diff --git a/superset/security/manager.py b/superset/security/manager.py
index c8a44a6bffb3..8846be1deeac 100644
--- a/superset/security/manager.py
+++ b/superset/security/manager.py
@@ -520,47 +520,111 @@ def _native_filter_request_modified(query_context: "QueryContext") -> bool:
     )
 
 
-def query_context_modified(query_context: "QueryContext") -> bool:
+def _collect_sortable_identifiers(
+    stored_chart: "Slice",
+    stored_query_context: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+) -> set[str]:
     """
-    Check if a query context has been modified.
-
-    This is used to ensure guest users don't modify the payload and fetch data
-    different from what was shared with them in dashboards.
+    Frozen column names and metric labels/definitions a guest may legitimately
+    sort by: every column or metric the stored chart already references.
+
+    Order-by only changes the ordering of the result, not which data is read, so
+    any column or metric already part of the chart is a safe sort target. A term
+    that is not present in the stored chart (for example a free-form ``random()``
+    expression) cannot be validated and must be rejected. Order-by entries are
+    ``(column_or_metric, ascending)`` pairs, so only their first element is
+    collected.
     """
-    form_data = query_context.form_data
-    stored_chart = query_context.slice_
+    allowed: set[str] = set()
 
-    # Native-filter data requests have no associated chart (no slice_id). Rather
-    # than accepting any payload, constrain them to the column(s) the dashboard's
-    # native filter is allowed to target; other chartless paths keep prior
-    # behavior (see _native_filter_request_modified).
-    if stored_chart is None:
-        return _native_filter_request_modified(query_context)
+    def add(values: Any) -> None:
+        for value in values or []:
+            allowed.add(freeze_value(value))
 
-    if form_data is None:
-        return False
+    def add_orderby(entries: Any) -> None:
+        for entry in entries or []:
+            if isinstance(entry, (list, tuple)) and entry:
+                allowed.add(freeze_value(entry[0]))
 
-    # cannot request a different chart
-    if form_data.get("slice_id") != stored_chart.id:
-        return True
+    params = stored_chart.params_dict
+    for key in ("columns", "groupby", "metrics", "all_columns"):
+        add(params.get(key))
+    # Legacy charts store a single metric under the singular ``metric`` key.
+    add([params["metric"]] if params.get("metric") is not None else None)
+    add_orderby(params.get("orderby"))
+
+    if stored_query_context:
+        for query in stored_query_context.get("queries") or []:
+            for key in ("columns", "groupby", "metrics", "all_columns"):
+                add(query.get(key))
+            add_orderby(query.get("orderby"))
+
+    return allowed
 
-    stored_query_context = (
-        json.loads(cast(str, stored_chart.query_context))
-        if stored_chart.query_context
-        else None
-    )
 
