From 69684b6d3c24eadf4f397836b293d2d9ac5c344b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sascha Kleiber <skleiber@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Aug 2018 15:00:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Fixed template error (missing bracket of opening div-tag)

---
 .../js/components/repos/repos.component.js    | 38 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
index 4fc61ff..09ebd87 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 var repos = {
-	bindings: {
-		list: '<'
-	},
-	template: `
-		<div class="repos"
+    bindings: {
+        list: '<'
+    },
+    template: `
+		<div class="repos">
 			My Repos:
 			<ul>
 				<li ng-repeat="repo in $ctrl.list">
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ var repos = {
 };
 
 angular
-	.module('repos')
-	.component('repos', repos)
-	.config(function ($stateProvider) {
-		$stateProvider
-			.state('repos', {
-				url: '/repos',
-				component: 'repos',
-				resolve: {
-					list: function (ReposService) {
-						return ReposService.getRepos();
-					}
-				}
-			});
-	});
+    .module('repos')
+    .component('repos', repos)
+    .config(function ($stateProvider) {
+        $stateProvider
+            .state('repos', {
+                url: '/repos',
+                component: 'repos',
+                resolve: {
+                    list: function (ReposService) {
+                        return ReposService.getRepos();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+    });
\ No newline at end of file

From e1b6acf8beea255aa73e77d998d624b0cdcef580 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sascha Kleiber <skleiber@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2018 09:49:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Added Angular 1.6.9, changed URIs to #!

---
 29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html       |    83 +-
 .../content/js/angular.1.6.js                 | 34883 ++++++++++++++++
 .../js/components/repos/repos.component.js    |     2 +-
 3 files changed, 34927 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 29-resolves-bindings/content/js/angular.1.6.js

diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html b/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
index ecabeb3..9f0a568 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
@@ -1,41 +1,44 @@
 <html ng-app="app">
-	<head>
-		<title>My Angular app</title>
-		<link href="css/app.css" rel="stylesheet">
-		<script src="js/angular.js"></script>
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<div class="main">
-			<header class="header">
-				<ul class="header__labels">
-					<li>
-						<a href="#/">Home</a>
-					</li>
-					<li>
-						<a href="#/about">About</a>
-					</li>
-					<li>
-						<a href="#/contact">Contact</a>
-					</li>
-					<li>
-						<a href="#/repos">GitHub repos</a>
-					</li>
-				</ul>
-			</header>
-			<div ui-view class="content"></div>
-		</div>
-		<script src="js/angular-ui-router.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/app.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/home/home.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/home/home.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/about/about.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/about/about.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/contact/contact.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/contact/contact.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/contact/phone/contact-phone.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/repos/repos.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/repos/repos.component.js"></script>
-		<script src="js/components/repos/repos.service.js"></script>
-	</body>
-</html>
+
+    <head>
+        <title>My Angular app</title>
+        <link href="css/app.css" rel="stylesheet">
+        <script src="js/angular.1.6.js"></script>
+    </head>
+
+    <body>
+        <div class="main">
+            <header class="header">
+                <ul class="header__labels">
+                    <li>
+                        <a href="#!/">Home</a>
+                    </li>
+                    <li>
+                        <a href="#!/about">About</a>
+                    </li>
+                    <li>
+                        <a href="#!/contact">Contact</a>
+                    </li>
+                    <li>
+                        <a href="#!/repos">GitHub repos</a>
+                    </li>
+                </ul>
+            </header>
+            <div ui-view class="content"></div>
+        </div>
+        <script src="js/angular-ui-router.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/app.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/home/home.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/home/home.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/about/about.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/about/about.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/contact/contact.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/contact/contact.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/contact/phone/contact-phone.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/repos/repos.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/repos/repos.component.js"></script>
+        <script src="js/components/repos/repos.service.js"></script>
+    </body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/angular.1.6.js b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/angular.1.6.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09e0738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/angular.1.6.js
@@ -0,0 +1,34883 @@
+/**
+ * @license AngularJS v1.6.9
+ * (c) 2010-2018 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
+ * License: MIT
+ */
+(function (window) {
+    'use strict';
+
+    /* exported
+      minErrConfig,
+      errorHandlingConfig,
+      isValidObjectMaxDepth
+    */
+
+    var minErrConfig = {
+        objectMaxDepth: 5
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.errorHandlingConfig
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Configure several aspects of error handling in AngularJS if used as a setter or return the
+     * current configuration if used as a getter. The following options are supported:
+     *
+     * - **objectMaxDepth**: The maximum depth to which objects are traversed when stringified for error messages.
+     *
+     * Omitted or undefined options will leave the corresponding configuration values unchanged.
+     *
+     * @param {Object=} config - The configuration object. May only contain the options that need to be
+     *     updated. Supported keys:
+     *
+     * * `objectMaxDepth`  **{Number}** - The max depth for stringifying objects. Setting to a
+     *   non-positive or non-numeric value, removes the max depth limit.
+     *   Default: 5
+     */
+    function errorHandlingConfig(config) {
+        if (isObject(config)) {
+            if (isDefined(config.objectMaxDepth)) {
+                minErrConfig.objectMaxDepth = isValidObjectMaxDepth(config.objectMaxDepth) ? config.objectMaxDepth : NaN;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return minErrConfig;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @param {Number} maxDepth
+     * @return {boolean}
+     */
+    function isValidObjectMaxDepth(maxDepth) {
+        return isNumber(maxDepth) && maxDepth > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @description
+     *
+     * This object provides a utility for producing rich Error messages within
+     * AngularJS. It can be called as follows:
+     *
+     * var exampleMinErr = minErr('example');
+     * throw exampleMinErr('one', 'This {0} is {1}', foo, bar);
+     *
+     * The above creates an instance of minErr in the example namespace. The
+     * resulting error will have a namespaced error code of example.one.  The
+     * resulting error will replace {0} with the value of foo, and {1} with the
+     * value of bar. The object is not restricted in the number of arguments it can
+     * take.
+     *
+     * If fewer arguments are specified than necessary for interpolation, the extra
+     * interpolation markers will be preserved in the final string.
+     *
+     * Since data will be parsed statically during a build step, some restrictions
+     * are applied with respect to how minErr instances are created and called.
+     * Instances should have names of the form namespaceMinErr for a minErr created
+     * using minErr('namespace') . Error codes, namespaces and template strings
+     * should all be static strings, not variables or general expressions.
+     *
+     * @param {string} module The namespace to use for the new minErr instance.
+     * @param {function} ErrorConstructor Custom error constructor to be instantiated when returning
+     *   error from returned function, for cases when a particular type of error is useful.
+     * @returns {function(code:string, template:string, ...templateArgs): Error} minErr instance
+     */
+
+    function minErr(module, ErrorConstructor) {
+        ErrorConstructor = ErrorConstructor || Error;
+        return function () {
+            var code = arguments[0],
+                template = arguments[1],
+                message = '[' + (module ? module + ':' : '') + code + '] ',
+                templateArgs = sliceArgs(arguments, 2).map(function (arg) {
+                    return toDebugString(arg, minErrConfig.objectMaxDepth);
+                }),
+                paramPrefix, i;
+
+            message += template.replace(/\{\d+\}/g, function (match) {
+                var index = +match.slice(1, -1);
+
+                if (index < templateArgs.length) {
+                    return templateArgs[index];
+                }
+
+                return match;
+            });
+
+            message += '\nhttp://errors.angularjs.org/1.6.9/' +
+                (module ? module + '/' : '') + code;
+
+            for (i = 0, paramPrefix = '?'; i < templateArgs.length; i++, paramPrefix = '&') {
+                message += paramPrefix + 'p' + i + '=' + encodeURIComponent(templateArgs[i]);
+            }
+
+            return new ErrorConstructor(message);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /* We need to tell ESLint what variables are being exported */
+    /* exported
+      angular,
+      msie,
+      jqLite,
+      jQuery,
+      slice,
+      splice,
+      push,
+      toString,
+      minErrConfig,
+      errorHandlingConfig,
+      isValidObjectMaxDepth,
+      ngMinErr,
+      angularModule,
+      uid,
+      REGEX_STRING_REGEXP,
+      VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY,
+
+      lowercase,
+      uppercase,
+      manualLowercase,
+      manualUppercase,
+      nodeName_,
+      isArrayLike,
+      forEach,
+      forEachSorted,
+      reverseParams,
+      nextUid,
+      setHashKey,
+      extend,
+      toInt,
+      inherit,
+      merge,
+      noop,
+      identity,
+      valueFn,
+      isUndefined,
+      isDefined,
+      isObject,
+      isBlankObject,
+      isString,
+      isNumber,
+      isNumberNaN,
+      isDate,
+      isError,
+      isArray,
+      isFunction,
+      isRegExp,
+      isWindow,
+      isScope,
+      isFile,
+      isFormData,
+      isBlob,
+      isBoolean,
+      isPromiseLike,
+      trim,
+      escapeForRegexp,
+      isElement,
+      makeMap,
+      includes,
+      arrayRemove,
+      copy,
+      simpleCompare,
+      equals,
+      csp,
+      jq,
+      concat,
+      sliceArgs,
+      bind,
+      toJsonReplacer,
+      toJson,
+      fromJson,
+      convertTimezoneToLocal,
+      timezoneToOffset,
+      startingTag,
+      tryDecodeURIComponent,
+      parseKeyValue,
+      toKeyValue,
+      encodeUriSegment,
+      encodeUriQuery,
+      angularInit,
+      bootstrap,
+      getTestability,
+      snake_case,
+      bindJQuery,
+      assertArg,
+      assertArgFn,
+      assertNotHasOwnProperty,
+      getter,
+      getBlockNodes,
+      hasOwnProperty,
+      createMap,
+      stringify,
+
+      NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT,
+      NODE_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE,
+      NODE_TYPE_TEXT,
+      NODE_TYPE_COMMENT,
+      NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT,
+      NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT
+    */
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc module
+     * @name ng
+     * @module ng
+     * @installation
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The ng module is loaded by default when an AngularJS application is started. The module itself
+     * contains the essential components for an AngularJS application to function. The table below
+     * lists a high level breakdown of each of the services/factories, filters, directives and testing
+     * components available within this core module.
+     *
+     */
+
+    var REGEX_STRING_REGEXP = /^\/(.+)\/([a-z]*)$/;
+
+    // The name of a form control's ValidityState property.
+    // This is used so that it's possible for internal tests to create mock ValidityStates.
+    var VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY = 'validity';
+
+
+    var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.lowercase
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     * sinceVersion="1.5.0"
+     * removeVersion="1.7.0"
+     * Use [String.prototype.toLowerCase](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toLowerCase) instead.
+     *
+     * @description Converts the specified string to lowercase.
+     * @param {string} string String to be converted to lowercase.
+     * @returns {string} Lowercased string.
+     */
+    var lowercase = function (string) {
+        return isString(string) ? string.toLowerCase() : string;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.uppercase
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     * sinceVersion="1.5.0"
+     * removeVersion="1.7.0"
+     * Use [String.prototype.toUpperCase](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toUpperCase) instead.
+     *
+     * @description Converts the specified string to uppercase.
+     * @param {string} string String to be converted to uppercase.
+     * @returns {string} Uppercased string.
+     */
+    var uppercase = function (string) {
+        return isString(string) ? string.toUpperCase() : string;
+    };
+
+
+    var manualLowercase = function (s) {
+        /* eslint-disable no-bitwise */
+        return isString(s) ?
+            s.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function (ch) {
+                return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) | 32);
+            }) :
+            s;
+        /* eslint-enable */
+    };
+    var manualUppercase = function (s) {
+        /* eslint-disable no-bitwise */
+        return isString(s) ?
+            s.replace(/[a-z]/g, function (ch) {
+                return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) & ~32);
+            }) :
+            s;
+        /* eslint-enable */
+    };
+
+
+    // String#toLowerCase and String#toUpperCase don't produce correct results in browsers with Turkish
+    // locale, for this reason we need to detect this case and redefine lowercase/uppercase methods
+    // with correct but slower alternatives. See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/11387
+    if ('i' !== 'I'.toLowerCase()) {
+        lowercase = manualLowercase;
+        uppercase = manualUppercase;
+    }
+
+
+    var
+        msie, // holds major version number for IE, or NaN if UA is not IE.
+        jqLite, // delay binding since jQuery could be loaded after us.
+        jQuery, // delay binding
+        slice = [].slice,
+        splice = [].splice,
+        push = [].push,
+        toString = Object.prototype.toString,
+        getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf,
+        ngMinErr = minErr('ng'),
+
+        /** @name angular */
+        angular = window.angular || (window.angular = {}),
+        angularModule,
+        uid = 0;
+
+    // Support: IE 9-11 only
+    /**
+     * documentMode is an IE-only property
+     * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/cc196988(v=vs.85).aspx
+     */
+    msie = window.document.documentMode;
+
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} obj
+     * @return {boolean} Returns true if `obj` is an array or array-like object (NodeList, Arguments,
+     *                   String ...)
+     */
+    function isArrayLike(obj) {
+
+        // `null`, `undefined` and `window` are not array-like
+        if (obj == null || isWindow(obj)) return false;
+
+        // arrays, strings and jQuery/jqLite objects are array like
+        // * jqLite is either the jQuery or jqLite constructor function
+        // * we have to check the existence of jqLite first as this method is called
+        //   via the forEach method when constructing the jqLite object in the first place
+        if (isArray(obj) || isString(obj) || (jqLite && obj instanceof jqLite)) return true;
+
+        // Support: iOS 8.2 (not reproducible in simulator)
+        // "length" in obj used to prevent JIT error (gh-11508)
+        var length = 'length' in Object(obj) && obj.length;
+
+        // NodeList objects (with `item` method) and
+        // other objects with suitable length characteristics are array-like
+        return isNumber(length) &&
+            (length >= 0 && ((length - 1) in obj || obj instanceof Array) || typeof obj.item === 'function');
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.forEach
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Invokes the `iterator` function once for each item in `obj` collection, which can be either an
+     * object or an array. The `iterator` function is invoked with `iterator(value, key, obj)`, where `value`
+     * is the value of an object property or an array element, `key` is the object property key or
+     * array element index and obj is the `obj` itself. Specifying a `context` for the function is optional.
+     *
+     * It is worth noting that `.forEach` does not iterate over inherited properties because it filters
+     * using the `hasOwnProperty` method.
+     *
+     * Unlike ES262's
+     * [Array.prototype.forEach](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.4.4.18),
+     * providing 'undefined' or 'null' values for `obj` will not throw a TypeError, but rather just
+     * return the value provided.
+     *
+       ```js
+         var values = {name: 'misko', gender: 'male'};
+         var log = [];
+         angular.forEach(values, function(value, key) {
+           this.push(key + ': ' + value);
+         }, log);
+         expect(log).toEqual(['name: misko', 'gender: male']);
+       ```
+     *
+     * @param {Object|Array} obj Object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iterator Iterator function.
+     * @param {Object=} context Object to become context (`this`) for the iterator function.
+     * @returns {Object|Array} Reference to `obj`.
