diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 442a95df..844b4338 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 Design history of libfn, newest first. The living documents — [README.md](README.md), [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md), [docs/](docs/) — describe only the present state of the design; when a decision makes an earlier idea obsolete, this file is where the transition is recorded and explained.
 
+## The conjunction sums two ungraded errors — 25 July 2026
+
+- **`operator&` no longer asks its operands to arrive graded** ([#384](https://github.com/libfn/functional/issues/384)): conjoining `expected<int, Error>` with `expected<bool, Fault>` was ill-formed unless one of the two error types was already a `copack`, though the same pair disjoined without complaint. The conjunction's error channel *is* the sum, so producing the grade is the operator's work, not a precondition on its operands — and nowhere else does a sum ask for one: `|` forms its value sum out of two ungraded value types, in every carrier. Of the four channels — `&`'s value product and error sum, `|`'s value sum and error product — this was the only one gated. The four different-error arms now serve any distinct pair, widening to `copack_for<E1, E2>` exactly as they did for a graded operand, and `conjoin` follows as their fold. Purely additive: every expression newly accepted was ill-formed before, and a matching pair of error types still collapses to the plain error it always had.
+- **The bind is deliberately left out of this.** `and_then` and `or_else` are the foundational operations, and a callback whose error type merely differs from self's still refuses: switching a pipeline to the graded monad is the caller's decision to make, not something a bind does behind their back, and the library offers spellings enough to opt in.
+
 ## The verbs reach an uninhabited value side, and `pack` compares — 25 July 2026
 
 - **Every value-side verb now serves a carrier whose value side is uninhabited** ([#380](https://github.com/libfn/functional/issues/380)): `optional<copack<>>`, never engaged, and `expected<copack<>, E>`, always holding its error. Their members have been the identity there since the empty-sum doctrine (17 July below) — the mapping returns `*this` and the callback is neither invoked nor instantiated — but the verbs answered false, so a pipeline could not reach what the member could. `transform` and `and_then` delegate to those vacuous members; `inspect` observes nothing, `filter` rejects nothing and `fail` never fires, each passing the operand through; `discard` always accepted them. The operand class is named: `some_empty_value` for the value side and `some_empty_error` for its mirror, the identity `expected` and only it, which `some_identity` now spells as its third alternative. Both answer for any type at all — the carrier test short-circuits before the value or error type is named — so their negations stay usable in constraints.
diff --git a/include/fn/expected.hpp b/include/fn/expected.hpp
index 1ccd7db3..03b76ec2 100644
--- a/include/fn/expected.hpp
+++ b/include/fn/expected.hpp
@@ -1971,8 +1971,6 @@ template <typename Lh, typename Rh>
   requires some_expected_void<Lh> && (not some_expected_void<Rh>)
            && (not ::std::is_same_v<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type,
                                     typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
-           && (some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type>
-               || some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto operator&(Lh &&lh, Rh &&rh) //
     noexcept(detail::_nothrow_join_widened<
              expected<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::value_type,
@@ -2024,8 +2022,6 @@ template <typename Lh, typename Rh>
   requires(not some_expected_void<Lh>) && some_expected_void<Rh>
           && (not ::std::is_same_v<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type,
                                    typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
-          && (some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type>
-              || some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto operator&(Lh &&lh, Rh &&rh) //
     noexcept(detail::_nothrow_join_widened<
              expected<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::value_type,
@@ -2074,8 +2070,6 @@ template <typename Lh, typename Rh>
   requires some_expected_void<Lh> && some_expected_void<Rh>
            && (not ::std::is_same_v<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type,
                                     typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
-           && (some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type>
-               || some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto operator&(Lh &&lh, Rh &&rh) //
     noexcept(detail::_nothrow_join_widened<
              expected<void, copack_for<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type,
@@ -2121,8 +2115,6 @@ template <typename Lh, typename Rh>
   requires(not some_expected_void<Lh>) && (not some_expected_void<Rh>)
           && (not ::std::is_same_v<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type,
                                    typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
-          && (some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Lh>::error_type>
-              || some_copack<typename ::std::remove_cvref_t<Rh>::error_type>)
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto operator&(Lh &&lh, Rh &&rh) //
     noexcept(noexcept(
         ::fn::detail::_join<
diff --git a/tests/fn/expected.cpp b/tests/fn/expected.cpp
index 562582af..a7c9bfee 100644
--- a/tests/fn/expected.cpp
+++ b/tests/fn/expected.cpp
@@ -1085,12 +1085,13 @@ TEST_CASE("expected conjunction", "[expected][operator_and][graded][copack]")
   static_assert(
       not noexcept(std::declval<fn::expected<throwing_copy, Error> &>() & std::declval<fn::expected<int, Error> &>()));
 
-  // constraints: both operands are expected, and their error types must match or be graded
+  // constraints: both operands are expected; their error types may differ, graded or not
   constexpr auto can_amp = [](auto &&rh) { return requires { std::declval<fn::expected<int, Error> &>() & rh; }; };
   static_assert(can_amp(fn::expected<void, Error>{}));
   static_assert(not can_amp(42));
   enum class other_error {};
-  static_assert(not can_amp(fn::expected<int, other_error>{1})); // mismatched non-graded error
+  static_assert(can_amp(fn::expected<int, other_error>{1})); // mismatched non-graded error
+  static_assert(not can_amp(fn::optional<int>{1}));          // ... but the kinds still have to match
 