-    # compare columns and metrics in form_data with stored values
+def _orderby_modified(
+    query_context: "QueryContext",
+    stored_chart: "Slice",
+    stored_query_context: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Whether any order-by clause sorts by a term the stored chart does not already
+    reference.
+
+    A guest reordering an embedded chart by one of its existing columns or
+    metrics is legitimate and must not read as tampering; introducing a new
+    expression is not, and is rejected.
+    """
+    allowed = _collect_sortable_identifiers(stored_chart, stored_query_context)
+    form_data = query_context.form_data or {}
+    # Both ``form_data`` and each ``QueryObject`` can carry an order-by, and in
+    # the common frontend path they carry the same one. Either source could
+    # smuggle an unauthorized term, so validate the union of both rather than
+    # trusting one over the other; the duplication is harmless.
+    requested = list(form_data.get("orderby") or [])
+    for query in query_context.queries:
+        requested.extend(getattr(query, "orderby", None) or [])
+
+    for entry in requested:
+        # Order-by entries must be ``(column_or_metric, ascending)`` pairs. A
+        # malformed shape (e.g. a bare string or nested list) is not a valid
+        # sort the chart could have produced, so treat it as tampering rather
+        # than letting it crash query building when it is later unpacked.
+        if not (
+            isinstance(entry, (list, tuple))
+            and len(entry) == 2
+            and isinstance(entry[1], bool)
+        ):
+            return True
+        if freeze_value(entry[0]) not in allowed:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _columns_metrics_modified(
+    query_context: "QueryContext",
+    form_data: dict[str, Any],
+    stored_chart: "Slice",
+    stored_query_context: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Whether the requested columns/metrics/group-by read beyond what the stored
+    chart exposes. Each requested set must be a subset of the values stored on
+    the chart (params and, when present, the stored query context).
+    """
     for key, equivalent in [
         ("metrics", ["metrics"]),
         ("columns", ["columns", "groupby"]),
         ("groupby", ["columns", "groupby"]),
-        ("orderby", ["orderby"]),
     ]:
         requested_values = {freeze_value(value) for value in form_data.get(key) or []}
         stored_values = {
             freeze_value(value) for value in stored_chart.params_dict.get(key) or []
         }
+        # ``form_data`` values are checked against ``params_dict`` alone;
+        # ``query_context`` values are checked below against the fuller set that
+        # also includes the stored query context. This asymmetry is intentional:
+        # each requested source is compared to its corresponding stored source.
         if not requested_values.issubset(stored_values):
             return True
 
@@ -572,9 +636,9 @@ def query_context_modified(query_context: "QueryContext") -> bool:
         }
         if stored_query_context:
             for query in stored_query_context.get("queries") or []:
-                for key in equivalent:
+                for equiv_key in equivalent:
                     stored_values.update(
-                        {freeze_value(value) for value in query.get(key) or []}
+                        {freeze_value(value) for value in query.get(equiv_key) or []}
                     )
 
         if not queries_values.issubset(stored_values):
@@ -583,6 +647,52 @@ def query_context_modified(query_context: "QueryContext") -> bool:
     return False
 
 
+def query_context_modified(query_context: "QueryContext") -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a query context has been modified.
+
+    This is used to ensure guest users don't modify the payload and fetch data
+    different from what was shared with them in dashboards.
+    """
+    form_data = query_context.form_data
+    stored_chart = query_context.slice_
+
+    # Native-filter data requests have no associated chart (no slice_id). Rather
+    # than accepting any payload, constrain them to the column(s) the dashboard's
+    # native filter is allowed to target; other chartless paths keep prior
+    # behavior (see _native_filter_request_modified).
+    if stored_chart is None:
+        return _native_filter_request_modified(query_context)
+
+    if form_data is None:
+        return False
+
+    # cannot request a different chart
+    if form_data.get("slice_id") != stored_chart.id:
+        return True
+
+    stored_query_context = (
+        json.loads(cast(str, stored_chart.query_context))
+        if stored_chart.query_context
+        else None
+    )
+
+    # compare columns and metrics in form_data with stored values. Order-by is
+    # handled separately: a strict subset check there would reject a guest
+    # legitimately sorting an embedded chart by one of its existing columns.
+    if _columns_metrics_modified(
+        query_context, form_data, stored_chart, stored_query_context
+    ):
+        return True
+
+    # Order-by may sort only by columns/metrics already present in the stored
+    # chart; new expressions (e.g. ``random()``) are still rejected.
+    if _orderby_modified(query_context, stored_chart, stored_query_context):
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
 class SupersetSecurityManager(  # pylint: disable=too-many-public-methods
     SecurityManager
 ):
diff --git a/tests/unit_tests/security/manager_test.py b/tests/unit_tests/security/manager_test.py
index f4441630f685..d4c3aa8fe9c9 100644
--- a/tests/unit_tests/security/manager_test.py
+++ b/tests/unit_tests/security/manager_test.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 import json  # noqa: TID251
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 import pytest
 from flask_appbuilder.security.sqla.models import Role, User
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 from superset.extensions import appbuilder
 from superset.models.slice import Slice
 from superset.security.manager import (
+    _collect_sortable_identifiers,
+    freeze_value,
     query_context_modified,
     SupersetSecurityManager,
 )
@@ -1218,6 +1220,129 @@ def test_query_context_modified_orderby(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
     assert query_context_modified(query_context)
 
