diff --git a/packages/typegpu/tests/internal/autoname.test.ts b/packages/typegpu/tests/internal/autoname.test.ts
index de3b55d8cc..d66680aa95 100644
--- a/packages/typegpu/tests/internal/autoname.test.ts
+++ b/packages/typegpu/tests/internal/autoname.test.ts
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ describe('autonaming', () => {
     expect(scope.toString()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "() => {
       			const myFun = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function myFun() {
-      				"use gpu";
+      				
       				return 0;
       			}), {
           v: 1,
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/babel.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/babel.ts
index 371323aba7..ae10acab24 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/babel.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/babel.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { transpileFn } from 'tinyest-for-wgsl';
 import * as t from '@babel/types';
 import {
   METADATA_FORMAT_VERSION,
+  type MetadatableFunction,
   type PluginState,
   defaultOptions,
   functionVisitor,
@@ -101,7 +102,6 @@ function assignMetadata(
   if (visibility) {
     // Hoisting the declaration to the top of the scope
     visibility.unshiftContainer('body', replacement as t.Statement);
-    this.alreadyTransformed.add(expression);
 
     const id = t.isFunctionDeclaration(path.node) ? path.node.id : undefined;
     if (id && path.parentPath.isExportNamedDeclaration()) {
@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@ function replaceWithAssignmentOverload(
   );
 }
 
+function removeUseGpuDirective(this: PluginState, path: NodePath<MetadatableFunction>) {
+  const directives = path.get('body').get('directives');
+  const maybeUseGpu = directives.find((directive) => directive.node.value.value === 'use gpu');
+  maybeUseGpu?.remove();
+}
+
 function replaceWithBinaryOverload(path: NodePath<t.BinaryExpression>, runtimeFn: string): void {
   path.replaceWith(
     t.callExpression(i(runtimeFn), [path.node.left as t.Expression, path.node.right]),
@@ -165,6 +171,7 @@ export default function TypeGPUPlugin() {
         wrapInAutoName,
         replaceWithAssignmentOverload,
         replaceWithBinaryOverload,
+        removeUseGpuDirective,
       });
     },
     visitor: {
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/common.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/common.ts
index 2a2de42f9d..696e5ed996 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/common.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/common.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@ export interface TransformMethods {
   replaceWithAssignmentOverload(path: NodePath<t.AssignmentExpression>, runtimeFn: string): void;
 
   replaceWithBinaryOverload(path: NodePath<t.BinaryExpression>, runtimeFn: string): void;
+
+  removeUseGpuDirective(this: PluginState, path: NodePath<MetadatableFunction>): void;
 }
 
 export interface PluginState extends TransformMethods {
@@ -107,8 +109,6 @@ export interface PluginState extends TransformMethods {
   opts: Options;
 
   inUseGpuScope: boolean;
-
-  alreadyTransformed: WeakSet<t.Node>;
 }
 
 export interface NodeLocation {
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ export function initPluginState(state: PluginState, methods: TransformMethods):
   state.tgpuAliases = new Set<string>(state.opts.forceTgpuAlias ? [state.opts.forceTgpuAlias] : []);
   state.autoNamingEnabled = state.opts.autoNamingEnabled ?? true;
   state.inUseGpuScope = false;
-  state.alreadyTransformed = new WeakSet<t.Node>();
   Object.assign(state, methods);
 }
 
@@ -450,20 +449,16 @@ function functionOnExit(
   if (!containsUseGpuDirective(node)) {
     return;
   }
+  state.removeUseGpuDirective(path);
 
   state.inUseGpuScope = false;
 
