\.*)O(\.*)5(\.*)\b" replaceWith="S${1}O${2}S${3}" />
+  </RegularExpressions>
   <RegularExpressionsIfSpelledCorrectly>
 
     <!-- ============================================================ -->
@@ -372,5 +388,10 @@
     <!-- inLondon → in London -->
     <RegEx find="\bin([A-Z][a-zæøåöäéèàùâêîôûëïœç]+)\b" spellCheck="$1" replaceWith="in $1" />
 
+
+    <!-- From #12644: è/à misread - only applied when the fixed word is in the dictionary -->
+    <RegEx find="\b([MmPp])[eéêë]re\b" spellCheck="${1}ère" replaceWith="${1}ère" />
+    <RegEx find="\b([Tt])r[eéêë]s\b" spellCheck="${1}rès" replaceWith="${1}rès" />
+    <RegEx find="\bL[äáâ]\b" spellCheck="Là" replaceWith="Là" />
   </RegularExpressionsIfSpelledCorrectly>
 </OCRFixReplaceList>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dictionaries/nld_OCRFixReplaceList.xml b/Dictionaries/nld_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
index 5f3f1cbc62..3c5668754e 100644
--- a/Dictionaries/nld_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
+++ b/Dictionaries/nld_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@
     <Word from="ziin" to="zijn" />
     <Word from="zonderjou" to="zonder jou" />
     <Word from="Zonderjou" to="Zonder jou" />
+    <!-- from #12644 -->
+    <Word from="wanner" to="wanneer" />
   </WholeWords>
   <PartialWordsAlways />
   <PartialWords>
@@ -137,6 +139,8 @@
     <RegEx find="\beIk" replaceWith="elk" />
     <RegEx find="\bler(land|se|s|)\b" replaceWith="Ier$1" />
     <RegEx find="comite\b" replaceWith="comité" />
+    <!-- doubled apostrophe before 'n / 't (from #12644) -->
+    <RegEx find="''([nt])\b" replaceWith="'${1}" />
   </RegularExpressions>
   <RegularExpressionsIfSpelledCorrectly>
 
diff --git a/Dictionaries/spa_OCRFixReplaceList.xml b/Dictionaries/spa_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
index 5078478508..1d10b4d9ac 100644
--- a/Dictionaries/spa_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
+++ b/Dictionaries/spa_OCRFixReplaceList.xml
@@ -366,6 +366,9 @@
     <Word from="Bartomeu" to="Bertomeu" />
     <Word from="Iocalizarlo" to="localizarlo" />
     <Word from="Ilámame" to="llámame" />
+    <!-- ! misread as l (from #12644) -->
+    <Word from="niñal" to="niña!" />
+    <Word from="túl" to="tú!" />
   </WholeWords>
   <PartialWordsAlways />
   <PartialWords />
@@ -948,5 +951,7 @@
     <RegEx find="\Bi(log[ao]s?\b)" replaceWith="í$1" />
     <RegEx find="\bIes\b" replaceWith="les" />
     <RegEx find="\bIos\b" replaceWith="los" />
+    <!-- ü misread as ii: Fiihrer/Obergruppenfiihrer etc. (from #12644) -->
+    <RegEx find="iihrer" replaceWith="ührer" />
   </RegularExpressions>
 </OCRFixReplaceList>
\ No newline at end of file