diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Topic.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Topic.scala
index b069bcfe6f..d60acc0031 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Topic.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Topic.scala
@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ abstract class Topic[F[_], A] { self =>
     * Note: if `publish1` is called concurrently by multiple producers,
     * different subscribers may receive messages from different producers
     * in a different order.
+    *
+    * Note: if `publish1` returns `Left(Topic.Closed)`, it is possible
+    * that some subscribers received the event while others did not due
+    * to concurrent closure.
     */
   def publish1(a: A): F[Either[Topic.Closed, Unit]]
 
@@ -164,8 +168,18 @@ object Topic {
             case State.Closed() =>
               Topic.closed.pure[F]
             case State.Active(subs, _) =>
-              foreach(subs)(_.send(a).void)
-                .as(Topic.rightUnit)
+              subs.toList.foldLeftM(Topic.rightUnit) {
+                case (Left(Topic.Closed), _) => Topic.closed.pure[F]
+                case (Right(_), (_, chan)) =>
+                  chan.send(a).flatMap {
+                    case Right(_) => Topic.rightUnit.pure[F]
+                    case Left(_) =>
+                      state.get.map {
+                        case State.Closed() => Topic.closed
+                        case _              => Topic.rightUnit
+                      }
+                  }
+              }
           }
 
         def subscribeAwait(maxQueued: Int): Resource[F, Stream[F, A]] =
diff --git a/core/shared/src/test/scala/fs2/concurrent/TopicSuite.scala b/core/shared/src/test/scala/fs2/concurrent/TopicSuite.scala
index f2d889b92d..90e688428b 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/test/scala/fs2/concurrent/TopicSuite.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/test/scala/fs2/concurrent/TopicSuite.scala
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class TopicSuite extends Fs2Suite {
 
   // https://github.com/typelevel/fs2/issues/3644
   test(
-    "when publish1 returns success, subscribers must receive the event, even if the publish1 races with close".fail
+    "when publish1 returns success, subscribers must receive the event, even if the publish1 races with close"
   ) {
     val check: IO[Unit] =
       Topic[IO, String]
@@ -235,16 +235,20 @@ class TopicSuite extends Fs2Suite {
                       sub.compile.toList // all subscriptions must terminate, since the Topic was closed
                     )
                     .map { eventss =>
-                      val expected: List[String] =
-                        published match {
-                          case Right(()) =>
-                            // publication succeeded, expecting singleton list with the event
-                            List("foo")
-                          case Left(Topic.Closed) =>
-                            // publication rejected, expecting empty list
-                            Nil
-                        }
-                      eventss.foreach(events => assertEquals(events, expected))
+                      published match {
+                        case Right(()) =>
+                          // publication succeeded, expecting singleton list with the event
+                          val expected = List("foo")
+                          eventss.foreach(events => assertEquals(events, expected))
+                        case Left(Topic.Closed) =>
+                          // publication rejected due to closure, some subscribers might have received it
+                          eventss.foreach { events =>
+                            assert(
+                              events == Nil || events == List("foo"),
+                              s"Unexpected events: $events"
+                            )
+                          }
+                      }
                     }
               }
           }