+     */
+
+    function forEach(obj, iterator, context) {
+        var key, length;
+        if (obj) {
+            if (isFunction(obj)) {
+                for (key in obj) {
+                    if (key !== 'prototype' && key !== 'length' && key !== 'name' && obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+                        iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (isArray(obj) || isArrayLike(obj)) {
+                var isPrimitive = typeof obj !== 'object';
+                for (key = 0, length = obj.length; key < length; key++) {
+                    if (isPrimitive || key in obj) {
+                        iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (obj.forEach && obj.forEach !== forEach) {
+                obj.forEach(iterator, context, obj);
+            } else if (isBlankObject(obj)) {
+                // createMap() fast path --- Safe to avoid hasOwnProperty check because prototype chain is empty
+                for (key in obj) {
+                    iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+                }
+            } else if (typeof obj.hasOwnProperty === 'function') {
+                // Slow path for objects inheriting Object.prototype, hasOwnProperty check needed
+                for (key in obj) {
+                    if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+                        iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Slow path for objects which do not have a method `hasOwnProperty`
+                for (key in obj) {
+                    if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+                        iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    function forEachSorted(obj, iterator, context) {
+        var keys = Object.keys(obj).sort();
+        for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i]);
+        }
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * when using forEach the params are value, key, but it is often useful to have key, value.
+     * @param {function(string, *)} iteratorFn
+     * @returns {function(*, string)}
+     */
+    function reverseParams(iteratorFn) {
+        return function (value, key) {
+            iteratorFn(key, value);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A consistent way of creating unique IDs in angular.
+     *
+     * Using simple numbers allows us to generate 28.6 million unique ids per second for 10 years before
+     * we hit number precision issues in JavaScript.
+     *
+     * Math.pow(2,53) / 60 / 60 / 24 / 365 / 10 = 28.6M
+     *
+     * @returns {number} an unique alpha-numeric string
+     */
+    function nextUid() {
+        return ++uid;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Set or clear the hashkey for an object.
+     * @param obj object
+     * @param h the hashkey (!truthy to delete the hashkey)
+     */
+    function setHashKey(obj, h) {
+        if (h) {
+            obj.$$hashKey = h;
+        } else {
+            delete obj.$$hashKey;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function baseExtend(dst, objs, deep) {
+        var h = dst.$$hashKey;
+
+        for (var i = 0, ii = objs.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+            var obj = objs[i];
+            if (!isObject(obj) && !isFunction(obj)) continue;
+            var keys = Object.keys(obj);
+            for (var j = 0, jj = keys.length; j < jj; j++) {
+                var key = keys[j];
+                var src = obj[key];
+
+                if (deep && isObject(src)) {
+                    if (isDate(src)) {
+                        dst[key] = new Date(src.valueOf());
+                    } else if (isRegExp(src)) {
+                        dst[key] = new RegExp(src);
+                    } else if (src.nodeName) {
+                        dst[key] = src.cloneNode(true);
+                    } else if (isElement(src)) {
+                        dst[key] = src.clone();
+                    } else {
+                        if (!isObject(dst[key])) dst[key] = isArray(src) ? [] : {};
+                        baseExtend(dst[key], [src], true);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    dst[key] = src;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        setHashKey(dst, h);
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.extend
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Extends the destination object `dst` by copying own enumerable properties from the `src` object(s)
+     * to `dst`. You can specify multiple `src` objects. If you want to preserve original objects, you can do so
+     * by passing an empty object as the target: `var object = angular.extend({}, object1, object2)`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Keep in mind that `angular.extend` does not support recursive merge (deep copy). Use
+     * {@link angular.merge} for this.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} dst Destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} src Source object(s).
+     * @returns {Object} Reference to `dst`.
+     */
+    function extend(dst) {
+        return baseExtend(dst, slice.call(arguments, 1), false);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.merge
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Deeply extends the destination object `dst` by copying own enumerable properties from the `src` object(s)
+     * to `dst`. You can specify multiple `src` objects. If you want to preserve original objects, you can do so
+     * by passing an empty object as the target: `var object = angular.merge({}, object1, object2)`.
+     *
+     * Unlike {@link angular.extend extend()}, `merge()` recursively descends into object properties of source
+     * objects, performing a deep copy.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     * sinceVersion="1.6.5"
+     * This function is deprecated, but will not be removed in the 1.x lifecycle.
+     * There are edge cases (see {@link angular.merge#known-issues known issues}) that are not
+     * supported by this function. We suggest
+     * using [lodash's merge()](https://lodash.com/docs/4.17.4#merge) instead.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     * This is a list of (known) object types that are not handled correctly by this function:
+     * - [`Blob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Blob)
+     * - [`MediaStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/MediaStream)
+     * - [`CanvasGradient`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/CanvasGradient)
+     * - AngularJS {@link $rootScope.Scope scopes};
+     *
+     * @param {Object} dst Destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} src Source object(s).
+     * @returns {Object} Reference to `dst`.
+     */
+    function merge(dst) {
+        return baseExtend(dst, slice.call(arguments, 1), true);
+    }
+
+
+
+    function toInt(str) {
+        return parseInt(str, 10);
+    }
+
+    var isNumberNaN = Number.isNaN || function isNumberNaN(num) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+        return num !== num;
+    };
+
+
+    function inherit(parent, extra) {
+        return extend(Object.create(parent), extra);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.noop
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A function that performs no operations. This function can be useful when writing code in the
+     * functional style.
+       ```js
+         function foo(callback) {
+           var result = calculateResult();
+           (callback || angular.noop)(result);
+         }
+       ```
+     */
+    function noop() {}
+    noop.$inject = [];
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.identity
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A function that returns its first argument. This function is useful when writing code in the
+     * functional style.
+     *
+       ```js
+       function transformer(transformationFn, value) {
+         return (transformationFn || angular.identity)(value);
+       };
+
+       // E.g.
+       function getResult(fn, input) {
+         return (fn || angular.identity)(input);
+       };
+
+       getResult(function(n) { return n * 2; }, 21);   // returns 42
+       getResult(null, 21);                            // returns 21
+       getResult(undefined, 21);                       // returns 21
+       ```
+     *
+     * @param {*} value to be returned.
+     * @returns {*} the value passed in.
+     */
+    function identity($) {
+        return $;
+    }
+    identity.$inject = [];
+
+
+    function valueFn(value) {
+        return function valueRef() {
+            return value;
+        };
+    }
+
+    function hasCustomToString(obj) {
+        return isFunction(obj.toString) && obj.toString !== toString;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isUndefined
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is undefined.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is undefined.
+     */
+    function isUndefined(value) {
+        return typeof value === 'undefined';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isDefined
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is defined.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is defined.
+     */
+    function isDefined(value) {
+        return typeof value !== 'undefined';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isObject
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is an `Object`. Unlike `typeof` in JavaScript, `null`s are not
+     * considered to be objects. Note that JavaScript arrays are objects.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Object` but not `null`.
+     */
+    function isObject(value) {
+        // http://jsperf.com/isobject4
+        return value !== null && typeof value === 'object';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if a value is an object with a null prototype
+     *
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Object` with a null prototype
+     */
+    function isBlankObject(value) {
+        return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !getPrototypeOf(value);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isString
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is a `String`.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `String`.
+     */
+    function isString(value) {
+        return typeof value === 'string';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isNumber
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is a `Number`.
+     *
+     * This includes the "special" numbers `NaN`, `+Infinity` and `-Infinity`.
+     *
+     * If you wish to exclude these then you can use the native
+     * [`isFinite'](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/isFinite)
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Number`.
+     */
+    function isNumber(value) {
+        return typeof value === 'number';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isDate
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a value is a date.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Date`.
+     */
+    function isDate(value) {
+        return toString.call(value) === '[object Date]';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isArray
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is an `Array`. Alias of Array.isArray.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Array`.
+     */
+    var isArray = Array.isArray;
+
+    /**
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is an `Error`.
+     * Loosely based on https://www.npmjs.com/package/iserror
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Error`.
+     */
+    function isError(value) {
+        var tag = toString.call(value);
+        switch (tag) {
+            case '[object Error]':
+                return true;
+            case '[object Exception]':
+                return true;
+            case '[object DOMException]':
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return value instanceof Error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isFunction
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is a `Function`.
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Function`.
+     */
+    function isFunction(value) {
+        return typeof value === 'function';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a value is a regular expression object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `RegExp`.
+     */
+    function isRegExp(value) {
+        return toString.call(value) === '[object RegExp]';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `obj` is a window object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} obj Object to check
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `obj` is a window obj.
+     */
+    function isWindow(obj) {
+        return obj && obj.window === obj;
+    }
+
+
+    function isScope(obj) {
+        return obj && obj.$evalAsync && obj.$watch;
+    }
+
+
+    function isFile(obj) {
+        return toString.call(obj) === '[object File]';
+    }
+
+
+    function isFormData(obj) {
+        return toString.call(obj) === '[object FormData]';
+    }
+
+
+    function isBlob(obj) {
+        return toString.call(obj) === '[object Blob]';
+    }
+
+
+    function isBoolean(value) {
+        return typeof value === 'boolean';
+    }
+
+
+    function isPromiseLike(obj) {
+        return obj && isFunction(obj.then);
+    }
+
+
+    var TYPED_ARRAY_REGEXP = /^\[object (?:Uint8|Uint8Clamped|Uint16|Uint32|Int8|Int16|Int32|Float32|Float64)Array]$/;
+
+    function isTypedArray(value) {
+        return value && isNumber(value.length) && TYPED_ARRAY_REGEXP.test(toString.call(value));
+    }
+
+    function isArrayBuffer(obj) {
+        return toString.call(obj) === '[object ArrayBuffer]';
+    }
+
+
+    var trim = function (value) {
+        return isString(value) ? value.trim() : value;
+    };
+
+    // Copied from:
+    // http://docs.closure-library.googlecode.com/git/local_closure_goog_string_string.js.source.html#line1021
+    // Prereq: s is a string.
+    var escapeForRegexp = function (s) {
+        return s
+            .replace(/([-()[\]{}+?*.$^|,:#<!\\])/g, '\\$1')
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex
+            .replace(/\x08/g, '\\x08');
+    };
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.isElement
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if a reference is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+     *
+     * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+     */
+    function isElement(node) {
+        return !!(node &&
+            (node.nodeName // We are a direct element.
+                ||
+                (node.prop && node.attr && node.find))); // We have an on and find method part of jQuery API.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param str 'key1,key2,...'
+     * @returns {object} in the form of {key1:true, key2:true, ...}
+     */
+    function makeMap(str) {
+        var obj = {},
+            items = str.split(','),
+            i;
+        for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+            obj[items[i]] = true;
+        }
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+
+    function nodeName_(element) {
+        return lowercase(element.nodeName || (element[0] && element[0].nodeName));
+    }
+
+    function includes(array, obj) {
+        return Array.prototype.indexOf.call(array, obj) !== -1;
+    }
+
+    function arrayRemove(array, value) {
+        var index = array.indexOf(value);
+        if (index >= 0) {
+            array.splice(index, 1);
+        }
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.copy
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Creates a deep copy of `source`, which should be an object or an array.
+     *
+     * * If no destination is supplied, a copy of the object or array is created.
+     * * If a destination is provided, all of its elements (for arrays) or properties (for objects)
+     *   are deleted and then all elements/properties from the source are copied to it.
+     * * If `source` is not an object or array (inc. `null` and `undefined`), `source` is returned.
+     * * If `source` is identical to `destination` an exception will be thrown.
+     *
+     * <br />
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     *   Only enumerable properties are taken into account. Non-enumerable properties (both on `source`
+     *   and on `destination`) will be ignored.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @param {*} source The source that will be used to make a copy.
+     *                   Can be any type, including primitives, `null`, and `undefined`.
+     * @param {(Object|Array)=} destination Destination into which the source is copied. If
+     *     provided, must be of the same type as `source`.
+     * @returns {*} The copy or updated `destination`, if `destination` was specified.
+     *
+     * @example
+      <example module="copyExample" name="angular-copy">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            <form novalidate class="simple-form">
+              <label>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" /></label><br />
+              <label>Age:  <input type="number" ng-model="user.age" /></label><br />
+              Gender: <label><input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male</label>
+                      <label><input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female</label><br />
+              <button ng-click="reset()">RESET</button>
+              <button ng-click="update(user)">SAVE</button>
+            </form>
+            <pre>form = {{user | json}}</pre>
+            <pre>leader = {{leader | json}}</pre>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+          // Module: copyExample
+          angular.
+            module('copyExample', []).
+            controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+              $scope.leader = {};
+
+              $scope.reset = function() {
+                // Example with 1 argument
+                $scope.user = angular.copy($scope.leader);
+              };
+
+              $scope.update = function(user) {
+                // Example with 2 arguments
+                angular.copy(user, $scope.leader);
+              };
+
+              $scope.reset();
+            }]);
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    function copy(source, destination, maxDepth) {
+        var stackSource = [];
+        var stackDest = [];
+        maxDepth = isValidObjectMaxDepth(maxDepth) ? maxDepth : NaN;
+
+        if (destination) {
+            if (isTypedArray(destination) || isArrayBuffer(destination)) {
+                throw ngMinErr('cpta', 'Can\'t copy! TypedArray destination cannot be mutated.');
+            }
+            if (source === destination) {
+                throw ngMinErr('cpi', 'Can\'t copy! Source and destination are identical.');
+            }
+
+            // Empty the destination object
+            if (isArray(destination)) {
+                destination.length = 0;
+            } else {
+                forEach(destination, function (value, key) {
+                    if (key !== '$$hashKey') {
+                        delete destination[key];
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+
+            stackSource.push(source);
+            stackDest.push(destination);
+            return copyRecurse(source, destination, maxDepth);
+        }
+
+        return copyElement(source, maxDepth);
+
+        function copyRecurse(source, destination, maxDepth) {
+            maxDepth--;
+            if (maxDepth < 0) {
+                return '...';
+            }
+            var h = destination.$$hashKey;
+            var key;
+            if (isArray(source)) {
+                for (var i = 0, ii = source.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                    destination.push(copyElement(source[i], maxDepth));
+                }
+            } else if (isBlankObject(source)) {
+                // createMap() fast path --- Safe to avoid hasOwnProperty check because prototype chain is empty
+                for (key in source) {
+                    destination[key] = copyElement(source[key], maxDepth);
+                }
+            } else if (source && typeof source.hasOwnProperty === 'function') {
+                // Slow path, which must rely on hasOwnProperty
+                for (key in source) {
+                    if (source.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+                        destination[key] = copyElement(source[key], maxDepth);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Slowest path --- hasOwnProperty can't be called as a method
+                for (key in source) {
+                    if (hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) {
+                        destination[key] = copyElement(source[key], maxDepth);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            setHashKey(destination, h);
+            return destination;
+        }
+
+        function copyElement(source, maxDepth) {
+            // Simple values
+            if (!isObject(source)) {
+                return source;
+            }
+
+            // Already copied values
+            var index = stackSource.indexOf(source);
+            if (index !== -1) {
+                return stackDest[index];
+            }
+
+            if (isWindow(source) || isScope(source)) {
+                throw ngMinErr('cpws',
+                    'Can\'t copy! Making copies of Window or Scope instances is not supported.');
+            }
+
+            var needsRecurse = false;
+            var destination = copyType(source);
+
+            if (destination === undefined) {
+                destination = isArray(source) ? [] : Object.create(getPrototypeOf(source));
+                needsRecurse = true;
+            }
+
+            stackSource.push(source);
+            stackDest.push(destination);
+
+            return needsRecurse ?