-  if (state.alreadyTransformed.has(node)) {
-    return;
-  }
-
   const ast = fnNodeToTranspiledMap.get(path.node);
   const maybeName = getFunctionName(path);
   if (!ast) {
     throw new Error(`No metadata found for function ${maybeName ?? '<unnamed>'}`);
   }
   state.assignMetadata(path, maybeName, ast);
-  state.alreadyTransformed.add(node);
   path.skip();
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/factory.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/factory.ts
index 3005352573..27e1d11401 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/factory.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/src/core/factory.ts
@@ -127,6 +127,15 @@ function replaceWithBinaryOverload(
   this.overwrite(path.node, `${runtimeFn}(${lhs}, ${rhs})`);
 }
 
+function removeUseGpuDirective(this: UnpluginPluginState, path: NodePath<MetadatableFunction>) {
+  const directives = 'directives' in path.node.body ? (path.node.body?.directives ?? []) : [];
+  for (const directive of directives) {
+    if (directive.value.value === 'use gpu') {
+      this.remove(directive);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 const NodeUtils = {
   slice(this: UnpluginPluginState, node: NodeLocation): string {
     return this.magicString.slice(node.start ?? 0, node.end ?? 0);
@@ -188,6 +197,7 @@ export const unpluginFactory = ((rawOptions, _meta) => {
           wrapInAutoName,
           replaceWithAssignmentOverload,
           replaceWithBinaryOverload,
+          removeUseGpuDirective,
         });
 
         traverse(ast, functionVisitor, undefined, state);
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/auto-naming.test.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/auto-naming.test.ts
index 9c1fc89193..880e335f42 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/auto-naming.test.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/auto-naming.test.ts
@@ -327,8 +327,6 @@ describe('[BABEL] auto naming', () => {
 
     expect(babelTransform(code, { autoNamingEnabled: true })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "const myFun3 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function myFun3() {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return 0;
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -343,8 +341,6 @@ describe('[BABEL] auto naming', () => {
         }
       }) && $.f)({});
       const myFun1 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return 0;
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -359,8 +355,6 @@ describe('[BABEL] auto naming', () => {
         }
       }) && $.f)({});
       const myFun2 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function () {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return 0;
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -510,9 +504,7 @@ describe('[BABEL] auto naming', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code, { autoNamingEnabled: true })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "import { tgpu } from 'typegpu';
       const root = await tgpu.init();
-      const myGuardedPipeline = /*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root.createGuardedComputePipeline(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {
-        'use gpu';
-      }, {
+      const myGuardedPipeline = /*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root.createGuardedComputePipeline(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {}, {
         v: 1,
         name: undefined,
         ast: {
@@ -524,9 +516,7 @@ describe('[BABEL] auto naming', () => {
           return {};
         }
       }) && $.f)({})), "myGuardedPipeline");
-      const anotherGuardedPipeline = /*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root.createGuardedComputePipeline(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {
-        'use gpu';
-      }, {
+      const anotherGuardedPipeline = /*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root.createGuardedComputePipeline(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {}, {
         v: 1,
         name: undefined,
         ast: {
@@ -829,7 +819,7 @@ describe('[ROLLUP] auto naming', () => {
 
     expect(await rollupTransform(code, { autoNamingEnabled: true })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "const myFun3 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function myFun3() {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return 0;
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -839,7 +829,7 @@ describe('[ROLLUP] auto naming', () => {
         }) && $.f)({}));
 
       const myFun1 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return 0;
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -849,7 +839,7 @@ describe('[ROLLUP] auto naming', () => {
         }) && $.f)({}));
 
             const myFun2 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function () {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return 0;
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1027,7 +1017,7 @@ describe('[ROLLUP] auto naming', () => {
       const root = await tgpu.init();
 
             const myGuardedPipeline = (/*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root.createGuardedComputePipeline((/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
-              'use gpu';
+              
             }), {
           v: 1,
           name: undefined,
@@ -1037,7 +1027,7 @@ describe('[ROLLUP] auto naming', () => {
 
             const anotherGuardedPipeline = (/*#__PURE__*/(globalThis.__TYPEGPU_AUTONAME__ ?? (a => a))(root
               .createGuardedComputePipeline((/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
-                'use gpu';
+                
               }), {
           v: 1,
           name: undefined,
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/typescript-syntax.test.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/typescript-syntax.test.ts
index b6af6fbff9..d539afa3cb 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/typescript-syntax.test.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/typescript-syntax.test.ts
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ describe('as type', () => {
 
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "const hello = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a: number, b: number | undefined) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b as number);
       }, {
         v: 1,
diff --git a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/use-gpu-directive.test.ts b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/use-gpu-directive.test.ts
index 9e8dea4ea2..db39d007cd 100644
--- a/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/use-gpu-directive.test.ts
+++ b/packages/unplugin-typegpu/test/use-gpu-directive.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,152 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
 import { babelTransform, rollupTransform } from './transform.ts';
 
+describe('"use gpu" is removed after transform', () => {
+  const code = `\
+    const fn1 = () => {
+      'use gpu';
+    };
+
+    const fn2 = () => {
+      'use gpu';
+      'worklet';
+    };
+
+    const fn3 = () => {
+      'worklet';
+      'use gpu';
+    };
+
+    console.log(fn1, fn2, fn3);
+  `;
+
+  test('babel', () => {
+    expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "const fn1 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {}, {
+        v: 1,
+        name: "fn1",
+        ast: {
+          params: [],
+          body: [0, []],
+          externalNames: []
+        },
+        externals: () => {
+          return {};
+        }
+      }) && $.f)({});
+      const fn2 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {
+        'worklet';
+      }, {
+        v: 1,
+        name: "fn2",
+        ast: {
+          params: [],
+          body: [0, []],
+          externalNames: []
+        },
+        externals: () => {
+          return {};
+        }
+      }) && $.f)({});
+      const fn3 = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {
+        'worklet';
+      }, {
+        v: 1,
+        name: "fn3",
+        ast: {
+          params: [],
+          body: [0, []],
+          externalNames: []
+        },
+        externals: () => {
+          return {};
+        }
+      }) && $.f)({});
+      console.log(fn1, fn2, fn3);"
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test('rollup', async () => {
+    expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "const fn1 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
+            
+          }), {
+          v: 1,
+          name: "fn1",
+          ast: {"params":[],"body":[0,[]],"externalNames":[]},
+          externals: () => ({}),
+        }) && $.f)({}));
+
+          const fn2 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
+            
+            'worklet';
+          }), {
+          v: 1,
+          name: "fn2",
+          ast: {"params":[],"body":[0,[]],"externalNames":[]},
+          externals: () => ({}),
+        }) && $.f)({}));
+
+          const fn3 = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
+            'worklet';
+            
+          }), {
+          v: 1,
+          name: "fn3",
+          ast: {"params":[],"body":[0,[]],"externalNames":[]},
+          externals: () => ({}),
+        }) && $.f)({}));
+
+          console.log(fn1, fn2, fn3);
+      "
+    `);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('double transformation', () => {
+  const code = `\
+    const fn = () => {
+      'use gpu';
+    };
+
+    console.log(fn);
+  `;
+
+  test('babel', () => {
+    expect(babelTransform(babelTransform(code) ?? '')).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "const fn = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = () => {}, {
+        v: 1,
+        name: "fn",
+        ast: {
+          params: [],
+          body: [0, []],
+          externalNames: []
+        },
+        externals: () => {
+          return {};
+        }
+      }) && $.f)({});
+      console.log(fn);"
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test('rollup', async () => {
+    expect(await rollupTransform(await rollupTransform(code))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "const fn = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (() => {
+            
+          }), {
+          v: 1,
+          name: "fn",
+          ast: {"params":[],"body":[0,[]],"externalNames":[]},
+          externals: () => ({}),
+        }) && $.f)({}));
+
+          console.log(fn);
+      "
+    `);
+  });
+});
+
 describe('"use gpu" marked arrow function, assigned to a const', () => {
   const code = `\
     /** ADD */
@@ -22,8 +168,6 @@ describe('"use gpu" marked arrow function, assigned to a const', () => {
       "/** ADD */
       // another comment
       const addGPU = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -55,7 +199,7 @@ describe('"use gpu" marked arrow function, assigned to a const', () => {
       "/** ADD */
           // another comment
           const addGPU = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -95,8 +239,6 @@ describe('marked arrow functions passed to shells', () => {
       "import { tgpu } from 'typegpu';
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
       shell(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -129,7 +271,7 @@ describe('marked arrow functions passed to shells', () => {
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
 
