Build: Declare typing-extensions as a core dependency

typing_extensions is imported unconditionally at module import time:
`Self` in pyiceberg/typedef.py (a module imported transitively by nearly
the whole package) and `override` in ten catalog and IO modules. Both are
top-level runtime imports, not guarded by TYPE_CHECKING, and typing.Self /
typing.override are only in the standard library on Python 3.11+ / 3.12+
while pyiceberg supports Python 3.10.

However typing-extensions was declared only in the dev dependency group, so
the distributed package under-declared a required import. It works today
solely because pydantic pulls typing-extensions in transitively; if that
transitive edge ever changes, `import pyiceberg` would fail with
ModuleNotFoundError.

Move it to [project.dependencies] with a floor of 4.4.0 (the release that
added `override`; `Self` landed in 4.0.0). deptry (already a dev dependency)
flags this as DEP004 at every import site. Regenerate uv.lock accordingly.

Signed-off-by: Anas Khan <83116240+anxkhn@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: anxkhn

pyproject.toml

@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ dependencies = [
     "tenacity>=8.2.3",
     "pyroaring>=1.0.0",
     "cachetools>=5.5",
-    "zstandard>=0.13.0"
+    "zstandard>=0.13.0",
+    "typing-extensions>=4.4.0,<5.0.0",
 ]
 
 [project.urls]