+                copyRecurse(source, destination, maxDepth) :
+                destination;
+        }
+
+        function copyType(source) {
+            switch (toString.call(source)) {
+                case '[object Int8Array]':
+                case '[object Int16Array]':
+                case '[object Int32Array]':
+                case '[object Float32Array]':
+                case '[object Float64Array]':
+                case '[object Uint8Array]':
+                case '[object Uint8ClampedArray]':
+                case '[object Uint16Array]':
+                case '[object Uint32Array]':
+                    return new source.constructor(copyElement(source.buffer), source.byteOffset, source.length);
+
+                case '[object ArrayBuffer]':
+                    // Support: IE10
+                    if (!source.slice) {
+                        // If we're in this case we know the environment supports ArrayBuffer
+                        /* eslint-disable no-undef */
+                        var copied = new ArrayBuffer(source.byteLength);
+                        new Uint8Array(copied).set(new Uint8Array(source));
+                        /* eslint-enable */
+                        return copied;
+                    }
+                    return source.slice(0);
+
+                case '[object Boolean]':
+                case '[object Number]':
+                case '[object String]':
+                case '[object Date]':
+                    return new source.constructor(source.valueOf());
+
+                case '[object RegExp]':
+                    var re = new RegExp(source.source, source.toString().match(/[^/]*$/)[0]);
+                    re.lastIndex = source.lastIndex;
+                    return re;
+
+                case '[object Blob]':
+                    return new source.constructor([source], {
+                        type: source.type
+                    });
+            }
+
+            if (isFunction(source.cloneNode)) {
+                return source.cloneNode(true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+    function simpleCompare(a, b) {
+        return a === b || (a !== a && b !== b);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.equals
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Determines if two objects or two values are equivalent. Supports value types, regular
+     * expressions, arrays and objects.
+     *
+     * Two objects or values are considered equivalent if at least one of the following is true:
+     *
+     * * Both objects or values pass `===` comparison.
+     * * Both objects or values are of the same type and all of their properties are equal by
+     *   comparing them with `angular.equals`.
+     * * Both values are NaN. (In JavaScript, NaN == NaN => false. But we consider two NaN as equal)
+     * * Both values represent the same regular expression (In JavaScript,
+     *   /abc/ == /abc/ => false. But we consider two regular expressions as equal when their textual
+     *   representation matches).
+     *
+     * During a property comparison, properties of `function` type and properties with names
+     * that begin with `$` are ignored.
+     *
+     * Scope and DOMWindow objects are being compared only by identify (`===`).
+     *
+     * @param {*} o1 Object or value to compare.
+     * @param {*} o2 Object or value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if arguments are equal.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="equalsExample" name="equalsExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            <form novalidate>
+              <h3>User 1</h3>
+              Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user1.name">
+              Age: <input type="number" ng-model="user1.age">
+
+              <h3>User 2</h3>
+              Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user2.name">
+              Age: <input type="number" ng-model="user2.age">
+
+              <div>
+                <br/>
+                <input type="button" value="Compare" ng-click="compare()">
+              </div>
+              User 1: <pre>{{user1 | json}}</pre>
+              User 2: <pre>{{user2 | json}}</pre>
+              Equal: <pre>{{result}}</pre>
+            </form>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+            angular.module('equalsExample', []).controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+              $scope.user1 = {};
+              $scope.user2 = {};
+              $scope.compare = function() {
+                $scope.result = angular.equals($scope.user1, $scope.user2);
+              };
+            }]);
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    function equals(o1, o2) {
+        if (o1 === o2) return true;
+        if (o1 === null || o2 === null) return false;
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+        if (o1 !== o1 && o2 !== o2) return true; // NaN === NaN
+        var t1 = typeof o1,
+            t2 = typeof o2,
+            length, key, keySet;
+        if (t1 === t2 && t1 === 'object') {
+            if (isArray(o1)) {
+                if (!isArray(o2)) return false;
+                if ((length = o1.length) === o2.length) {
+                    for (key = 0; key < length; key++) {
+                        if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else if (isDate(o1)) {
+                if (!isDate(o2)) return false;
+                return simpleCompare(o1.getTime(), o2.getTime());
+            } else if (isRegExp(o1)) {
+                if (!isRegExp(o2)) return false;
+                return o1.toString() === o2.toString();
+            } else {
+                if (isScope(o1) || isScope(o2) || isWindow(o1) || isWindow(o2) ||
+                    isArray(o2) || isDate(o2) || isRegExp(o2)) return false;
+                keySet = createMap();
+                for (key in o1) {
+                    if (key.charAt(0) === '$' || isFunction(o1[key])) continue;
+                    if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+                    keySet[key] = true;
+                }
+                for (key in o2) {
+                    if (!(key in keySet) &&
+                        key.charAt(0) !== '$' &&
+                        isDefined(o2[key]) &&
+                        !isFunction(o2[key])) return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    var csp = function () {
+        if (!isDefined(csp.rules)) {
+
+
+            var ngCspElement = (window.document.querySelector('[ng-csp]') ||
+                window.document.querySelector('[data-ng-csp]'));
+
+            if (ngCspElement) {
+                var ngCspAttribute = ngCspElement.getAttribute('ng-csp') ||
+                    ngCspElement.getAttribute('data-ng-csp');
+                csp.rules = {
+                    noUnsafeEval: !ngCspAttribute || (ngCspAttribute.indexOf('no-unsafe-eval') !== -1),
+                    noInlineStyle: !ngCspAttribute || (ngCspAttribute.indexOf('no-inline-style') !== -1)
+                };
+            } else {
+                csp.rules = {
+                    noUnsafeEval: noUnsafeEval(),
+                    noInlineStyle: false
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        return csp.rules;
+
+        function noUnsafeEval() {
+            try {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-new, no-new-func
+                new Function('');
+                return false;
+            } catch (e) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @module ng
+     * @name ngJq
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {string=} ngJq the name of the library available under `window`
+     * to be used for angular.element
+     * @description
+     * Use this directive to force the angular.element library.  This should be
+     * used to force either jqLite by leaving ng-jq blank or setting the name of
+     * the jquery variable under window (eg. jQuery).
+     *
+     * Since AngularJS looks for this directive when it is loaded (doesn't wait for the
+     * DOMContentLoaded event), it must be placed on an element that comes before the script
+     * which loads angular. Also, only the first instance of `ng-jq` will be used and all
+     * others ignored.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * This example shows how to force jqLite using the `ngJq` directive to the `html` tag.
+     ```html
+     <!doctype html>
+     <html ng-app ng-jq>
+     ...
+     ...
+     </html>
+     ```
+     * @example
+     * This example shows how to use a jQuery based library of a different name.
+     * The library name must be available at the top most 'window'.
+     ```html
+     <!doctype html>
+     <html ng-app ng-jq="jQueryLib">
+     ...
+     ...
+     </html>
+     ```
+     */
+    var jq = function () {
+        if (isDefined(jq.name_)) return jq.name_;
+        var el;
+        var i, ii = ngAttrPrefixes.length,
+            prefix, name;
+        for (i = 0; i < ii; ++i) {
+            prefix = ngAttrPrefixes[i];
+            el = window.document.querySelector('[' + prefix.replace(':', '\\:') + 'jq]');
+            if (el) {
+                name = el.getAttribute(prefix + 'jq');
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (jq.name_ = name);
+    };
+
+    function concat(array1, array2, index) {
+        return array1.concat(slice.call(array2, index));
+    }
+
+    function sliceArgs(args, startIndex) {
+        return slice.call(args, startIndex || 0);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.bind
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Returns a function which calls function `fn` bound to `self` (`self` becomes the `this` for
+     * `fn`). You can supply optional `args` that are prebound to the function. This feature is also
+     * known as [partial application](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_application), as
+     * distinguished from [function currying](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying#Contrast_with_partial_function_application).
+     *
+     * @param {Object} self Context which `fn` should be evaluated in.
+     * @param {function()} fn Function to be bound.
+     * @param {...*} args Optional arguments to be prebound to the `fn` function call.
+     * @returns {function()} Function that wraps the `fn` with all the specified bindings.
+     */
+    function bind(self, fn) {
+        var curryArgs = arguments.length > 2 ? sliceArgs(arguments, 2) : [];
+        if (isFunction(fn) && !(fn instanceof RegExp)) {
+            return curryArgs.length ?
+                function () {
+                    return arguments.length ?
+                        fn.apply(self, concat(curryArgs, arguments, 0)) :
+                        fn.apply(self, curryArgs);
+                } :
+                function () {
+                    return arguments.length ?
+                        fn.apply(self, arguments) :
+                        fn.call(self);
+                };
+        } else {
+            // In IE, native methods are not functions so they cannot be bound (note: they don't need to be).
+            return fn;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function toJsonReplacer(key, value) {
+        var val = value;
+
+        if (typeof key === 'string' && key.charAt(0) === '$' && key.charAt(1) === '$') {
+            val = undefined;
+        } else if (isWindow(value)) {
+            val = '$WINDOW';
+        } else if (value && window.document === value) {
+            val = '$DOCUMENT';
+        } else if (isScope(value)) {
+            val = '$SCOPE';
+        }
+
+        return val;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.toJson
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Serializes input into a JSON-formatted string. Properties with leading $$ characters will be
+     * stripped since AngularJS uses this notation internally.
+     *
+     * @param {Object|Array|Date|string|number|boolean} obj Input to be serialized into JSON.
+     * @param {boolean|number} [pretty=2] If set to true, the JSON output will contain newlines and whitespace.
+     *    If set to an integer, the JSON output will contain that many spaces per indentation.
+     * @returns {string|undefined} JSON-ified string representing `obj`.
+     * @knownIssue
+     *
+     * The Safari browser throws a `RangeError` instead of returning `null` when it tries to stringify a `Date`
+     * object with an invalid date value. The only reliable way to prevent this is to monkeypatch the
+     * `Date.prototype.toJSON` method as follows:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * var _DatetoJSON = Date.prototype.toJSON;
+     * Date.prototype.toJSON = function() {
+     *   try {
+     *     return _DatetoJSON.call(this);
+     *   } catch(e) {
+     *     if (e instanceof RangeError) {
+     *       return null;
+     *     }
+     *     throw e;
+     *   }
+     * };
+     * ```
+     *
+     * See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/pull/14221 for more information.
+     */
+    function toJson(obj, pretty) {
+        if (isUndefined(obj)) return undefined;
+        if (!isNumber(pretty)) {
+            pretty = pretty ? 2 : null;
+        }
+        return JSON.stringify(obj, toJsonReplacer, pretty);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.fromJson
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Deserializes a JSON string.
+     *
+     * @param {string} json JSON string to deserialize.
+     * @returns {Object|Array|string|number} Deserialized JSON string.
+     */
+    function fromJson(json) {
+        return isString(json) ?
+            JSON.parse(json) :
+            json;
+    }
+
+
+    var ALL_COLONS = /:/g;
+
+    function timezoneToOffset(timezone, fallback) {
+        // Support: IE 9-11 only, Edge 13-15+
+        // IE/Edge do not "understand" colon (`:`) in timezone
+        timezone = timezone.replace(ALL_COLONS, '');
+        var requestedTimezoneOffset = Date.parse('Jan 01, 1970 00:00:00 ' + timezone) / 60000;
+        return isNumberNaN(requestedTimezoneOffset) ? fallback : requestedTimezoneOffset;
+    }
+
+
+    function addDateMinutes(date, minutes) {
+        date = new Date(date.getTime());
+        date.setMinutes(date.getMinutes() + minutes);
+        return date;
+    }
+
+
+    function convertTimezoneToLocal(date, timezone, reverse) {
+        reverse = reverse ? -1 : 1;
+        var dateTimezoneOffset = date.getTimezoneOffset();
+        var timezoneOffset = timezoneToOffset(timezone, dateTimezoneOffset);
+        return addDateMinutes(date, reverse * (timezoneOffset - dateTimezoneOffset));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @returns {string} Returns the string representation of the element.
+     */
+    function startingTag(element) {
+        element = jqLite(element).clone().empty();
+        var elemHtml = jqLite('<div>').append(element).html();
+        try {
+            return element[0].nodeType === NODE_TYPE_TEXT ? lowercase(elemHtml) :
+                elemHtml.
+            match(/^(<[^>]+>)/)[1].
+            replace(/^<([\w-]+)/, function (match, nodeName) {
+                return '<' + lowercase(nodeName);
+            });
+        } catch (e) {
+            return lowercase(elemHtml);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to decode the URI component without throwing an exception.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param str value potential URI component to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} True if `value` can be decoded
+     * with the decodeURIComponent function.
+     */
+    function tryDecodeURIComponent(value) {
+        try {
+            return decodeURIComponent(value);
+        } catch (e) {
+            // Ignore any invalid uri component.
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an escaped url query string into key-value pairs.
+     * @returns {Object.<string,boolean|Array>}
+     */
+    function parseKeyValue( /**string*/ keyValue) {
+        var obj = {};
+        forEach((keyValue || '').split('&'), function (keyValue) {
+            var splitPoint, key, val;
+            if (keyValue) {
+                key = keyValue = keyValue.replace(/\+/g, '%20');
+                splitPoint = keyValue.indexOf('=');
+                if (splitPoint !== -1) {
+                    key = keyValue.substring(0, splitPoint);
+                    val = keyValue.substring(splitPoint + 1);
+                }
+                key = tryDecodeURIComponent(key);
+                if (isDefined(key)) {
+                    val = isDefined(val) ? tryDecodeURIComponent(val) : true;
+                    if (!hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+                        obj[key] = val;
+                    } else if (isArray(obj[key])) {
+                        obj[key].push(val);
+                    } else {
+                        obj[key] = [obj[key], val];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    function toKeyValue(obj) {
+        var parts = [];
+        forEach(obj, function (value, key) {
+            if (isArray(value)) {
+                forEach(value, function (arrayValue) {
+                    parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+                        (arrayValue === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(arrayValue, true)));
+                });
+            } else {
+                parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+                    (value === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(value, true)));
+            }
+        });
+        return parts.length ? parts.join('&') : '';
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * We need our custom method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and doesn't follow
+     * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt with regards to the character set (pchar) allowed in path
+     * segments:
+     *    segment       = *pchar
+     *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+     *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+     *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+     *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+     *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+     */
+    function encodeUriSegment(val) {
+        return encodeUriQuery(val, true).
+        replace(/%26/gi, '&').
+        replace(/%3D/gi, '=').
+        replace(/%2B/gi, '+');
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * This method is intended for encoding *key* or *value* parts of query component. We need a custom
+     * method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and encodes stuff that doesn't have to be
+     * encoded per http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986:
+     *    query         = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
+     *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+     *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+     *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+     *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+     *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+     */
+    function encodeUriQuery(val, pctEncodeSpaces) {
+        return encodeURIComponent(val).
+        replace(/%40/gi, '@').
+        replace(/%3A/gi, ':').
+        replace(/%24/g, '$').
+        replace(/%2C/gi, ',').
+        replace(/%3B/gi, ';').
+        replace(/%20/g, (pctEncodeSpaces ? '%20' : '+'));
+    }
+
+    var ngAttrPrefixes = ['ng-', 'data-ng-', 'ng:', 'x-ng-'];
+
+    function getNgAttribute(element, ngAttr) {
+        var attr, i, ii = ngAttrPrefixes.length;
+        for (i = 0; i < ii; ++i) {
+            attr = ngAttrPrefixes[i] + ngAttr;
+            if (isString(attr = element.getAttribute(attr))) {
+                return attr;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    function allowAutoBootstrap(document) {
+        var script = document.currentScript;
+
+        if (!script) {
+            // Support: IE 9-11 only
+            // IE does not have `document.currentScript`
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // If the `currentScript` property has been clobbered just return false, since this indicates a probable attack
+        if (!(script instanceof window.HTMLScriptElement || script instanceof window.SVGScriptElement)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var attributes = script.attributes;
+        var srcs = [attributes.getNamedItem('src'), attributes.getNamedItem('href'), attributes.getNamedItem('xlink:href')];
+
+        return srcs.every(function (src) {
+            if (!src) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!src.value) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var link = document.createElement('a');
+            link.href = src.value;
+
+            if (document.location.origin === link.origin) {
+                // Same-origin resources are always allowed, even for non-whitelisted schemes.
+                return true;
+            }
+            // Disabled bootstrapping unless angular.js was loaded from a known scheme used on the web.
+            // This is to prevent angular.js bundled with browser extensions from being used to bypass the
+            // content security policy in web pages and other browser extensions.
+            switch (link.protocol) {
+                case 'http:':
+                case 'https:':
+                case 'ftp:':
+                case 'blob:':
+                case 'file:':
+                case 'data:':
+                    return true;
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Cached as it has to run during loading so that document.currentScript is available.
+    var isAutoBootstrapAllowed = allowAutoBootstrap(window.document);
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngApp
+     * @module ng
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {angular.Module} ngApp an optional application
+     *   {@link angular.module module} name to load.
+     * @param {boolean=} ngStrictDi if this attribute is present on the app element, the injector will be
+     *   created in "strict-di" mode. This means that the application will fail to invoke functions which
+     *   do not use explicit function annotation (and are thus unsuitable for minification), as described
+     *   in {@link guide/di the Dependency Injection guide}, and useful debugging info will assist in
+     *   tracking down the root of these bugs.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Use this directive to **auto-bootstrap** an AngularJS application. The `ngApp` directive
+     * designates the **root element** of the application and is typically placed near the root element
+     * of the page - e.g. on the `<body>` or `<html>` tags.
+     *
+     * There are a few things to keep in mind when using `ngApp`:
+     * - only one AngularJS application can be auto-bootstrapped per HTML document. The first `ngApp`
+     *   found in the document will be used to define the root element to auto-bootstrap as an
+     *   application. To run multiple applications in an HTML document you must manually bootstrap them using
+     *   {@link angular.bootstrap} instead.
+     * - AngularJS applications cannot be nested within each other.
+     * - Do not use a directive that uses {@link ng.$compile#transclusion transclusion} on the same element as `ngApp`.
+     *   This includes directives such as {@link ng.ngIf `ngIf`}, {@link ng.ngInclude `ngInclude`} and
+     *   {@link ngRoute.ngView `ngView`}.
+     *   Doing this misplaces the app {@link ng.$rootElement `$rootElement`} and the app's {@link auto.$injector injector},
+     *   causing animations to stop working and making the injector inaccessible from outside the app.
+     *
+     * You can specify an **AngularJS module** to be used as the root module for the application.  This
+     * module will be loaded into the {@link auto.$injector} when the application is bootstrapped. It
+     * should contain the application code needed or have dependencies on other modules that will
+     * contain the code. See {@link angular.module} for more information.
+     *
+     * In the example below if the `ngApp` directive were not placed on the `html` element then the
+     * document would not be compiled, the `AppController` would not be instantiated and the `{{ a+b }}`
+     * would not be resolved to `3`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * ### Simple Usage
+     *
+     * `ngApp` is the easiest, and most common way to bootstrap an application.
+     *
+     <example module="ngAppDemo" name="ng-app">
+       <file name="index.html">
+       <div ng-controller="ngAppDemoController">
+         I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+       </div>
+       </file>
+       <file name="script.js">
+       angular.module('ngAppDemo', []).controller('ngAppDemoController', function($scope) {
+         $scope.a = 1;
+         $scope.b = 2;
+       });
+       </file>
+     </example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * ### With `ngStrictDi`
+     *
+     * Using `ngStrictDi`, you would see something like this:
+     *
+     <example ng-app-included="true" name="strict-di">
+       <file name="index.html">
+       <div ng-app="ngAppStrictDemo" ng-strict-di>
+           <div ng-controller="GoodController1">
+               I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+
+               <p>This renders because the controller does not fail to
+                  instantiate, by using explicit annotation style (see
+                  script.js for details)
+               </p>
+           </div>
+
+           <div ng-controller="GoodController2">
+               Name: <input ng-model="name"><br />
+               Hello, {{name}}!
+
+               <p>This renders because the controller does not fail to
+                  instantiate, by using explicit annotation style
+                  (see script.js for details)
+               </p>
+           </div>
+
+           <div ng-controller="BadController">
+               I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+
+               <p>The controller could not be instantiated, due to relying
+                  on automatic function annotations (which are disabled in
+                  strict mode). As such, the content of this section is not
+                  interpolated, and there should be an error in your web console.
+               </p>
+           </div>
+       </div>
+       </file>
+       <file name="script.js">
+       angular.module('ngAppStrictDemo', [])
+         // BadController will fail to instantiate, due to relying on automatic function annotation,
+         // rather than an explicit annotation
+         .controller('BadController', function($scope) {
+           $scope.a = 1;
+           $scope.b = 2;
+         })
+         // Unlike BadController, GoodController1 and GoodController2 will not fail to be instantiated,
+         // due to using explicit annotations using the array style and $inject property, respectively.
+         .controller('GoodController1', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+           $scope.a = 1;
+           $scope.b = 2;
+         }])
+         .controller('GoodController2', GoodController2);
+         function GoodController2($scope) {
+           $scope.name = 'World';
+         }
+         GoodController2.$inject = ['$scope'];
+       </file>
+       <file name="style.css">
+       div[ng-controller] {
+           margin-bottom: 1em;
+           -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
+           border-radius: 4px;
+           border: 1px solid;
+           padding: .5em;
+       }
+       div[ng-controller^=Good] {
+           border-color: #d6e9c6;
+           background-color: #dff0d8;
+           color: #3c763d;
+       }
+       div[ng-controller^=Bad] {
+           border-color: #ebccd1;
+           background-color: #f2dede;
+           color: #a94442;
+           margin-bottom: 0;
+       }
+       </file>
+     </example>
+     */
+    function angularInit(element, bootstrap) {
+        var appElement,
+            module,
+            config = {};
+
+        // The element `element` has priority over any other element.
+        forEach(ngAttrPrefixes, function (prefix) {
+            var name = prefix + 'app';
+
+            if (!appElement && element.hasAttribute && element.hasAttribute(name)) {
+                appElement = element;
+                module = element.getAttribute(name);
+            }
+        });
+        forEach(ngAttrPrefixes, function (prefix) {
+            var name = prefix + 'app';
+            var candidate;
+
+            if (!appElement && (candidate = element.querySelector('[' + name.replace(':', '\\:') + ']'))) {
+                appElement = candidate;
+                module = candidate.getAttribute(name);
+            }
+        });
+        if (appElement) {
+            if (!isAutoBootstrapAllowed) {
+                window.console.error('AngularJS: disabling automatic bootstrap. <script> protocol indicates ' +
+                    'an extension, document.location.href does not match.');
+                return;
+            }
+            config.strictDi = getNgAttribute(appElement, 'strict-di') !== null;
+            bootstrap(appElement, module ? [module] : [], config);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.bootstrap
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     * Use this function to manually start up AngularJS application.
+     *
+     * For more information, see the {@link guide/bootstrap Bootstrap guide}.
+     *
+     * AngularJS will detect if it has been loaded into the browser more than once and only allow the
+     * first loaded script to be bootstrapped and will report a warning to the browser console for
+     * each of the subsequent scripts. This prevents strange results in applications, where otherwise
+     * multiple instances of AngularJS try to work on the DOM.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** Protractor based end-to-end tests cannot use this function to bootstrap manually.
+     * They must use {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp}.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** Do not bootstrap the app on an element with a directive that uses {@link ng.$compile#transclusion transclusion},
+     * such as {@link ng.ngIf `ngIf`}, {@link ng.ngInclude `ngInclude`} and {@link ngRoute.ngView `ngView`}.
+     * Doing this misplaces the app {@link ng.$rootElement `$rootElement`} and the app's {@link auto.$injector injector},
+     * causing animations to stop working and making the injector inaccessible from outside the app.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <!doctype html>
+     * <html>
+     * <body>
+     * <div ng-controller="WelcomeController">
+     *   {{greeting}}
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * <script src="angular.js"></script>
+     * <script>
+     *   var app = angular.module('demo', [])
+     *   .controller('WelcomeController', function($scope) {
+     *       $scope.greeting = 'Welcome!';
+     *   });
+     *   angular.bootstrap(document, ['demo']);
+     * </script>
+     * </body>
+     * </html>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param {DOMElement} element DOM element which is the root of AngularJS application.
+     * @param {Array<String|Function|Array>=} modules an array of modules to load into the application.
+     *     Each item in the array should be the name of a predefined module or a (DI annotated)
+     *     function that will be invoked by the injector as a `config` block.
+     *     See: {@link angular.module modules}
+     * @param {Object=} config an object for defining configuration options for the application. The
+     *     following keys are supported:
+     *
+     * * `strictDi` - disable automatic function annotation for the application. This is meant to
+     *   assist in finding bugs which break minified code. Defaults to `false`.
+     *
+     * @returns {auto.$injector} Returns the newly created injector for this app.
+     */
+    function bootstrap(element, modules, config) {
+        if (!isObject(config)) config = {};
+        var defaultConfig = {
+            strictDi: false
+        };
+        config = extend(defaultConfig, config);
+        var doBootstrap = function () {
+            element = jqLite(element);
+
+            if (element.injector()) {
+                var tag = (element[0] === window.document) ? 'document' : startingTag(element);
+                // Encode angle brackets to prevent input from being sanitized to empty string #8683.
+                throw ngMinErr(
+                    'btstrpd',
+                    'App already bootstrapped with this element \'{0}\'',
+                    tag.replace(/</, '&lt;').replace(/>/, '&gt;'));
+            }
+
+            modules = modules || [];
+            modules.unshift(['$provide', function ($provide) {
+                $provide.value('$rootElement', element);
+            }]);
+
+            if (config.debugInfoEnabled) {
+                // Pushing so that this overrides `debugInfoEnabled` setting defined in user's `modules`.
+                modules.push(['$compileProvider', function ($compileProvider) {
+                    $compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(true);
+                }]);
+            }
+
+            modules.unshift('ng');
+            var injector = createInjector(modules, config.strictDi);
+            injector.invoke(['$rootScope', '$rootElement', '$compile', '$injector',
+                function bootstrapApply(scope, element, compile, injector) {
+                    scope.$apply(function () {
+                        element.data('$injector', injector);
+                        compile(element)(scope);
+                    });
+                }
+            ]);
+            return injector;
+        };
+
+        var NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = /^NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO!/;
+        var NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP = /^NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP!/;
+
+        if (window && NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO.test(window.name)) {
+            config.debugInfoEnabled = true;
+            window.name = window.name.replace(NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO, '');
+        }
+
+        if (window && !NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP.test(window.name)) {
+            return doBootstrap();
+        }
+
+        window.name = window.name.replace(NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP, '');
+        angular.resumeBootstrap = function (extraModules) {
+            forEach(extraModules, function (module) {
+                modules.push(module);
+            });
+            return doBootstrap();
+        };
+
+        if (isFunction(angular.resumeDeferredBootstrap)) {
+            angular.resumeDeferredBootstrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.reloadWithDebugInfo
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     * Use this function to reload the current application with debug information turned on.
+     * This takes precedence over a call to `$compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false)`.
+     *
+     * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#debugInfoEnabled} for more.
+     */
+    function reloadWithDebugInfo() {
+        window.name = 'NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO!' + window.name;
+        window.location.reload();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @name angular.getTestability
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     * Get the testability service for the instance of AngularJS on the given
+     * element.
+     * @param {DOMElement} element DOM element which is the root of AngularJS application.
+     */
+    function getTestability(rootElement) {
+        var injector = angular.element(rootElement).injector();
+        if (!injector) {
+            throw ngMinErr('test',
+                'no injector found for element argument to getTestability');
+        }
+        return injector.get('$$testability');
+    }
+
+    var SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP = /[A-Z]/g;
+
+    function snake_case(name, separator) {
+        separator = separator || '_';
+        return name.replace(SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP, function (letter, pos) {
+            return (pos ? separator : '') + letter.toLowerCase();
+        });
+    }
+
+    var bindJQueryFired = false;
+
+    function bindJQuery() {
+        var originalCleanData;
+
+        if (bindJQueryFired) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // bind to jQuery if present;
+        var jqName = jq();
+        jQuery = isUndefined(jqName) ? window.jQuery : // use jQuery (if present)
+            !jqName ? undefined : // use jqLite
+            window[jqName]; // use jQuery specified by `ngJq`
+
+        // Use jQuery if it exists with proper functionality, otherwise default to us.
+        // AngularJS 1.2+ requires jQuery 1.7+ for on()/off() support.
+        // AngularJS 1.3+ technically requires at least jQuery 2.1+ but it may work with older
+        // versions. It will not work for sure with jQuery <1.7, though.
+        if (jQuery && jQuery.fn.on) {
+            jqLite = jQuery;
+            extend(jQuery.fn, {
+                scope: JQLitePrototype.scope,
+                isolateScope: JQLitePrototype.isolateScope,
+                controller: /** @type {?} */ (JQLitePrototype).controller,
+                injector: JQLitePrototype.injector,
+                inheritedData: JQLitePrototype.inheritedData
+            });
+
+            // All nodes removed from the DOM via various jQuery APIs like .remove()
+            // are passed through jQuery.cleanData. Monkey-patch this method to fire
+            // the $destroy event on all removed nodes.
+            originalCleanData = jQuery.cleanData;
+            jQuery.cleanData = function (elems) {
+                var events;
+                for (var i = 0, elem;
+                    (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++) {
+                    events = jQuery._data(elem, 'events');
+                    if (events && events.$destroy) {
+                        jQuery(elem).triggerHandler('$destroy');
+                    }
+                }
+                originalCleanData(elems);
+            };
+        } else {
+            jqLite = JQLite;
+        }
+
+        angular.element = jqLite;
+
+        // Prevent double-proxying.
+        bindJQueryFired = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * throw error if the argument is falsy.
+     */
+    function assertArg(arg, name, reason) {
+        if (!arg) {
+            throw ngMinErr('areq', 'Argument \'{0}\' is {1}', (name || '?'), (reason || 'required'));
+        }
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    function assertArgFn(arg, name, acceptArrayAnnotation) {
+        if (acceptArrayAnnotation && isArray(arg)) {
+            arg = arg[arg.length - 1];
+        }
+
+        assertArg(isFunction(arg), name, 'not a function, got ' +
+            (arg && typeof arg === 'object' ? arg.constructor.name || 'Object' : typeof arg));
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * throw error if the name given is hasOwnProperty
+     * @param  {String} name    the name to test
+     * @param  {String} context the context in which the name is used, such as module or directive
+     */
+    function assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, context) {
+        if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+            throw ngMinErr('badname', 'hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name', context);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the value accessible from the object by path. Any undefined traversals are ignored
+     * @param {Object} obj starting object
+     * @param {String} path path to traverse
+     * @param {boolean} [bindFnToScope=true]
+     * @returns {Object} value as accessible by path
+     */
+    //TODO(misko): this function needs to be removed
+    function getter(obj, path, bindFnToScope) {
+        if (!path) return obj;
+        var keys = path.split('.');
+        var key;
+        var lastInstance = obj;
+        var len = keys.length;
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            key = keys[i];
+            if (obj) {
+                obj = (lastInstance = obj)[key];
+            }
+        }
+        if (!bindFnToScope && isFunction(obj)) {
+            return bind(lastInstance, obj);
+        }
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the DOM siblings between the first and last node in the given array.