           shell((/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -167,8 +309,6 @@ describe('marked anonymous function expressions passed to shells', () => {
       "import { tgpu } from 'typegpu';
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
       shell(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function (a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -201,7 +341,7 @@ describe('marked anonymous function expressions passed to shells', () => {
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
 
           shell((/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function(a, b){
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -239,8 +379,6 @@ describe('marked named function expressions passed to shells', () => {
       "import { tgpu } from 'typegpu';
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
       shell(/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function addGPU(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -273,7 +411,7 @@ describe('marked named function expressions passed to shells', () => {
       const shell = tgpu.fn([]);
 
           shell((/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function addGPU(a, b){
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -311,8 +449,6 @@ describe('marked function statements', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** ADD */
       const addGPU = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function addGPU(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         // hello there
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
@@ -344,7 +480,7 @@ describe('marked function statements', () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** ADD */
           const addGPU = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function addGPU(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             // hello there
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
@@ -400,8 +536,6 @@ describe('marked object methods', () => {
       "const obj = {
         /** MOD */
         mod: /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_mod(a, b);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -425,8 +559,6 @@ describe('marked object methods', () => {
 
       /** PRIME */
       const isPrime = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = n => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         if (n <= 1) {
           return false;
         }
@@ -462,7 +594,7 @@ describe('marked object methods', () => {
       "const obj = {
             /** MOD */
             mod: (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_mod(a, b);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -474,7 +606,7 @@ describe('marked object methods', () => {
 
           /** PRIME */
           const isPrime = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((n) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             if (n <= 1) {
               return false;
             }
@@ -526,8 +658,6 @@ describe('transforms numeric operations', () => {
       /** the main function */
       // another comment
       const main = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         let c = __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), 2);
         c = __tsover_add(c, __tsover_mul(2, b));
         countMutable.$ = __tsover_add(countMutable.$, 3);
@@ -565,7 +695,7 @@ describe('transforms numeric operations', () => {
           /** the main function */
           // another comment
           const main = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             let c = __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), 2);
             c = __tsover_add(c, __tsover_mul(2, b));
             countMutable.$ = __tsover_add(countMutable.$, 3);
@@ -607,8 +737,6 @@ describe('hoists global function statements marked with "use gpu"', () => {
       "/** MUL */
       // another comment
       const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_mul(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -631,8 +759,6 @@ describe('hoists global function statements marked with "use gpu"', () => {
       /** ADD */
       // another comment
       const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -661,7 +787,7 @@ describe('hoists global function statements marked with "use gpu"', () => {
       "/** MUL */
       // another comment
       const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_mul(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -673,7 +799,7 @@ describe('hoists global function statements marked with "use gpu"', () => {
       /** ADD */
       // another comment
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -715,8 +841,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside anothe
         /** MUL */
         // another comment
         const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_mul(a, b);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -739,8 +863,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside anothe
         /** ADD */
         // another comment
         const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_add(a, b);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -771,7 +893,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside anothe
             /** MUL */
       // another comment
       const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_mul(a, b);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -783,7 +905,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside anothe
       /** ADD */
       // another comment
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_add(a, b);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -836,8 +958,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an arr
         /** MUL */
         // another comment
         const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_mul(a, b);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -860,8 +980,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an arr
         /** ADD */
         // another comment
         const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_add(a, b);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -892,7 +1010,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an arr
             /** MUL */
       // another comment
       const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_mul(a, b);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -904,7 +1022,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an arr
       /** ADD */
       // another comment
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_add(a, b);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -959,8 +1077,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an if
         /** MUL */
         // another comment
         const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_mul(__tsover_mul(a, b), c);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -985,8 +1101,6 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an if
         /** ADD */
         // another comment
         const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-          'use gpu';
-
           return __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), c);
         }, {
           v: 1,
@@ -1020,7 +1134,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an if
             /** MUL */
       // another comment
       const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_mul(__tsover_mul(a, b), c);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1032,7 +1146,7 @@ describe('hoists function statements marked with "use gpu", scoped inside an if
       /** ADD */
       // another comment
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-              'use gpu';
+              
               return __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), c);
             }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1091,8 +1205,6 @@ describe('replaces function statements marked with "use gpu" in place when condi
           /** ADD */
           // another comment
           const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
-
             return __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), c);
           }, {
             v: 1,
@@ -1119,8 +1231,6 @@ describe('replaces function statements marked with "use gpu" in place when condi
           /** MUL */
           // another comment
           const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
-
             return __tsover_mul(__tsover_mul(a, b), c);
           }, {
             v: 1,
@@ -1157,7 +1267,7 @@ describe('replaces function statements marked with "use gpu" in place when condi
               /** ADD */
               // another comment
               const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-                'use gpu';
+                
                 return __tsover_add(__tsover_add(a, b), c);
               }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1172,7 +1282,7 @@ describe('replaces function statements marked with "use gpu" in place when condi
               /** MUL */
               // another comment
               const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-                'use gpu';
+                
                 return __tsover_mul(__tsover_mul(a, b), c);
               }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1211,8 +1321,6 @@ describe('hoists exported marked function statements', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** MUL */
       const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function mul(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_mul(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1234,8 +1342,6 @@ describe('hoists exported marked function statements', () => {
       }) && $.f)({});
       /** ADD */
       const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1266,7 +1372,7 @@ describe('hoists exported marked function statements', () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** MUL */
       const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function mul(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_mul(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1277,7 +1383,7 @@ describe('hoists exported marked function statements', () => {
 
       /** ADD */
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1310,8 +1416,6 @@ describe('hoists default exported marked function statement', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** ADD */
       const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function add(a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1340,7 +1444,7 @@ describe('hoists default exported marked function statement', () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "/** ADD */
       const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function add(a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1381,8 +1485,6 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
   test('babel', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "export const add = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1403,8 +1505,6 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
         }
       }) && $.f)({});
       const increment = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = n => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(n, 1);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1423,8 +1523,6 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
       }) && $.f)({});
       export { increment };
       const mul = /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_mul(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1451,7 +1549,7 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
   test('rollup', async () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "const add = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1461,7 +1559,7 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
         }) && $.f)({}));
 
           const increment = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((n) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(n, 1);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1471,7 +1569,7 @@ describe('export marked arrow function', () => {
         }) && $.f)({}));
           
           const mul = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_mul(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1497,8 +1595,6 @@ describe('anonymous default export marked function statement', () => {
   test('babel', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "export default /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = function (a, b) {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1524,7 +1620,7 @@ describe('anonymous default export marked function statement', () => {
   test('rollup', async () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "var _virtual_code = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (function (a, b) {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,
@@ -1550,8 +1646,6 @@ describe('anonymous default export marked arrow function', () => {
   test('babel', () => {
     expect(babelTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "export default /*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = (a, b) => {
-        'use gpu';
-
         return __tsover_add(a, b);
       }, {
         v: 1,
@@ -1577,7 +1671,7 @@ describe('anonymous default export marked arrow function', () => {
   test('rollup', async () => {
     expect(await rollupTransform(code)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "var _virtual_code = (/*#__PURE__*/($ => (globalThis.__TYPEGPU_META__ ??= new WeakMap()).set($.f = ((a, b) => {
-            'use gpu';
+            
             return __tsover_add(a, b);
           }), {
           v: 1,