   SECTION("same error type")
   {
@@ -1470,6 +1471,61 @@ TEST_CASE("expected conjunction", "[expected][operator_and][graded][copack]")
     }
   }
 
+  SECTION("different plain error types")
+  {
+    // The conjunction produces the error sum rather than requiring it: two unrelated, ungraded
+    // error types conjoin into their copack, exactly as an already graded operand does.
+    enum OtherError : int { Oops };
+    using EA = fn::expected<int, Error>;
+    using EB = fn::expected<bool, OtherError>;
+    using Sum = fn::copack_for<Error, OtherError>;
+
+    static_assert(
+        std::same_as<decltype(std::declval<EA>() & std::declval<EB>()), fn::expected<fn::pack<int, bool>, Sum>>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(std::declval<fn::expected<void, Error>>() & std::declval<EB>()),
+                               fn::expected<bool, Sum>>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(std::declval<EA>() & std::declval<fn::expected<void, OtherError>>()),
+                               fn::expected<int, Sum>>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(std::declval<fn::expected<void, Error>>()
+                                        & std::declval<fn::expected<void, OtherError>>()),
+                               fn::expected<void, Sum>>);
+
+    constexpr auto is_1_true = [](int i, bool b) { return i == 1 && b; };
+    // which alternative the sum holds: the failing operand's error injects by type, leftmost first
+    constexpr auto which = fn::overload{[](Error e) { return e == FileNotFound ? 1 : 0; },
+                                        [](OtherError e) { return e == Oops ? 2 : 0; }};
+
+    static_assert((EA{1} & EB{true}).value().apply(is_1_true));
+    static_assert((EA{::fn::unexpect, FileNotFound} & EB{true}).error().apply(which) == 1);
+    static_assert((EA{1} & EB{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which) == 2);
+    static_assert((EA{::fn::unexpect, FileNotFound} & EB{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which) == 1);
+    static_assert((fn::expected<void, Error>{} & EB{true}).value());
+    static_assert((EA{1} & fn::expected<void, OtherError>{}).value() == 1);
+    static_assert(
+        (fn::expected<void, Error>{} & fn::expected<void, OtherError>{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which) == 2);
+
+    CHECK((EA{1} & EB{true}).value().apply(is_1_true));
+    CHECK((EA{::fn::unexpect, FileNotFound} & EB{true}).error().apply(which) == 1);
+    CHECK((EA{1} & EB{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which) == 2);
+    CHECK((EA{::fn::unexpect, FileNotFound} & EB{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which) == 1);
+    CHECK((fn::expected<void, Error>{} & EB{true}).value());
+    CHECK((EA{1} & fn::expected<void, OtherError>{}).value() == 1);
+    CHECK((fn::expected<void, Error>{} & fn::expected<void, OtherError>{::fn::unexpect, Oops}).error().apply(which)
+          == 2);
+
+    SECTION("noexcept")
+    {
+      // both operands' errors are lifted into the sum, so both relocations weigh
+      using Th = fn::expected<int, MoveNothrow>;
+      static_assert(noexcept(std::declval<EA &>() & std::declval<EB &>()));
+      static_assert(not noexcept(std::declval<Th &>() & std::declval<EA &>())); // copies the error
+      static_assert(noexcept(std::declval<Th &&>() & std::declval<EA &&>()));   // moves it
+      static_assert(not noexcept(std::declval<EA &>() & std::declval<Th &>()));
+      static_assert(noexcept(std::declval<EA &&>() & std::declval<Th &&>()));
+      SUCCEED();
+    }
+  }
+
   SECTION("graded monad as left operand")
   {
     static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(std::declval<fn::expected<int, fn::copack<Error>>>()
diff --git a/tests/fn/pack.cpp b/tests/fn/pack.cpp
index 17ddbc28..a72e3eb3 100644
--- a/tests/fn/pack.cpp
+++ b/tests/fn/pack.cpp
@@ -1022,6 +1022,16 @@ TEST_CASE("operator &", "[pack][copack][operator_and]")
     static_assert(fn::conjoin(EA{1}, EB{2.5}).value().apply(is_1_2_5));
     static_assert(fn::conjoin(EA{fn::unexpect, true}, EB{2.5}).error() == true);
 
+    // ... and the operands' errors need not agree: the conjunction sums them, ungraded or not
+    using EC = fn::expected<double, int>;
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(fn::conjoin(std::declval<EA>(), std::declval<EC>())),
+                               fn::expected<fn::pack<int, double>, fn::copack_for<bool, int>>>);
+    static_assert(fn::conjoin(EA{1}, EC{2.5}).value().apply(is_1_2_5));
+    static_assert(fn::conjoin(EA{fn::unexpect, true}, EC{2.5}).error() == fn::copack_for<bool, int>{true});
+    static_assert(fn::conjoin(EA{1}, EC{fn::unexpect, 7}).error() == fn::copack_for<bool, int>{7});
+    CHECK(fn::conjoin(EA{1}, EC{2.5}).value().apply(is_1_2_5));
+    CHECK(bool(fn::conjoin(EA{1}, EC{fn::unexpect, 7}).error() == fn::copack_for<bool, int>{7}));
+
     // n-ary, and the product splices rather than nesting
     constexpr auto is_1_true_2 = [](int a, bool b, int c) { return a == 1 && b && c == 2; };
     static_assert(fn::conjoin(fn::just<int>{1}, fn::just<bool>{true}, fn::just<int>{2}).value().apply(is_1_true_2));