+     * @param {Array} array like object
+     * @returns {Array} the inputted object or a jqLite collection containing the nodes
+     */
+    function getBlockNodes(nodes) {
+        // TODO(perf): update `nodes` instead of creating a new object?
+        var node = nodes[0];
+        var endNode = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
+        var blockNodes;
+
+        for (var i = 1; node !== endNode && (node = node.nextSibling); i++) {
+            if (blockNodes || nodes[i] !== node) {
+                if (!blockNodes) {
+                    blockNodes = jqLite(slice.call(nodes, 0, i));
+                }
+                blockNodes.push(node);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return blockNodes || nodes;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new object without a prototype. This object is useful for lookup without having to
+     * guard against prototypically inherited properties via hasOwnProperty.
+     *
+     * Related micro-benchmarks:
+     * - http://jsperf.com/object-create2
+     * - http://jsperf.com/proto-map-lookup/2
+     * - http://jsperf.com/for-in-vs-object-keys2
+     *
+     * @returns {Object}
+     */
+    function createMap() {
+        return Object.create(null);
+    }
+
+    function stringify(value) {
+        if (value == null) { // null || undefined
+            return '';
+        }
+        switch (typeof value) {
+            case 'string':
+                break;
+            case 'number':
+                value = '' + value;
+                break;
+            default:
+                if (hasCustomToString(value) && !isArray(value) && !isDate(value)) {
+                    value = value.toString();
+                } else {
+                    value = toJson(value);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    var NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT = 1;
+    var NODE_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = 2;
+    var NODE_TYPE_TEXT = 3;
+    var NODE_TYPE_COMMENT = 8;
+    var NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT = 9;
+    var NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT = 11;
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name angular.Module
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Interface for configuring AngularJS {@link angular.module modules}.
+     */
+
+    function setupModuleLoader(window) {
+
+        var $injectorMinErr = minErr('$injector');
+        var ngMinErr = minErr('ng');
+
+        function ensure(obj, name, factory) {
+            return obj[name] || (obj[name] = factory());
+        }
+
+        var angular = ensure(window, 'angular', Object);
+
+        // We need to expose `angular.$$minErr` to modules such as `ngResource` that reference it during bootstrap
+        angular.$$minErr = angular.$$minErr || minErr;
+
+        return ensure(angular, 'module', function () {
+            /** @type {Object.<string, angular.Module>} */
+            var modules = {};
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc function
+             * @name angular.module
+             * @module ng
+             * @description
+             *
+             * The `angular.module` is a global place for creating, registering and retrieving AngularJS
+             * modules.
+             * All modules (AngularJS core or 3rd party) that should be available to an application must be
+             * registered using this mechanism.
+             *
+             * Passing one argument retrieves an existing {@link angular.Module},
+             * whereas passing more than one argument creates a new {@link angular.Module}
+             *
+             *
+             * # Module
+             *
+             * A module is a collection of services, directives, controllers, filters, and configuration information.
+             * `angular.module` is used to configure the {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+             *
+             * ```js
+             * // Create a new module
+             * var myModule = angular.module('myModule', []);
+             *
+             * // register a new service
+             * myModule.value('appName', 'MyCoolApp');
+             *
+             * // configure existing services inside initialization blocks.
+             * myModule.config(['$locationProvider', function($locationProvider) {
+             *   // Configure existing providers
+             *   $locationProvider.hashPrefix('!');
+             * }]);
+             * ```
+             *
+             * Then you can create an injector and load your modules like this:
+             *
+             * ```js
+             * var injector = angular.injector(['ng', 'myModule'])
+             * ```
+             *
+             * However it's more likely that you'll just use
+             * {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp} or
+             * {@link angular.bootstrap} to simplify this process for you.
+             *
+             * @param {!string} name The name of the module to create or retrieve.
+             * @param {!Array.<string>=} requires If specified then new module is being created. If
+             *        unspecified then the module is being retrieved for further configuration.
+             * @param {Function=} configFn Optional configuration function for the module. Same as
+             *        {@link angular.Module#config Module#config()}.
+             * @returns {angular.Module} new module with the {@link angular.Module} api.
+             */
+            return function module(name, requires, configFn) {
+
+                var info = {};
+
+                var assertNotHasOwnProperty = function (name, context) {
+                    if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+                        throw ngMinErr('badname', 'hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name', context);
+                    }
+                };
+
+                assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'module');
+                if (requires && modules.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+                    modules[name] = null;
+                }
+                return ensure(modules, name, function () {
+                    if (!requires) {
+                        throw $injectorMinErr('nomod', 'Module \'{0}\' is not available! You either misspelled ' +
+                            'the module name or forgot to load it. If registering a module ensure that you ' +
+                            'specify the dependencies as the second argument.', name);
+                    }
+
+                    /** @type {!Array.<Array.<*>>} */
+                    var invokeQueue = [];
+
+                    /** @type {!Array.<Function>} */
+                    var configBlocks = [];
+
+                    /** @type {!Array.<Function>} */
+                    var runBlocks = [];
+
+                    var config = invokeLater('$injector', 'invoke', 'push', configBlocks);
+
+                    /** @type {angular.Module} */
+                    var moduleInstance = {
+                        // Private state
+                        _invokeQueue: invokeQueue,
+                        _configBlocks: configBlocks,
+                        _runBlocks: runBlocks,
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#info
+                         * @module ng
+                         *
+                         * @param {Object=} info Information about the module
+                         * @returns {Object|Module} The current info object for this module if called as a getter,
+                         *                          or `this` if called as a setter.
+                         *
+                         * @description
+                         * Read and write custom information about this module.
+                         * For example you could put the version of the module in here.
+                         *
+                         * ```js
+                         * angular.module('myModule', []).info({ version: '1.0.0' });
+                         * ```
+                         *
+                         * The version could then be read back out by accessing the module elsewhere:
+                         *
+                         * ```
+                         * var version = angular.module('myModule').info().version;
+                         * ```
+                         *
+                         * You can also retrieve this information during runtime via the
+                         * {@link $injector#modules `$injector.modules`} property:
+                         *
+                         * ```js
+                         * var version = $injector.modules['myModule'].info().version;
+                         * ```
+                         */
+                        info: function (value) {
+                            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                                if (!isObject(value)) throw ngMinErr('aobj', 'Argument \'{0}\' must be an object', 'value');
+                                info = value;
+                                return this;
+                            }
+                            return info;
+                        },
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc property
+                         * @name angular.Module#requires
+                         * @module ng
+                         *
+                         * @description
+                         * Holds the list of modules which the injector will load before the current module is
+                         * loaded.
+                         */
+                        requires: requires,
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc property
+                         * @name angular.Module#name
+                         * @module ng
+                         *
+                         * @description
+                         * Name of the module.
+                         */
+                        name: name,
+
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#provider
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name service name
+                         * @param {Function} providerType Construction function for creating new instance of the
+                         *                                service.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#provider $provide.provider()}.
+                         */
+                        provider: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$provide', 'provider'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#factory
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name service name
+                         * @param {Function} providerFunction Function for creating new instance of the service.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#factory $provide.factory()}.
+                         */
+                        factory: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$provide', 'factory'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#service
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name service name
+                         * @param {Function} constructor A constructor function that will be instantiated.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#service $provide.service()}.
+                         */
+                        service: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$provide', 'service'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#value
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name service name
+                         * @param {*} object Service instance object.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#value $provide.value()}.
+                         */
+                        value: invokeLater('$provide', 'value'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#constant
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name constant name
+                         * @param {*} object Constant value.
+                         * @description
+                         * Because the constants are fixed, they get applied before other provide methods.
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#constant $provide.constant()}.
+                         */
+                        constant: invokeLater('$provide', 'constant', 'unshift'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#decorator
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name The name of the service to decorate.
+                         * @param {Function} decorFn This function will be invoked when the service needs to be
+                         *                           instantiated and should return the decorated service instance.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link auto.$provide#decorator $provide.decorator()}.
+                         */
+                        decorator: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$provide', 'decorator', configBlocks),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#animation
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name animation name
+                         * @param {Function} animationFactory Factory function for creating new instance of an
+                         *                                    animation.
+                         * @description
+                         *
+                         * **NOTE**: animations take effect only if the **ngAnimate** module is loaded.
+                         *
+                         *
+                         * Defines an animation hook that can be later used with
+                         * {@link $animate $animate} service and directives that use this service.
+                         *
+                         * ```js
+                         * module.animation('.animation-name', function($inject1, $inject2) {
+                         *   return {
+                         *     eventName : function(element, done) {
+                         *       //code to run the animation
+                         *       //once complete, then run done()
+                         *       return function cancellationFunction(element) {
+                         *         //code to cancel the animation
+                         *       }
+                         *     }
+                         *   }
+                         * })
+                         * ```
+                         *
+                         * See {@link ng.$animateProvider#register $animateProvider.register()} and
+                         * {@link ngAnimate ngAnimate module} for more information.
+                         */
+                        animation: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$animateProvider', 'register'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#filter
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name Filter name - this must be a valid AngularJS expression identifier
+                         * @param {Function} filterFactory Factory function for creating new instance of filter.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link ng.$filterProvider#register $filterProvider.register()}.
+                         *
+                         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+                         * **Note:** Filter names must be valid AngularJS {@link expression} identifiers, such as `uppercase` or `orderBy`.
+                         * Names with special characters, such as hyphens and dots, are not allowed. If you wish to namespace
+                         * your filters, then you can use capitalization (`myappSubsectionFilterx`) or underscores
+                         * (`myapp_subsection_filterx`).
+                         * </div>
+                         */
+                        filter: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$filterProvider', 'register'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#controller
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string|Object} name Controller name, or an object map of controllers where the
+                         *    keys are the names and the values are the constructors.
+                         * @param {Function} constructor Controller constructor function.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link ng.$controllerProvider#register $controllerProvider.register()}.
+                         */
+                        controller: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$controllerProvider', 'register'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#directive
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string|Object} name Directive name, or an object map of directives where the
+                         *    keys are the names and the values are the factories.
+                         * @param {Function} directiveFactory Factory function for creating new instance of
+                         * directives.
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive $compileProvider.directive()}.
+                         */
+                        directive: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$compileProvider', 'directive'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#component
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {string} name Name of the component in camel-case (i.e. myComp which will match as my-comp)
+                         * @param {Object} options Component definition object (a simplified
+                         *    {@link ng.$compile#directive-definition-object directive definition object})
+                         *
+                         * @description
+                         * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#component $compileProvider.component()}.
+                         */
+                        component: invokeLaterAndSetModuleName('$compileProvider', 'component'),
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#config
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {Function} configFn Execute this function on module load. Useful for service
+                         *    configuration.
+                         * @description
+                         * Use this method to configure services by injecting their
+                         * {@link angular.Module#provider `providers`}, e.g. for adding routes to the
+                         * {@link ngRoute.$routeProvider $routeProvider}.
+                         *
+                         * Note that you can only inject {@link angular.Module#provider `providers`} and
+                         * {@link angular.Module#constant `constants`} into this function.
+                         *
+                         * For more about how to configure services, see
+                         * {@link providers#provider-recipe Provider Recipe}.
+                         */
+                        config: config,
+
+                        /**
+                         * @ngdoc method
+                         * @name angular.Module#run
+                         * @module ng
+                         * @param {Function} initializationFn Execute this function after injector creation.
+                         *    Useful for application initialization.
+                         * @description
+                         * Use this method to register work which should be performed when the injector is done
+                         * loading all modules.
+                         */
+                        run: function (block) {
+                            runBlocks.push(block);
+                            return this;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if (configFn) {
+                        config(configFn);
+                    }
+
+                    return moduleInstance;
+
+                    /**
+                     * @param {string} provider
+                     * @param {string} method
+                     * @param {String=} insertMethod
+                     * @returns {angular.Module}
+                     */
+                    function invokeLater(provider, method, insertMethod, queue) {
+                        if (!queue) queue = invokeQueue;
+                        return function () {
+                            queue[insertMethod || 'push']([provider, method, arguments]);
+                            return moduleInstance;
+                        };
+                    }
+
+                    /**
+                     * @param {string} provider
+                     * @param {string} method
+                     * @returns {angular.Module}
+                     */
+                    function invokeLaterAndSetModuleName(provider, method, queue) {
+                        if (!queue) queue = invokeQueue;
+                        return function (recipeName, factoryFunction) {
+                            if (factoryFunction && isFunction(factoryFunction)) factoryFunction.$$moduleName = name;
+                            queue.push([provider, method, arguments]);
+                            return moduleInstance;
+                        };
+                    }
+                });
+            };
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    /* global shallowCopy: true */
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a shallow copy of an object, an array or a primitive.
+     *
+     * Assumes that there are no proto properties for objects.
+     */
+    function shallowCopy(src, dst) {
+        if (isArray(src)) {
+            dst = dst || [];
+
+            for (var i = 0, ii = src.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                dst[i] = src[i];
+            }
+        } else if (isObject(src)) {
+            dst = dst || {};
+
+            for (var key in src) {
+                if (!(key.charAt(0) === '$' && key.charAt(1) === '$')) {
+                    dst[key] = src[key];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return dst || src;
+    }
+
+    /* exported toDebugString */
+
+    function serializeObject(obj, maxDepth) {
+        var seen = [];
+
+        // There is no direct way to stringify object until reaching a specific depth
+        // and a very deep object can cause a performance issue, so we copy the object
+        // based on this specific depth and then stringify it.
+        if (isValidObjectMaxDepth(maxDepth)) {
+            // This file is also included in `angular-loader`, so `copy()` might not always be available in
+            // the closure. Therefore, it is lazily retrieved as `angular.copy()` when needed.