 
+def _table_sort_query_context(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+    orderby: list[Any],
+    *,
+    stored_metrics: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
+    with_stored_query_context: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Build a minimal table-chart query context for a guest that sorts by
+    ``orderby``. The stored chart groups by ``gender`` and aggregates ``count``.
+    """
+    metrics: list[Any] = stored_metrics if stored_metrics is not None else ["count"]
+    query_context = mocker.MagicMock()
+    query_context.queries = [
+        QueryObject(columns=["gender"], metrics=metrics, orderby=orderby),
+    ]
+    query_context.form_data = {"slice_id": 101, "groupby": ["gender"]}
+    query_context.slice_.id = 101
+    query_context.slice_.params_dict = {"groupby": ["gender"], "metrics": metrics}
+    query_context.slice_.query_context = (
+        json.dumps({"queries": [{"columns": ["gender"], "metrics": metrics}]})
+        if with_stored_query_context
+        else None
+    )
+    return query_context
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_sort_by_column(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
+    """A guest sorting an embedded table by an existing column is allowed."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[("gender", True)])
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_sort_by_metric(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
+    """A guest sorting by an existing metric is allowed."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[("count", False)])
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_sort_by_adhoc_metric(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """A guest sorting by an existing adhoc metric definition is allowed."""
+    adhoc_metric: AdhocMetric = {
+        "aggregate": "SUM",
+        "column": {"column_name": "num"},
+        "expressionType": "SIMPLE",
+        "hasCustomLabel": False,
+        "label": "SUM(num)",
+    }
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(
+        mocker,
+        orderby=[(adhoc_metric, False)],
+        stored_metrics=[adhoc_metric],
+    )
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_unknown_column(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
+    """A guest sorting by a column the chart does not reference is rejected."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[("salary", True)])
+    assert query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_empty(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
+    """An empty order-by is not a modification."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[])
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_legacy_singular_metric(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """A guest sorting by a legacy ``metric`` (singular) field is allowed."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(
+        mocker,
+        orderby=[("num_sold", False)],
+        stored_metrics=[],
+        with_stored_query_context=False,
+    )
+    query_context.slice_.params_dict = {
+        "columns": ["gender"],
+        "groupby": ["gender"],
+        "metric": "num_sold",
+    }
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_malformed_entry(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """A malformed order-by entry (not a ``(term, bool)`` pair) is rejected."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[["gender"]])
+    assert query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_query_context_modified_orderby_sort_by_stored_qc_only_column(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """A column present only in the stored query context is an allowed sort target."""
+    query_context = _table_sort_query_context(mocker, orderby=[("age", True)])
+    # "age" is absent from params_dict but exposed via the stored query context,
+    # so sorting by it must be allowed.
+    query_context.slice_.params_dict = {"groupby": ["gender"], "metrics": ["count"]}
+    query_context.slice_.query_context = json.dumps(
+        {"queries": [{"columns": ["gender", "age"], "metrics": ["count"]}]}
+    )
+    assert not query_context_modified(query_context)
+
+
+def test_collect_sortable_identifiers_includes_stored_qc_all_columns(
+    mocker: MockerFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """``all_columns`` exposed via the stored query context is a valid sort target."""
+    stored_chart = mocker.MagicMock()
+    stored_chart.params_dict = {"groupby": ["gender"], "metrics": ["count"]}
+    allowed = _collect_sortable_identifiers(
+        stored_chart,
+        {"queries": [{"all_columns": ["gender", "age"], "metrics": ["count"]}]},
+    )
+    assert freeze_value("age") in allowed
+
+
 def test_query_context_modified_time_grain_native_filter(
     mocker: MockerFixture,
 ) -> None: