From 2bf82cd9f900e8573cfdda056fe2b5475fcb1242 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Punya-B-R <punyabr.hsn@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2026 19:48:02 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] Add Axelrod Culture Model example

---
 examples/axelrod_culture/README.md            | 27 +++++++
 examples/axelrod_culture/app.py               | 77 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../axelrod_culture/__init__.py               |  0
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py | 24 ++++++
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py  | 80 +++++++++++++++++++
 examples/axelrod_culture/requirements.txt     |  3 +
 6 files changed, 211 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/README.md
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
 create mode 100644 examples/axelrod_culture/requirements.txt

diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/README.md b/examples/axelrod_culture/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8cd671b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Axelrod Culture Model
+
+## Summary
+
+An implementation of Axelrod's model of cultural dissemination. Each agent occupies a cell on a grid and holds a "culture" consisting of **F** features, each taking one of **Q** possible integer traits. At each step, an agent randomly selects a neighbor and interacts with probability equal to their cultural similarity (fraction of shared features). If interaction occurs, the agent copies one of the neighbor's differing traits.
+
+Despite the local tendency toward convergence, stable cultural regions can persist globally — Axelrod's key insight: local homogenization and global polarization can coexist. The number of stable regions increases with Q (more possible traits → more diversity) and decreases with F (more features → more overlap → faster convergence).
+
+## How to Run
+
+To install the dependencies use pip and the requirements.txt in this directory:
+
+    $ pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+To run the model interactively, in this directory, run the following command:
+
+    $ solara run app.py
+
+## Files
+
+* [agents.py](axelrod_culture/agents.py): Defines `CultureAgent` with a cultural profile and interaction logic
+* [model.py](axelrod_culture/model.py): Sets up the grid, initializes random cultures, and tracks cultural regions
+* [app.py](app.py): Solara based visualization showing the culture grid and region count over time
+
+## Further Reading
+
+* Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture: A model with local convergence and global polarization. *Journal of Conflict Resolution*, 41(2), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041002001
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8de1e092b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import solara
+import numpy as np
+import hashlib
+from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+
+from mesa.visualization import SolaraViz, make_plot_component
+from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
+
+
+def culture_to_color(culture):
+    key = str(culture).encode()
+    h = hashlib.md5(key).hexdigest()
+    return (int(h[0:2], 16) / 255, int(h[2:4], 16) / 255, int(h[4:6], 16) / 255)
+
+
+def make_culture_grid(model):
+    fig = Figure(figsize=(5, 5))
+    fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, top=0.92, bottom=0.05)
+    ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
+    grid = np.zeros((model.height, model.width, 3))
+    for agent in model.agents:
+        x, y = int(agent.cell.coordinate[0]), int(agent.cell.coordinate[1])
+        grid[y][x] = culture_to_color(agent.culture)
+    ax.imshow(grid, origin="lower", interpolation="nearest")
+    ax.set_title(f"Cultural Regions: {number_of_cultural_regions(model)}", fontsize=11)
+    ax.set_xticks([])
+    ax.set_yticks([])
+    return solara.FigureMatplotlib(fig)
+
+
+RegionsPlot = make_plot_component({"Cultural Regions": "#e63946"})
+
+model_params = {
+    "rng": {"type": "InputText", "value": 42, "label": "Random Seed"},
+    "width": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 10,
+        "label": "Grid Width",
+        "min": 5,
+        "max": 20,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "height": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 10,
+        "label": "Grid Height",
+        "min": 5,
+        "max": 20,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "F": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 3,
+        "label": "Features (F)",
+        "min": 2,
+        "max": 10,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "Q": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 3,
+        "label": "Traits per feature (Q)",
+        "min": 2,
+        "max": 15,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+}
+
+model = AxelrodModel()
+
+page = SolaraViz(
+    model,
+    components=[make_culture_grid, RegionsPlot],
+    model_params=model_params,
+    name="Axelrod Culture Model",
+)
+page  # noqa
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/__init__.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e1b82c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from mesa import Agent
+
+
+class CultureAgent(Agent):
+    def __init__(self, model, culture):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self.culture = list(culture)
+
+    def similarity(self, other):
+        matches = sum(a == b for a, b in zip(self.culture, other.culture))
+        return matches / len(self.culture)
+
+    def interact_with(self, other):
+        sim = self.similarity(other)
+        if sim == 0.0 or sim == 1.0:
+            return
+        if self.random.random() < sim:
+            differing = [
+                i
+                for i in range(len(self.culture))
+                if self.culture[i] != other.culture[i]
+            ]
+            feature = self.random.choice(differing)
+            self.culture[feature] = other.culture[feature]
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb4abf3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+Axelrod Culture Model
+=====================
+Models how local cultural interactions produce global polarization.
+Each agent has F features, each with Q possible traits. Agents interact
+with neighbors with probability equal to cultural similarity, copying
+one differing trait if interaction occurs.
+
+Reference:
+    Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture.
+    Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(2), 203-226.
+"""
+
+from mesa import Model
+from mesa.datacollection import DataCollector
+from mesa.discrete_space import OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid
+
+from axelrod_culture.agents import CultureAgent
+
+
+def number_of_cultural_regions(model):
+    visited = set()
+    regions = 0
+    agent_by_pos = {
+        (int(a.cell.coordinate[0]), int(a.cell.coordinate[1])): a for a in model.agents
+    }
+    for pos in agent_by_pos:
+        if pos in visited:
+            continue
+        queue = [pos]
+        visited.add(pos)
+        while queue:
+            cx, cy = queue.pop()
+            for dx, dy in [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1)]:
+                npos = (cx + dx, cy + dy)
+                if npos not in visited and npos in agent_by_pos:
+                    if agent_by_pos[npos].culture == agent_by_pos[(cx, cy)].culture:
+                        visited.add(npos)
+                        queue.append(npos)
+        regions += 1
+    return regions
+
+
+class AxelrodModel(Model):
+    def __init__(self, width=10, height=10, F=3, Q=3, rng=None):
+        super().__init__(rng=rng)
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+        self.F = F
+        self.Q = Q
+
+        self.grid = OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid(
+            (width, height), torus=False, random=self.random
+        )
+
+        cultures = [
+            [self.random.randrange(Q) for _ in range(F)] for _ in range(width * height)
+        ]
+        CultureAgent.create_agents(self, width * height, cultures)
+
+        for agent, cell in zip(self.agents, self.grid.all_cells.cells):
+            agent.cell = cell
+
+        self.datacollector = DataCollector(
+            model_reporters={"Cultural Regions": number_of_cultural_regions}
+        )
+        self.running = True
+        self.datacollector.collect(self)
+
+    def step(self):
+        agent_list = list(self.agents)
+        # Run N random pairwise interactions per step (one per agent on average)
+        for _ in range(self.width * self.height):
+            agent = self.random.choice(agent_list)
+            neighbors = [a for a in agent.cell.neighborhood.agents if a is not agent]
+            if neighbors:
+                neighbor = self.random.choice(neighbors)
+                agent.interact_with(neighbor)
+
+        self.datacollector.collect(self)
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/requirements.txt b/examples/axelrod_culture/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46c19f181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mesa
+matplotlib
+solara
\ No newline at end of file

From 671399553f77fbf07d7499cb876ef8cd458a1da2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2026 14:28:24 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 examples/axelrod_culture/app.py | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
index 8de1e092b..737943888 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import solara
-import numpy as np
 import hashlib
-from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 
-from mesa.visualization import SolaraViz, make_plot_component
+import numpy as np
+import solara
 from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
+from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+from mesa.visualization import SolaraViz, make_plot_component
 
 
 def culture_to_color(culture):

From 8591426e7c17a8607abbbef717cc700f827d7109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Punya-B-R <punyabr.hsn@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2026 20:06:05 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] Add Axelrod Culture Model to README

---
 README.md | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f30f818cb..777533c25 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -71,13 +71,19 @@ This project is an agent-based model implemented using the Mesa framework in Pyt
 ### [Emperor's Dilemma](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/emperor_dilemma)
 
 This project simulates how unpopular norms can dominate a society even when the vast majority of individuals privately reject them. It demonstrates the "illusion of consensus" where agents, driven by a fear of appearing disloyal, not only comply with a rule they hate but also aggressively enforce it on their neighbors. This phenomenon creates a "trap" of False Enforcement, where the loudest defenders of a norm are often its secret opponents.
+
 ### [Humanitarian Aid Distribution Model](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/humanitarian_aid_distribution)
 
 This model simulates a humanitarian aid distribution scenario using a needs-based behavioral architecture. Beneficiaries have dynamic needs (water, food) and trucks distribute aid using a hybrid triage system.
+
 ### [Rumor Mill Model](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/rumor_mill)
 
 A simple agent-based simulation showing how rumors spread through a population based on the spread chance and initial knowing percentage, implemented with the Mesa framework and adapted from NetLogo [Rumor mill](https://www.netlogoweb.org/launch#https://www.netlogoweb.org/assets/modelslib/Sample%20Models/Social%20Science/Rumor%20Mill.nlogox).
 
+### [Axelrod Culture Model](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/axelrod_culture)
+
+An implementation of Axelrod's model of cultural dissemination. Agents on a grid hold multi-feature cultural profiles and interact with neighbors based on cultural similarity, producing emergent cultural regions. Demonstrates how local convergence and global polarization can coexist.
+
 
 ## Continuous Space Examples
 _No user examples available yet._
@@ -135,4 +141,4 @@ This folder contains an implementation of El Farol restaurant model. Agents (res
 
 ### [Schelling Model with Caching and Replay](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/caching_and_replay)
 
-This example applies caching on the Mesa [Schelling](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/schelling) example. It enables a simulation run to be "cached" or in other words recorded. The recorded simulation run is persisted on the local file system and can be replayed at any later point.
+This example applies caching on the Mesa [Schelling](https://github.com/mesa/mesa-examples/tree/main/examples/schelling) example. It enables a simulation run to be "cached" or in other words recorded. The recorded simulation run is persisted on the local file system and can be replayed at any later point.
\ No newline at end of file

From 78a84ad87d9d4d159aa14d03ef840d7bb651cacb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Punya-B-R <punyabr.hsn@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2026 20:13:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] Fix ruff linting errors

---
 examples/axelrod_culture/app.py               | 46 +++-----------
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py | 20 ++++--
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py  | 63 ++++++++++++-------
 3 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
index 737943888..ea588196e 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 import hashlib
-
-import numpy as np
 import solara
-from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
+import numpy as np
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+
 from mesa.visualization import SolaraViz, make_plot_component
+from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
 
 
 def culture_to_color(culture):
     key = str(culture).encode()
-    h = hashlib.md5(key).hexdigest()
+    h = hashlib.sha256(key).hexdigest()
     return (int(h[0:2], 16) / 255, int(h[2:4], 16) / 255, int(h[4:6], 16) / 255)
 
 
@@ -32,38 +32,10 @@ def make_culture_grid(model):
 
 model_params = {
     "rng": {"type": "InputText", "value": 42, "label": "Random Seed"},
-    "width": {
-        "type": "SliderInt",
-        "value": 10,
-        "label": "Grid Width",
-        "min": 5,
-        "max": 20,
-        "step": 1,
-    },
-    "height": {
-        "type": "SliderInt",
-        "value": 10,
-        "label": "Grid Height",
-        "min": 5,
-        "max": 20,
-        "step": 1,
-    },
-    "F": {
-        "type": "SliderInt",
-        "value": 3,
-        "label": "Features (F)",
-        "min": 2,
-        "max": 10,
-        "step": 1,
-    },
-    "Q": {
-        "type": "SliderInt",
-        "value": 3,
-        "label": "Traits per feature (Q)",
-        "min": 2,
-        "max": 15,
-        "step": 1,
-    },
+    "width": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 10, "label": "Grid Width", "min": 5, "max": 20, "step": 1},
+    "height": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 10, "label": "Grid Height", "min": 5, "max": 20, "step": 1},
+    "f": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 3, "label": "Features (F)", "min": 2, "max": 10, "step": 1},
+    "q": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 3, "label": "Traits per feature (Q)", "min": 2, "max": 15, "step": 1},
 }
 
 model = AxelrodModel()
@@ -74,4 +46,4 @@ def make_culture_grid(model):
     model_params=model_params,
     name="Axelrod Culture Model",
 )
-page  # noqa
+page  # noqa
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
index 1e1b82c77..9e0570785 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
@@ -2,23 +2,31 @@
 
 
 class CultureAgent(Agent):
+    """An agent with a cultural profile made of f features, each with q possible traits.
+
+    Two agents interact with probability equal to their cultural similarity
+    (fraction of features they share). If they interact, the focal agent
+    copies one randomly chosen differing feature from the neighbor.
+
+    Attributes:
+        culture (list[int]): List of f integers, each in range [0, q)
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, model, culture):
         super().__init__(model)
         self.culture = list(culture)
 
     def similarity(self, other):
+        """Return fraction of features shared with another agent (0.0 to 1.0)."""
         matches = sum(a == b for a, b in zip(self.culture, other.culture))
         return matches / len(self.culture)
 
     def interact_with(self, other):
+        """Interact with another agent based on cultural similarity."""
         sim = self.similarity(other)
         if sim == 0.0 or sim == 1.0:
             return
         if self.random.random() < sim:
-            differing = [
-                i
-                for i in range(len(self.culture))
-                if self.culture[i] != other.culture[i]
-            ]
+            differing = [i for i in range(len(self.culture)) if self.culture[i] != other.culture[i]]
             feature = self.random.choice(differing)
-            self.culture[feature] = other.culture[feature]
+            self.culture[feature] = other.culture[feature]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
index fb4abf3d3..3180e29ff 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
 """
 Axelrod Culture Model
 =====================
-Models how local cultural interactions produce global polarization.
-Each agent has F features, each with Q possible traits. Agents interact
-with neighbors with probability equal to cultural similarity, copying
-one differing trait if interaction occurs.
+
+Models how local cultural interactions can produce global polarization.
+Each agent has a "culture" consisting of f features, each taking one of
+q possible integer traits. At each step, an agent picks a random neighbor
+and interacts with probability equal to their cultural similarity. If they
+interact, the agent copies one of the neighbor's differing traits.
+
+Despite the tendency toward local convergence, stable cultural regions
+can persist -- a phenomenon Axelrod called the "culture problem":
+local homogenization coexisting with global diversity.
+
+Key result: the number of stable cultural regions decreases with f
+(more features -> more convergence) and increases with q (more traits
+per feature -> more diversity and fragmentation).
 
 Reference:
-    Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture.
-    Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(2), 203-226.
+    Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture: A model with local
+    convergence and global polarization. Journal of Conflict Resolution,
+    41(2), 203-226.
 """
 
 from mesa import Model
@@ -19,10 +30,12 @@
 
 
 def number_of_cultural_regions(model):
+    """Count distinct stable cultural regions using flood fill on the grid."""
     visited = set()
     regions = 0
     agent_by_pos = {
-        (int(a.cell.coordinate[0]), int(a.cell.coordinate[1])): a for a in model.agents
+        (int(a.cell.coordinate[0]), int(a.cell.coordinate[1])): a
+        for a in model.agents
     }
     for pos in agent_by_pos:
         if pos in visited:
@@ -33,29 +46,39 @@ def number_of_cultural_regions(model):
             cx, cy = queue.pop()
             for dx, dy in [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1)]:
                 npos = (cx + dx, cy + dy)
-                if npos not in visited and npos in agent_by_pos:
-                    if agent_by_pos[npos].culture == agent_by_pos[(cx, cy)].culture:
-                        visited.add(npos)
-                        queue.append(npos)
+                if npos not in visited and npos in agent_by_pos and agent_by_pos[npos].culture == agent_by_pos[(cx, cy)].culture:
+                    visited.add(npos)
+                    queue.append(npos)
         regions += 1
     return regions
 
 
 class AxelrodModel(Model):
-    def __init__(self, width=10, height=10, F=3, Q=3, rng=None):
+    """Axelrod's model of cultural dissemination on a grid.
+
+    Attributes:
+        width (int): Grid width
+        height (int): Grid height
+        f (int): Number of cultural features per agent
+        q (int): Number of possible traits per feature
+        grid: OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid containing agents
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, width=10, height=10, f=3, q=3, rng=None):
         super().__init__(rng=rng)
+
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
-        self.F = F
-        self.Q = Q
+        self.f = f
+        self.q = q
 
-        self.grid = OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid(
-            (width, height), torus=False, random=self.random
-        )
+        self.grid = OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid((width, height), torus=False, random=self.random)
 
         cultures = [
-            [self.random.randrange(Q) for _ in range(F)] for _ in range(width * height)
+            [self.random.randrange(q) for _ in range(f)]
+            for _ in range(width * height)
         ]
+
         CultureAgent.create_agents(self, width * height, cultures)
 
         for agent, cell in zip(self.agents, self.grid.all_cells.cells):
@@ -69,12 +92,10 @@ def __init__(self, width=10, height=10, F=3, Q=3, rng=None):
 
     def step(self):
         agent_list = list(self.agents)
-        # Run N random pairwise interactions per step (one per agent on average)
         for _ in range(self.width * self.height):
             agent = self.random.choice(agent_list)
             neighbors = [a for a in agent.cell.neighborhood.agents if a is not agent]
             if neighbors:
                 neighbor = self.random.choice(neighbors)
                 agent.interact_with(neighbor)
-
-        self.datacollector.collect(self)
+        self.datacollector.collect(self)
\ No newline at end of file

From fa83b22675a8093fca02e8155462632e402cdf1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Mar 2026 14:44:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 examples/axelrod_culture/app.py               | 44 +++++++++++++++----
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py |  8 +++-
 .../axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py  | 18 +++++---
 3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
index ea588196e..2f6bd1f6c 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/app.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import hashlib
-import solara
+
 import numpy as np
+import solara
+from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
-
 from mesa.visualization import SolaraViz, make_plot_component
-from axelrod_culture.model import AxelrodModel, number_of_cultural_regions
 
 
 def culture_to_color(culture):
@@ -32,10 +32,38 @@ def make_culture_grid(model):
 
 model_params = {
     "rng": {"type": "InputText", "value": 42, "label": "Random Seed"},
-    "width": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 10, "label": "Grid Width", "min": 5, "max": 20, "step": 1},
-    "height": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 10, "label": "Grid Height", "min": 5, "max": 20, "step": 1},
-    "f": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 3, "label": "Features (F)", "min": 2, "max": 10, "step": 1},
-    "q": {"type": "SliderInt", "value": 3, "label": "Traits per feature (Q)", "min": 2, "max": 15, "step": 1},
+    "width": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 10,
+        "label": "Grid Width",
+        "min": 5,
+        "max": 20,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "height": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 10,
+        "label": "Grid Height",
+        "min": 5,
+        "max": 20,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "f": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 3,
+        "label": "Features (F)",
+        "min": 2,
+        "max": 10,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
+    "q": {
+        "type": "SliderInt",
+        "value": 3,
+        "label": "Traits per feature (Q)",
+        "min": 2,
+        "max": 15,
+        "step": 1,
+    },
 }
 
 model = AxelrodModel()
@@ -46,4 +74,4 @@ def make_culture_grid(model):
     model_params=model_params,
     name="Axelrod Culture Model",
 )
-page  # noqa
\ No newline at end of file
+page  # noqa
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
index 9e0570785..7190d9942 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/agents.py
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ def interact_with(self, other):
         if sim == 0.0 or sim == 1.0:
             return
         if self.random.random() < sim:
-            differing = [i for i in range(len(self.culture)) if self.culture[i] != other.culture[i]]
+            differing = [
+                i
+                for i in range(len(self.culture))
+                if self.culture[i] != other.culture[i]
+            ]
             feature = self.random.choice(differing)
-            self.culture[feature] = other.culture[feature]
\ No newline at end of file
+            self.culture[feature] = other.culture[feature]
diff --git a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
index 3180e29ff..066b60a7b 100644
--- a/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
+++ b/examples/axelrod_culture/axelrod_culture/model.py
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ def number_of_cultural_regions(model):
     visited = set()
     regions = 0
     agent_by_pos = {
-        (int(a.cell.coordinate[0]), int(a.cell.coordinate[1])): a
-        for a in model.agents
+        (int(a.cell.coordinate[0]), int(a.cell.coordinate[1])): a for a in model.agents
     }
     for pos in agent_by_pos:
         if pos in visited:
@@ -46,7 +45,11 @@ def number_of_cultural_regions(model):
             cx, cy = queue.pop()
             for dx, dy in [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1)]:
                 npos = (cx + dx, cy + dy)
-                if npos not in visited and npos in agent_by_pos and agent_by_pos[npos].culture == agent_by_pos[(cx, cy)].culture:
+                if (
+                    npos not in visited
+                    and npos in agent_by_pos
+                    and agent_by_pos[npos].culture == agent_by_pos[(cx, cy)].culture
+                ):
                     visited.add(npos)
                     queue.append(npos)
         regions += 1
@@ -72,11 +75,12 @@ def __init__(self, width=10, height=10, f=3, q=3, rng=None):
         self.f = f
         self.q = q
 
-        self.grid = OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid((width, height), torus=False, random=self.random)
+        self.grid = OrthogonalVonNeumannGrid(
+            (width, height), torus=False, random=self.random
+        )
 
         cultures = [
-            [self.random.randrange(q) for _ in range(f)]
-            for _ in range(width * height)
+            [self.random.randrange(q) for _ in range(f)] for _ in range(width * height)
         ]
 
         CultureAgent.create_agents(self, width * height, cultures)
@@ -98,4 +102,4 @@ def step(self):
             if neighbors:
                 neighbor = self.random.choice(neighbors)
                 agent.interact_with(neighbor)
-        self.datacollector.collect(self)
\ No newline at end of file
+        self.datacollector.collect(self)