+            obj = angular.copy(obj, null, maxDepth);
+        }
+        return JSON.stringify(obj, function (key, val) {
+            val = toJsonReplacer(key, val);
+            if (isObject(val)) {
+
+                if (seen.indexOf(val) >= 0) return '...';
+
+                seen.push(val);
+            }
+            return val;
+        });
+    }
+
+    function toDebugString(obj, maxDepth) {
+        if (typeof obj === 'function') {
+            return obj.toString().replace(/ \{[\s\S]*$/, '');
+        } else if (isUndefined(obj)) {
+            return 'undefined';
+        } else if (typeof obj !== 'string') {
+            return serializeObject(obj, maxDepth);
+        }
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    /* global angularModule: true,
+      version: true,
+
+      $CompileProvider,
+
+      htmlAnchorDirective,
+      inputDirective,
+      inputDirective,
+      formDirective,
+      scriptDirective,
+      selectDirective,
+      optionDirective,
+      ngBindDirective,
+      ngBindHtmlDirective,
+      ngBindTemplateDirective,
+      ngClassDirective,
+      ngClassEvenDirective,
+      ngClassOddDirective,
+      ngCloakDirective,
+      ngControllerDirective,
+      ngFormDirective,
+      ngHideDirective,
+      ngIfDirective,
+      ngIncludeDirective,
+      ngIncludeFillContentDirective,
+      ngInitDirective,
+      ngNonBindableDirective,
+      ngPluralizeDirective,
+      ngRepeatDirective,
+      ngShowDirective,
+      ngStyleDirective,
+      ngSwitchDirective,
+      ngSwitchWhenDirective,
+      ngSwitchDefaultDirective,
+      ngOptionsDirective,
+      ngTranscludeDirective,
+      ngModelDirective,
+      ngListDirective,
+      ngChangeDirective,
+      patternDirective,
+      patternDirective,
+      requiredDirective,
+      requiredDirective,
+      minlengthDirective,
+      minlengthDirective,
+      maxlengthDirective,
+      maxlengthDirective,
+      ngValueDirective,
+      ngModelOptionsDirective,
+      ngAttributeAliasDirectives,
+      ngEventDirectives,
+
+      $AnchorScrollProvider,
+      $AnimateProvider,
+      $CoreAnimateCssProvider,
+      $$CoreAnimateJsProvider,
+      $$CoreAnimateQueueProvider,
+      $$AnimateRunnerFactoryProvider,
+      $$AnimateAsyncRunFactoryProvider,
+      $BrowserProvider,
+      $CacheFactoryProvider,
+      $ControllerProvider,
+      $DateProvider,
+      $DocumentProvider,
+      $$IsDocumentHiddenProvider,
+      $ExceptionHandlerProvider,
+      $FilterProvider,
+      $$ForceReflowProvider,
+      $InterpolateProvider,
+      $IntervalProvider,
+      $HttpProvider,
+      $HttpParamSerializerProvider,
+      $HttpParamSerializerJQLikeProvider,
+      $HttpBackendProvider,
+      $xhrFactoryProvider,
+      $jsonpCallbacksProvider,
+      $LocationProvider,
+      $LogProvider,
+      $$MapProvider,
+      $ParseProvider,
+      $RootScopeProvider,
+      $QProvider,
+      $$QProvider,
+      $$SanitizeUriProvider,
+      $SceProvider,
+      $SceDelegateProvider,
+      $SnifferProvider,
+      $TemplateCacheProvider,
+      $TemplateRequestProvider,
+      $$TestabilityProvider,
+      $TimeoutProvider,
+      $$RAFProvider,
+      $WindowProvider,
+      $$jqLiteProvider,
+      $$CookieReaderProvider
+    */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc object
+     * @name angular.version
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     * An object that contains information about the current AngularJS version.
+     *
+     * This object has the following properties:
+     *
+     * - `full` – `{string}` – Full version string, such as "0.9.18".
+     * - `major` – `{number}` – Major version number, such as "0".
+     * - `minor` – `{number}` – Minor version number, such as "9".
+     * - `dot` – `{number}` – Dot version number, such as "18".
+     * - `codeName` – `{string}` – Code name of the release, such as "jiggling-armfat".
+     */
+    var version = {
+        // These placeholder strings will be replaced by grunt's `build` task.
+        // They need to be double- or single-quoted.
+        full: '1.6.9',
+        major: 1,
+        minor: 6,
+        dot: 9,
+        codeName: 'fiery-basilisk'
+    };
+
+
+    function publishExternalAPI(angular) {
+        extend(angular, {
+            'errorHandlingConfig': errorHandlingConfig,
+            'bootstrap': bootstrap,
+            'copy': copy,
+            'extend': extend,
+            'merge': merge,
+            'equals': equals,
+            'element': jqLite,
+            'forEach': forEach,
+            'injector': createInjector,
+            'noop': noop,
+            'bind': bind,
+            'toJson': toJson,
+            'fromJson': fromJson,
+            'identity': identity,
+            'isUndefined': isUndefined,
+            'isDefined': isDefined,
+            'isString': isString,
+            'isFunction': isFunction,
+            'isObject': isObject,
+            'isNumber': isNumber,
+            'isElement': isElement,
+            'isArray': isArray,
+            'version': version,
+            'isDate': isDate,
+            'lowercase': lowercase,
+            'uppercase': uppercase,
+            'callbacks': {
+                $$counter: 0
+            },
+            'getTestability': getTestability,
+            'reloadWithDebugInfo': reloadWithDebugInfo,
+            '$$minErr': minErr,
+            '$$csp': csp,
+            '$$encodeUriSegment': encodeUriSegment,
+            '$$encodeUriQuery': encodeUriQuery,
+            '$$stringify': stringify
+        });
+
+        angularModule = setupModuleLoader(window);
+
+        angularModule('ng', ['ngLocale'], ['$provide',
+                function ngModule($provide) {
+                    // $$sanitizeUriProvider needs to be before $compileProvider as it is used by it.
+                    $provide.provider({
+                        $$sanitizeUri: $$SanitizeUriProvider
+                    });
+                    $provide.provider('$compile', $CompileProvider).
+                    directive({
+                        a: htmlAnchorDirective,
+                        input: inputDirective,
+                        textarea: inputDirective,
+                        form: formDirective,
+                        script: scriptDirective,
+                        select: selectDirective,
+                        option: optionDirective,
+                        ngBind: ngBindDirective,
+                        ngBindHtml: ngBindHtmlDirective,
+                        ngBindTemplate: ngBindTemplateDirective,
+                        ngClass: ngClassDirective,
+                        ngClassEven: ngClassEvenDirective,
+                        ngClassOdd: ngClassOddDirective,
+                        ngCloak: ngCloakDirective,
+                        ngController: ngControllerDirective,
+                        ngForm: ngFormDirective,
+                        ngHide: ngHideDirective,
+                        ngIf: ngIfDirective,
+                        ngInclude: ngIncludeDirective,
+                        ngInit: ngInitDirective,
+                        ngNonBindable: ngNonBindableDirective,
+                        ngPluralize: ngPluralizeDirective,
+                        ngRepeat: ngRepeatDirective,
+                        ngShow: ngShowDirective,
+                        ngStyle: ngStyleDirective,
+                        ngSwitch: ngSwitchDirective,
+                        ngSwitchWhen: ngSwitchWhenDirective,
+                        ngSwitchDefault: ngSwitchDefaultDirective,
+                        ngOptions: ngOptionsDirective,
+                        ngTransclude: ngTranscludeDirective,
+                        ngModel: ngModelDirective,
+                        ngList: ngListDirective,
+                        ngChange: ngChangeDirective,
+                        pattern: patternDirective,
+                        ngPattern: patternDirective,
+                        required: requiredDirective,
+                        ngRequired: requiredDirective,
+                        minlength: minlengthDirective,
+                        ngMinlength: minlengthDirective,
+                        maxlength: maxlengthDirective,
+                        ngMaxlength: maxlengthDirective,
+                        ngValue: ngValueDirective,
+                        ngModelOptions: ngModelOptionsDirective
+                    }).
+                    directive({
+                        ngInclude: ngIncludeFillContentDirective
+                    }).
+                    directive(ngAttributeAliasDirectives).
+                    directive(ngEventDirectives);
+                    $provide.provider({
+                        $anchorScroll: $AnchorScrollProvider,
+                        $animate: $AnimateProvider,
+                        $animateCss: $CoreAnimateCssProvider,
+                        $$animateJs: $$CoreAnimateJsProvider,
+                        $$animateQueue: $$CoreAnimateQueueProvider,
+                        $$AnimateRunner: $$AnimateRunnerFactoryProvider,
+                        $$animateAsyncRun: $$AnimateAsyncRunFactoryProvider,
+                        $browser: $BrowserProvider,
+                        $cacheFactory: $CacheFactoryProvider,
+                        $controller: $ControllerProvider,
+                        $document: $DocumentProvider,
+                        $$isDocumentHidden: $$IsDocumentHiddenProvider,
+                        $exceptionHandler: $ExceptionHandlerProvider,
+                        $filter: $FilterProvider,
+                        $$forceReflow: $$ForceReflowProvider,
+                        $interpolate: $InterpolateProvider,
+                        $interval: $IntervalProvider,
+                        $http: $HttpProvider,
+                        $httpParamSerializer: $HttpParamSerializerProvider,
+                        $httpParamSerializerJQLike: $HttpParamSerializerJQLikeProvider,
+                        $httpBackend: $HttpBackendProvider,
+                        $xhrFactory: $xhrFactoryProvider,
+                        $jsonpCallbacks: $jsonpCallbacksProvider,
+                        $location: $LocationProvider,
+                        $log: $LogProvider,
+                        $parse: $ParseProvider,
+                        $rootScope: $RootScopeProvider,
+                        $q: $QProvider,
+                        $$q: $$QProvider,
+                        $sce: $SceProvider,
+                        $sceDelegate: $SceDelegateProvider,
+                        $sniffer: $SnifferProvider,
+                        $templateCache: $TemplateCacheProvider,
+                        $templateRequest: $TemplateRequestProvider,
+                        $$testability: $$TestabilityProvider,
+                        $timeout: $TimeoutProvider,
+                        $window: $WindowProvider,
+                        $$rAF: $$RAFProvider,
+                        $$jqLite: $$jqLiteProvider,
+                        $$Map: $$MapProvider,
+                        $$cookieReader: $$CookieReaderProvider
+                    });
+                }
+            ])
+            .info({
+                angularVersion: '1.6.9'
+            });
+    }
+
+    /* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
+     *     Any commits to this file should be reviewed with security in mind.  *
+     *   Changes to this file can potentially create security vulnerabilities. *
+     *          An approval from 2 Core members with history of modifying      *
+     *                         this file is required.                          *
+     *                                                                         *
+     *  Does the change somehow allow for arbitrary javascript to be executed? *
+     *    Or allows for someone to change the prototype of built-in objects?   *
+     *     Or gives undesired access to variables likes document or window?    *
+     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+
+    /* global
+      JQLitePrototype: true,
+      BOOLEAN_ATTR: true,
+      ALIASED_ATTR: true
+    */
+
+    //////////////////////////////////
+    //JQLite
+    //////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.element
+     * @module ng
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Wraps a raw DOM element or HTML string as a [jQuery](http://jquery.com) element.
+     *
+     * If jQuery is available, `angular.element` is an alias for the
+     * [jQuery](http://api.jquery.com/jQuery/) function. If jQuery is not available, `angular.element`
+     * delegates to AngularJS's built-in subset of jQuery, called "jQuery lite" or **jqLite**.
+     *
+     * jqLite is a tiny, API-compatible subset of jQuery that allows
+     * AngularJS to manipulate the DOM in a cross-browser compatible way. jqLite implements only the most
+     * commonly needed functionality with the goal of having a very small footprint.
+     *
+     * To use `jQuery`, simply ensure it is loaded before the `angular.js` file. You can also use the
+     * {@link ngJq `ngJq`} directive to specify that jqlite should be used over jQuery, or to use a
+     * specific version of jQuery if multiple versions exist on the page.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">**Note:** All element references in AngularJS are always wrapped with jQuery or
+     * jqLite (such as the element argument in a directive's compile / link function). They are never raw DOM references.</div>
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">**Note:** Keep in mind that this function will not find elements
+     * by tag name / CSS selector. For lookups by tag name, try instead `angular.element(document).find(...)`
+     * or `$document.find()`, or use the standard DOM APIs, e.g. `document.querySelectorAll()`.</div>
+     *
+     * ## AngularJS's jqLite
+     * jqLite provides only the following jQuery methods:
+     *
+     * - [`addClass()`](http://api.jquery.com/addClass/) - Does not support a function as first argument
+     * - [`after()`](http://api.jquery.com/after/)
+     * - [`append()`](http://api.jquery.com/append/)
+     * - [`attr()`](http://api.jquery.com/attr/) - Does not support functions as parameters
+     * - [`bind()`](http://api.jquery.com/bind/) (_deprecated_, use [`on()`](http://api.jquery.com/on/)) - Does not support namespaces, selectors or eventData
+     * - [`children()`](http://api.jquery.com/children/) - Does not support selectors
+     * - [`clone()`](http://api.jquery.com/clone/)
+     * - [`contents()`](http://api.jquery.com/contents/)
+     * - [`css()`](http://api.jquery.com/css/) - Only retrieves inline-styles, does not call `getComputedStyle()`.
+     *   As a setter, does not convert numbers to strings or append 'px', and also does not have automatic property prefixing.
+     * - [`data()`](http://api.jquery.com/data/)
+     * - [`detach()`](http://api.jquery.com/detach/)
+     * - [`empty()`](http://api.jquery.com/empty/)
+     * - [`eq()`](http://api.jquery.com/eq/)
+     * - [`find()`](http://api.jquery.com/find/) - Limited to lookups by tag name
+     * - [`hasClass()`](http://api.jquery.com/hasClass/)
+     * - [`html()`](http://api.jquery.com/html/)
+     * - [`next()`](http://api.jquery.com/next/) - Does not support selectors
+     * - [`on()`](http://api.jquery.com/on/) - Does not support namespaces, selectors or eventData
+     * - [`off()`](http://api.jquery.com/off/) - Does not support namespaces, selectors or event object as parameter
+     * - [`one()`](http://api.jquery.com/one/) - Does not support namespaces or selectors
+     * - [`parent()`](http://api.jquery.com/parent/) - Does not support selectors
+     * - [`prepend()`](http://api.jquery.com/prepend/)
+     * - [`prop()`](http://api.jquery.com/prop/)
+     * - [`ready()`](http://api.jquery.com/ready/) (_deprecated_, use `angular.element(callback)` instead of `angular.element(document).ready(callback)`)
+     * - [`remove()`](http://api.jquery.com/remove/)
+     * - [`removeAttr()`](http://api.jquery.com/removeAttr/) - Does not support multiple attributes
+     * - [`removeClass()`](http://api.jquery.com/removeClass/) - Does not support a function as first argument
+     * - [`removeData()`](http://api.jquery.com/removeData/)
+     * - [`replaceWith()`](http://api.jquery.com/replaceWith/)
+     * - [`text()`](http://api.jquery.com/text/)
+     * - [`toggleClass()`](http://api.jquery.com/toggleClass/) - Does not support a function as first argument
+     * - [`triggerHandler()`](http://api.jquery.com/triggerHandler/) - Passes a dummy event object to handlers
+     * - [`unbind()`](http://api.jquery.com/unbind/) (_deprecated_, use [`off()`](http://api.jquery.com/off/)) - Does not support namespaces or event object as parameter
+     * - [`val()`](http://api.jquery.com/val/)
+     * - [`wrap()`](http://api.jquery.com/wrap/)
+     *
+     * ## jQuery/jqLite Extras
+     * AngularJS also provides the following additional methods and events to both jQuery and jqLite:
+     *
+     * ### Events
+     * - `$destroy` - AngularJS intercepts all jqLite/jQuery's DOM destruction apis and fires this event
+     *    on all DOM nodes being removed.  This can be used to clean up any 3rd party bindings to the DOM
+     *    element before it is removed.
+     *
+     * ### Methods
+     * - `controller(name)` - retrieves the controller of the current element or its parent. By default
+     *   retrieves controller associated with the `ngController` directive. If `name` is provided as
+     *   camelCase directive name, then the controller for this directive will be retrieved (e.g.
+     *   `'ngModel'`).
+     * - `injector()` - retrieves the injector of the current element or its parent.
+     * - `scope()` - retrieves the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope scope} of the current
+     *   element or its parent. Requires {@link guide/production#disabling-debug-data Debug Data} to
+     *   be enabled.
+     * - `isolateScope()` - retrieves an isolate {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope scope} if one is attached directly to the
+     *   current element. This getter should be used only on elements that contain a directive which starts a new isolate
+     *   scope. Calling `scope()` on this element always returns the original non-isolate scope.
+     *   Requires {@link guide/production#disabling-debug-data Debug Data} to be enabled.
+     * - `inheritedData()` - same as `data()`, but walks up the DOM until a value is found or the top
+     *   parent element is reached.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue You cannot spy on `angular.element` if you are using Jasmine version 1.x. See
+     * https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/14251 for more information.
+     *
+     * @param {string|DOMElement} element HTML string or DOMElement to be wrapped into jQuery.
+     * @returns {Object} jQuery object.
+     */
+
+    JQLite.expando = 'ng339';
+
+    var jqCache = JQLite.cache = {},
+        jqId = 1;
+
+    /*
+     * !!! This is an undocumented "private" function !!!
+     */
+    JQLite._data = function (node) {
+        //jQuery always returns an object on cache miss
+        return this.cache[node[this.expando]] || {};
+    };
+
+    function jqNextId() {
+        return ++jqId;
+    }
+
+
+    var DASH_LOWERCASE_REGEXP = /-([a-z])/g;
+    var MS_HACK_REGEXP = /^-ms-/;
+    var MOUSE_EVENT_MAP = {
+        mouseleave: 'mouseout',
+        mouseenter: 'mouseover'
+    };
+    var jqLiteMinErr = minErr('jqLite');
+
+    /**
+     * Converts kebab-case to camelCase.
+     * There is also a special case for the ms prefix starting with a lowercase letter.
+     * @param name Name to normalize
+     */
+    function cssKebabToCamel(name) {
+        return kebabToCamel(name.replace(MS_HACK_REGEXP, 'ms-'));
+    }
+
+    function fnCamelCaseReplace(all, letter) {
+        return letter.toUpperCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts kebab-case to camelCase.
+     * @param name Name to normalize
+     */
+    function kebabToCamel(name) {
+        return name
+            .replace(DASH_LOWERCASE_REGEXP, fnCamelCaseReplace);
+    }
+
+    var SINGLE_TAG_REGEXP = /^<([\w-]+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/;
+    var HTML_REGEXP = /<|&#?\w+;/;
+    var TAG_NAME_REGEXP = /<([\w:-]+)/;
+    var XHTML_TAG_REGEXP = /<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:-]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi;
+
+    var wrapMap = {
+        'option': [1, '<select multiple="multiple">', '</select>'],
+
+        'thead': [1, '<table>', '</table>'],
+        'col': [2, '<table><colgroup>', '</colgroup></table>'],
+        'tr': [2, '<table><tbody>', '</tbody></table>'],
+        'td': [3, '<table><tbody><tr>', '</tr></tbody></table>'],
+        '_default': [0, '', '']
+    };
+
+    wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option;
+    wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead;
+    wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td;
+
+
+    function jqLiteIsTextNode(html) {
+        return !HTML_REGEXP.test(html);
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteAcceptsData(node) {
+        // The window object can accept data but has no nodeType
+        // Otherwise we are only interested in elements (1) and documents (9)
+        var nodeType = node.nodeType;
+        return nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT || !nodeType || nodeType === NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT;
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteHasData(node) {
+        for (var key in jqCache[node.ng339]) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteBuildFragment(html, context) {
+        var tmp, tag, wrap,
+            fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(),
+            nodes = [],
+            i;
+
+        if (jqLiteIsTextNode(html)) {
+            // Convert non-html into a text node
+            nodes.push(context.createTextNode(html));
+        } else {
+            // Convert html into DOM nodes
+            tmp = fragment.appendChild(context.createElement('div'));
+            tag = (TAG_NAME_REGEXP.exec(html) || ['', ''])[1].toLowerCase();
+            wrap = wrapMap[tag] || wrapMap._default;
+            tmp.innerHTML = wrap[1] + html.replace(XHTML_TAG_REGEXP, '<$1></$2>') + wrap[2];
+
+            // Descend through wrappers to the right content
+            i = wrap[0];
+            while (i--) {
+                tmp = tmp.lastChild;
+            }
+
+            nodes = concat(nodes, tmp.childNodes);
+
+            tmp = fragment.firstChild;
+            tmp.textContent = '';
+        }
+
+        // Remove wrapper from fragment
+        fragment.textContent = '';
+        fragment.innerHTML = ''; // Clear inner HTML
+        forEach(nodes, function (node) {
+            fragment.appendChild(node);
+        });
+
+        return fragment;
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteParseHTML(html, context) {
+        context = context || window.document;
+        var parsed;
+
+        if ((parsed = SINGLE_TAG_REGEXP.exec(html))) {
+            return [context.createElement(parsed[1])];
+        }
+
+        if ((parsed = jqLiteBuildFragment(html, context))) {
+            return parsed.childNodes;
+        }
+
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteWrapNode(node, wrapper) {
+        var parent = node.parentNode;
+
+        if (parent) {
+            parent.replaceChild(wrapper, node);
+        }
+
+        wrapper.appendChild(node);
+    }
+
+
+    // IE9-11 has no method "contains" in SVG element and in Node.prototype. Bug #10259.
+    var jqLiteContains = window.Node.prototype.contains || /** @this */ function (arg) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
+        return !!(this.compareDocumentPosition(arg) & 16);
+    };
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////
+    function JQLite(element) {
+        if (element instanceof JQLite) {
+            return element;
+        }
+
+        var argIsString;
+
+        if (isString(element)) {
+            element = trim(element);
+            argIsString = true;
+        }
+        if (!(this instanceof JQLite)) {
+            if (argIsString && element.charAt(0) !== '<') {
+                throw jqLiteMinErr('nosel', 'Looking up elements via selectors is not supported by jqLite! See: http://docs.angularjs.org/api/angular.element');
+            }
+            return new JQLite(element);
+        }
+
+        if (argIsString) {
+            jqLiteAddNodes(this, jqLiteParseHTML(element));
+        } else if (isFunction(element)) {
+            jqLiteReady(element);
+        } else {
+            jqLiteAddNodes(this, element);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteClone(element) {
+        return element.cloneNode(true);
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteDealoc(element, onlyDescendants) {
+        if (!onlyDescendants && jqLiteAcceptsData(element)) jqLite.cleanData([element]);
+
+        if (element.querySelectorAll) {
+            jqLite.cleanData(element.querySelectorAll('*'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteOff(element, type, fn, unsupported) {
+        if (isDefined(unsupported)) throw jqLiteMinErr('offargs', 'jqLite#off() does not support the `selector` argument');
+
+        var expandoStore = jqLiteExpandoStore(element);
+        var events = expandoStore && expandoStore.events;
+        var handle = expandoStore && expandoStore.handle;
+
+        if (!handle) return; //no listeners registered
+
+        if (!type) {
+            for (type in events) {
+                if (type !== '$destroy') {
+                    element.removeEventListener(type, handle);
+                }
+                delete events[type];
+            }
+        } else {
+
+            var removeHandler = function (type) {
+                var listenerFns = events[type];
+                if (isDefined(fn)) {
+                    arrayRemove(listenerFns || [], fn);
+                }
+                if (!(isDefined(fn) && listenerFns && listenerFns.length > 0)) {
+                    element.removeEventListener(type, handle);
+                    delete events[type];
+                }
+            };
+
+            forEach(type.split(' '), function (type) {
+                removeHandler(type);
+                if (MOUSE_EVENT_MAP[type]) {
+                    removeHandler(MOUSE_EVENT_MAP[type]);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteRemoveData(element, name) {
+        var expandoId = element.ng339;
+        var expandoStore = expandoId && jqCache[expandoId];
+
+        if (expandoStore) {
+            if (name) {
+                delete expandoStore.data[name];
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (expandoStore.handle) {
+                if (expandoStore.events.$destroy) {
+                    expandoStore.handle({}, '$destroy');
+                }
+                jqLiteOff(element);
+            }
+            delete jqCache[expandoId];
+            element.ng339 = undefined; // don't delete DOM expandos. IE and Chrome don't like it
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function jqLiteExpandoStore(element, createIfNecessary) {
+        var expandoId = element.ng339,
+            expandoStore = expandoId && jqCache[expandoId];
+
+        if (createIfNecessary && !expandoStore) {
+            element.ng339 = expandoId = jqNextId();
+            expandoStore = jqCache[expandoId] = {
+                events: {},
+                data: {},
+                handle: undefined
+            };
+        }
+
+        return expandoStore;
+    }
+
+
+    function jqLiteData(element, key, value) {
+        if (jqLiteAcceptsData(element)) {
+            var prop;
+
+            var isSimpleSetter = isDefined(value);
+            var isSimpleGetter = !isSimpleSetter && key && !isObject(key);
+            var massGetter = !key;
+            var expandoStore = jqLiteExpandoStore(element, !isSimpleGetter);
+            var data = expandoStore && expandoStore.data;
+
+            if (isSimpleSetter) { // data('key', value)
+                data[kebabToCamel(key)] = value;
+            } else {
+                if (massGetter) { // data()
+                    return data;
+                } else {
+                    if (isSimpleGetter) { // data('key')
+                        // don't force creation of expandoStore if it doesn't exist yet
+                        return data && data[kebabToCamel(key)];
+                    } else { // mass-setter: data({key1: val1, key2: val2})
+                        for (prop in key) {
+                            data[kebabToCamel(prop)] = key[prop];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteHasClass(element, selector) {
+        if (!element.getAttribute) return false;
+        return ((' ' + (element.getAttribute('class') || '') + ' ').replace(/[\n\t]/g, ' ').indexOf(' ' + selector + ' ') > -1);
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteRemoveClass(element, cssClasses) {
+        if (cssClasses && element.setAttribute) {
+            var existingClasses = (' ' + (element.getAttribute('class') || '') + ' ')
+                .replace(/[\n\t]/g, ' ');
+            var newClasses = existingClasses;
+
+            forEach(cssClasses.split(' '), function (cssClass) {
+                cssClass = trim(cssClass);
+                newClasses = newClasses.replace(' ' + cssClass + ' ', ' ');
+            });
+
+            if (newClasses !== existingClasses) {
+                element.setAttribute('class', trim(newClasses));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteAddClass(element, cssClasses) {
+        if (cssClasses && element.setAttribute) {
+            var existingClasses = (' ' + (element.getAttribute('class') || '') + ' ')
+                .replace(/[\n\t]/g, ' ');
+            var newClasses = existingClasses;
+
+            forEach(cssClasses.split(' '), function (cssClass) {
+                cssClass = trim(cssClass);
+                if (newClasses.indexOf(' ' + cssClass + ' ') === -1) {
+                    newClasses += cssClass + ' ';
+                }
+            });
+
+            if (newClasses !== existingClasses) {
+                element.setAttribute('class', trim(newClasses));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function jqLiteAddNodes(root, elements) {
+        // THIS CODE IS VERY HOT. Don't make changes without benchmarking.
+
+        if (elements) {
+
+            // if a Node (the most common case)
+            if (elements.nodeType) {
+                root[root.length++] = elements;
+            } else {
+                var length = elements.length;
+
+                // if an Array or NodeList and not a Window
+                if (typeof length === 'number' && elements.window !== elements) {
+                    if (length) {
+                        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                            root[root.length++] = elements[i];
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    root[root.length++] = elements;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function jqLiteController(element, name) {
+        return jqLiteInheritedData(element, '$' + (name || 'ngController') + 'Controller');
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteInheritedData(element, name, value) {
+        // if element is the document object work with the html element instead
+        // this makes $(document).scope() possible
+        if (element.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT) {
+            element = element.documentElement;
+        }
+        var names = isArray(name) ? name : [name];
+
+        while (element) {
+            for (var i = 0, ii = names.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                if (isDefined(value = jqLite.data(element, names[i]))) return value;
+            }
+
+            // If dealing with a document fragment node with a host element, and no parent, use the host
+            // element as the parent. This enables directives within a Shadow DOM or polyfilled Shadow DOM
+            // to lookup parent controllers.
+            element = element.parentNode || (element.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT && element.host);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteEmpty(element) {
+        jqLiteDealoc(element, true);
+        while (element.firstChild) {
+            element.removeChild(element.firstChild);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteRemove(element, keepData) {
+        if (!keepData) jqLiteDealoc(element);
+        var parent = element.parentNode;
+        if (parent) parent.removeChild(element);
+    }
+
+
+    function jqLiteDocumentLoaded(action, win) {
+        win = win || window;
+        if (win.document.readyState === 'complete') {
+            // Force the action to be run async for consistent behavior
+            // from the action's point of view
+            // i.e. it will definitely not be in a $apply
+            win.setTimeout(action);
+        } else {
+            // No need to unbind this handler as load is only ever called once
+            jqLite(win).on('load', action);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function jqLiteReady(fn) {
+        function trigger() {
+            window.document.removeEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', trigger);
+            window.removeEventListener('load', trigger);
+            fn();
+        }
+
+        // check if document is already loaded
+        if (window.document.readyState === 'complete') {
+            window.setTimeout(fn);
+        } else {
+            // We can not use jqLite since we are not done loading and jQuery could be loaded later.
+
+            // Works for modern browsers and IE9
+            window.document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', trigger);
+
+            // Fallback to window.onload for others
+            window.addEventListener('load', trigger);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Functions which are declared directly.
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    var JQLitePrototype = JQLite.prototype = {
+        ready: jqLiteReady,
+        toString: function () {
+            var value = [];
+            forEach(this, function (e) {
+                value.push('' + e);
+            });
+            return '[' + value.join(', ') + ']';
+        },
+
+        eq: function (index) {
+            return (index >= 0) ? jqLite(this[index]) : jqLite(this[this.length + index]);
+        },
+
+        length: 0,
+        push: push,
+        sort: [].sort,
+        splice: [].splice
+    };
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Functions iterating getter/setters.
+    // these functions return self on setter and
+    // value on get.
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    var BOOLEAN_ATTR = {};
+    forEach('multiple,selected,checked,disabled,readOnly,required,open'.split(','), function (value) {
+        BOOLEAN_ATTR[lowercase(value)] = value;
+    });
+    var BOOLEAN_ELEMENTS = {};
+    forEach('input,select,option,textarea,button,form,details'.split(','), function (value) {
+        BOOLEAN_ELEMENTS[value] = true;
+    });
+    var ALIASED_ATTR = {
+        'ngMinlength': 'minlength',
+        'ngMaxlength': 'maxlength',
+        'ngMin': 'min',
+        'ngMax': 'max',
+        'ngPattern': 'pattern',
+        'ngStep': 'step'
+    };
+
+    function getBooleanAttrName(element, name) {
+        // check dom last since we will most likely fail on name
+        var booleanAttr = BOOLEAN_ATTR[name.toLowerCase()];
+
+        // booleanAttr is here twice to minimize DOM access
+        return booleanAttr && BOOLEAN_ELEMENTS[nodeName_(element)] && booleanAttr;
+    }
+
+    function getAliasedAttrName(name) {
+        return ALIASED_ATTR[name];
+    }
+
+    forEach({
+        data: jqLiteData,
+        removeData: jqLiteRemoveData,
+        hasData: jqLiteHasData,
+        cleanData: function jqLiteCleanData(nodes) {
+            for (var i = 0, ii = nodes.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                jqLiteRemoveData(nodes[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }, function (fn, name) {
+        JQLite[name] = fn;
+    });
+
+    forEach({
+        data: jqLiteData,
+        inheritedData: jqLiteInheritedData,
+
+        scope: function (element) {
+            // Can't use jqLiteData here directly so we stay compatible with jQuery!
+            return jqLite.data(element, '$scope') || jqLiteInheritedData(element.parentNode || element, ['$isolateScope', '$scope']);
+        },
+
+        isolateScope: function (element) {
+            // Can't use jqLiteData here directly so we stay compatible with jQuery!
+            return jqLite.data(element, '$isolateScope') || jqLite.data(element, '$isolateScopeNoTemplate');
+        },
+
+        controller: jqLiteController,
+
+        injector: function (element) {
+            return jqLiteInheritedData(element, '$injector');
+        },
+
+        removeAttr: function (element, name) {
+            element.removeAttribute(name);
+        },
+
+        hasClass: jqLiteHasClass,
+
+        css: function (element, name, value) {
+            name = cssKebabToCamel(name);
+
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                element.style[name] = value;
+            } else {
+                return element.style[name];
+            }
+        },
+
+        attr: function (element, name, value) {
+            var ret;
+            var nodeType = element.nodeType;
+            if (nodeType === NODE_TYPE_TEXT || nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE || nodeType === NODE_TYPE_COMMENT ||
+                !element.getAttribute) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var lowercasedName = lowercase(name);
+            var isBooleanAttr = BOOLEAN_ATTR[lowercasedName];
+
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                // setter
+
+                if (value === null || (value === false && isBooleanAttr)) {
+                    element.removeAttribute(name);
+                } else {
+                    element.setAttribute(name, isBooleanAttr ? lowercasedName : value);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // getter
+
+                ret = element.getAttribute(name);
+
+                if (isBooleanAttr && ret !== null) {
+                    ret = lowercasedName;
+                }
+                // Normalize non-existing attributes to undefined (as jQuery).
+                return ret === null ? undefined : ret;
+            }
+        },
+
+        prop: function (element, name, value) {
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                element[name] = value;
+            } else {
+                return element[name];
+            }
+        },
+
+        text: (function () {
+            getText.$dv = '';
+            return getText;
+
+            function getText(element, value) {
+                if (isUndefined(value)) {
+                    var nodeType = element.nodeType;
+                    return (nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT || nodeType === NODE_TYPE_TEXT) ? element.textContent : '';
+                }
+                element.textContent = value;
+            }
+        })(),
+
+        val: function (element, value) {
+            if (isUndefined(value)) {
+                if (element.multiple && nodeName_(element) === 'select') {
+                    var result = [];
+                    forEach(element.options, function (option) {
+                        if (option.selected) {
+                            result.push(option.value || option.text);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    return result;
+                }
+                return element.value;
+            }
+            element.value = value;
+        },
+
+        html: function (element, value) {
+            if (isUndefined(value)) {
+                return element.innerHTML;
+            }
+            jqLiteDealoc(element, true);
+            element.innerHTML = value;
+        },
+
+        empty: jqLiteEmpty
+    }, function (fn, name) {
+        /**
+         * Properties: writes return selection, reads return first value
+         */
+        JQLite.prototype[name] = function (arg1, arg2) {
+            var i, key;
+            var nodeCount = this.length;
+
+            // jqLiteHasClass has only two arguments, but is a getter-only fn, so we need to special-case it
+            // in a way that survives minification.
+            // jqLiteEmpty takes no arguments but is a setter.
+            if (fn !== jqLiteEmpty &&
+                (isUndefined((fn.length === 2 && (fn !== jqLiteHasClass && fn !== jqLiteController)) ? arg1 : arg2))) {
+                if (isObject(arg1)) {
+
+                    // we are a write, but the object properties are the key/values
+                    for (i = 0; i < nodeCount; i++) {
+                        if (fn === jqLiteData) {
+                            // data() takes the whole object in jQuery
+                            fn(this[i], arg1);
+                        } else {
+                            for (key in arg1) {
+                                fn(this[i], key, arg1[key]);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // return self for chaining
+                    return this;
+                } else {
+                    // we are a read, so read the first child.
+                    // TODO: do we still need this?
+                    var value = fn.$dv;
+                    // Only if we have $dv do we iterate over all, otherwise it is just the first element.
+                    var jj = (isUndefined(value)) ? Math.min(nodeCount, 1) : nodeCount;
+                    for (var j = 0; j < jj; j++) {
+                        var nodeValue = fn(this[j], arg1, arg2);
+                        value = value ? value + nodeValue : nodeValue;
+                    }
+                    return value;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // we are a write, so apply to all children
+                for (i = 0; i < nodeCount; i++) {
+                    fn(this[i], arg1, arg2);
+                }
+                // return self for chaining
+                return this;
+            }
+        };
+    });
+
+    function createEventHandler(element, events) {
+        var eventHandler = function (event, type) {
+            // jQuery specific api
+            event.isDefaultPrevented = function () {
+                return event.defaultPrevented;
+            };
+
+            var eventFns = events[type || event.type];
+            var eventFnsLength = eventFns ? eventFns.length : 0;
+
+            if (!eventFnsLength) return;
+
+            if (isUndefined(event.immediatePropagationStopped)) {
+                var originalStopImmediatePropagation = event.stopImmediatePropagation;
+                event.stopImmediatePropagation = function () {
+                    event.immediatePropagationStopped = true;
+
+                    if (event.stopPropagation) {
+                        event.stopPropagation();
+                    }
+
+                    if (originalStopImmediatePropagation) {
+                        originalStopImmediatePropagation.call(event);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+
+            event.isImmediatePropagationStopped = function () {
+                return event.immediatePropagationStopped === true;
+            };
+
+            // Some events have special handlers that wrap the real handler
+            var handlerWrapper = eventFns.specialHandlerWrapper || defaultHandlerWrapper;
+
+            // Copy event handlers in case event handlers array is modified during execution.
+            if ((eventFnsLength > 1)) {
+                eventFns = shallowCopy(eventFns);
+            }
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < eventFnsLength; i++) {
+                if (!event.isImmediatePropagationStopped()) {
+                    handlerWrapper(element, event, eventFns[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // TODO: this is a hack for angularMocks/clearDataCache that makes it possible to deregister all
+        //       events on `element`
+        eventHandler.elem = element;
+        return eventHandler;
+    }
+
+    function defaultHandlerWrapper(element, event, handler) {
+        handler.call(element, event);
+    }
+
+    function specialMouseHandlerWrapper(target, event, handler) {
+        // Refer to jQuery's implementation of mouseenter & mouseleave
+        // Read about mouseenter and mouseleave:
+        // http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_mouse.html#link8
+        var related = event.relatedTarget;
+        // For mousenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target.
+        // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window
+        if (!related || (related !== target && !jqLiteContains.call(target, related))) {
+            handler.call(target, event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Functions iterating traversal.
+    // These functions chain results into a single
+    // selector.
+    //////////////////////////////////////////
+    forEach({
+        removeData: jqLiteRemoveData,
+
+        on: function jqLiteOn(element, type, fn, unsupported) {
+            if (isDefined(unsupported)) throw jqLiteMinErr('onargs', 'jqLite#on() does not support the `selector` or `eventData` parameters');
+
+            // Do not add event handlers to non-elements because they will not be cleaned up.
+            if (!jqLiteAcceptsData(element)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var expandoStore = jqLiteExpandoStore(element, true);
+            var events = expandoStore.events;
+            var handle = expandoStore.handle;
+
+            if (!handle) {
+                handle = expandoStore.handle = createEventHandler(element, events);
+            }
+
+            // http://jsperf.com/string-indexof-vs-split
+            var types = type.indexOf(' ') >= 0 ? type.split(' ') : [type];
+            var i = types.length;
+
+            var addHandler = function (type, specialHandlerWrapper, noEventListener) {
+                var eventFns = events[type];
+
+                if (!eventFns) {
+                    eventFns = events[type] = [];
+                    eventFns.specialHandlerWrapper = specialHandlerWrapper;
+                    if (type !== '$destroy' && !noEventListener) {
+                        element.addEventListener(type, handle);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                eventFns.push(fn);
+            };
+
+            while (i--) {
+                type = types[i];
+                if (MOUSE_EVENT_MAP[type]) {
+                    addHandler(MOUSE_EVENT_MAP[type], specialMouseHandlerWrapper);
+                    addHandler(type, undefined, true);
+                } else {
+                    addHandler(type);
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        off: jqLiteOff,
+
+        one: function (element, type, fn) {
+            element = jqLite(element);
+
+            //add the listener twice so that when it is called
+            //you can remove the original function and still be
+            //able to call element.off(ev, fn) normally
+            element.on(type, function onFn() {
+                element.off(type, fn);
+                element.off(type, onFn);
+            });
+            element.on(type, fn);
+        },
+
+        replaceWith: function (element, replaceNode) {
+            var index, parent = element.parentNode;
+            jqLiteDealoc(element);
+            forEach(new JQLite(replaceNode), function (node) {
+                if (index) {
+                    parent.insertBefore(node, index.nextSibling);
+                } else {
+                    parent.replaceChild(node, element);
+                }
+                index = node;
+            });
+        },
+
+        children: function (element) {
+            var children = [];
+            forEach(element.childNodes, function (element) {
+                if (element.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT) {
+                    children.push(element);
+                }
+            });
+            return children;
+        },
+
+        contents: function (element) {
+            return element.contentDocument || element.childNodes || [];
+        },
+
+        append: function (element, node) {
+            var nodeType = element.nodeType;
+            if (nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT && nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT) return;
+
+            node = new JQLite(node);
+
+            for (var i = 0, ii = node.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                var child = node[i];
+                element.appendChild(child);
+            }
+        },
+
+        prepend: function (element, node) {
+            if (element.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT) {
+                var index = element.firstChild;
+                forEach(new JQLite(node), function (child) {
+                    element.insertBefore(child, index);
+                });
+            }
+        },
+
+        wrap: function (element, wrapNode) {
+            jqLiteWrapNode(element, jqLite(wrapNode).eq(0).clone()[0]);
+        },
+
+        remove: jqLiteRemove,
+
+        detach: function (element) {
+            jqLiteRemove(element, true);
+        },
+
+        after: function (element, newElement) {
+            var index = element,
+                parent = element.parentNode;
+
+            if (parent) {
+                newElement = new JQLite(newElement);
+
+                for (var i = 0, ii = newElement.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                    var node = newElement[i];
+                    parent.insertBefore(node, index.nextSibling);
+                    index = node;
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        addClass: jqLiteAddClass,
+        removeClass: jqLiteRemoveClass,
+
+        toggleClass: function (element, selector, condition) {
+            if (selector) {
+                forEach(selector.split(' '), function (className) {
+                    var classCondition = condition;
+                    if (isUndefined(classCondition)) {
+                        classCondition = !jqLiteHasClass(element, className);
+                    }
+                    (classCondition ? jqLiteAddClass : jqLiteRemoveClass)(element, className);
+                });
+            }
+        },
+
+        parent: function (element) {
+            var parent = element.parentNode;
+            return parent && parent.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT ? parent : null;
+        },
+
+        next: function (element) {
+            return element.nextElementSibling;
+        },
+
+        find: function (element, selector) {
+            if (element.getElementsByTagName) {
+                return element.getElementsByTagName(selector);
+            } else {
+                return [];
+            }
+        },
+
+        clone: jqLiteClone,
+
+        triggerHandler: function (element, event, extraParameters) {
+
+            var dummyEvent, eventFnsCopy, handlerArgs;
+            var eventName = event.type || event;
+            var expandoStore = jqLiteExpandoStore(element);
+            var events = expandoStore && expandoStore.events;
+            var eventFns = events && events[eventName];
+
+            if (eventFns) {
+                // Create a dummy event to pass to the handlers
+                dummyEvent = {
+                    preventDefault: function () {
+                        this.defaultPrevented = true;
+                    },
+                    isDefaultPrevented: function () {
+                        return this.defaultPrevented === true;
+                    },
+                    stopImmediatePropagation: function () {
+                        this.immediatePropagationStopped = true;
+                    },
+                    isImmediatePropagationStopped: function () {
+                        return this.immediatePropagationStopped === true;
+                    },
+                    stopPropagation: noop,
+                    type: eventName,
+                    target: element
+                };
+
+                // If a custom event was provided then extend our dummy event with it
+                if (event.type) {
+                    dummyEvent = extend(dummyEvent, event);
+                }
+
+                // Copy event handlers in case event handlers array is modified during execution.
+                eventFnsCopy = shallowCopy(eventFns);
+                handlerArgs = extraParameters ? [dummyEvent].concat(extraParameters) : [dummyEvent];
+
+                forEach(eventFnsCopy, function (fn) {
+                    if (!dummyEvent.isImmediatePropagationStopped()) {
+                        fn.apply(element, handlerArgs);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }, function (fn, name) {
+        /**
+         * chaining functions
+         */
+        JQLite.prototype[name] = function (arg1, arg2, arg3) {
+            var value;
+
+            for (var i = 0, ii = this.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                if (isUndefined(value)) {
+                    value = fn(this[i], arg1, arg2, arg3);
+                    if (isDefined(value)) {
+                        // any function which returns a value needs to be wrapped
+                        value = jqLite(value);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    jqLiteAddNodes(value, fn(this[i], arg1, arg2, arg3));
+                }
+            }
+            return isDefined(value) ? value : this;
+        };
+    });
+
+    // bind legacy bind/unbind to on/off
+    JQLite.prototype.bind = JQLite.prototype.on;
+    JQLite.prototype.unbind = JQLite.prototype.off;
+
+
+    // Provider for private $$jqLite service
+    /** @this */
+    function $$jqLiteProvider() {
+        this.$get = function $$jqLite() {
+            return extend(JQLite, {
+                hasClass: function (node, classes) {
+                    if (node.attr) node = node[0];
+                    return jqLiteHasClass(node, classes);
+                },
+                addClass: function (node, classes) {
+                    if (node.attr) node = node[0];
+                    return jqLiteAddClass(node, classes);
+                },
+                removeClass: function (node, classes) {
+                    if (node.attr) node = node[0];
+                    return jqLiteRemoveClass(node, classes);
+                }
+            });
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes a hash of an 'obj'.
+     * Hash of a:
+     *  string is string
+     *  number is number as string
+     *  object is either result of calling $$hashKey function on the object or uniquely generated id,
+     *         that is also assigned to the $$hashKey property of the object.
+     *
+     * @param obj
+     * @returns {string} hash string such that the same input will have the same hash string.
+     *         The resulting string key is in 'type:hashKey' format.
+     */
+    function hashKey(obj, nextUidFn) {
+        var key = obj && obj.$$hashKey;
+
+        if (key) {
+            if (typeof key === 'function') {
+                key = obj.$$hashKey();
+            }
+            return key;
+        }
+
+        var objType = typeof obj;
+        if (objType === 'function' || (objType === 'object' && obj !== null)) {
+            key = obj.$$hashKey = objType + ':' + (nextUidFn || nextUid)();
+        } else {
+            key = objType + ':' + obj;
+        }
+
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    // A minimal ES2015 Map implementation.
+    // Should be bug/feature equivalent to the native implementations of supported browsers
+    // (for the features required in Angular).
+    // See https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/#test-Map
+    var nanKey = Object.create(null);
+
+    function NgMapShim() {
+        this._keys = [];
+        this._values = [];
+        this._lastKey = NaN;
+        this._lastIndex = -1;
+    }
+    NgMapShim.prototype = {
+        _idx: function (key) {
+            if (key === this._lastKey) {
+                return this._lastIndex;
+            }
+            this._lastKey = key;
+            this._lastIndex = this._keys.indexOf(key);
+            return this._lastIndex;
+        },
+        _transformKey: function (key) {
+            return isNumberNaN(key) ? nanKey : key;
+        },
+        get: function (key) {
+            key = this._transformKey(key);
+            var idx = this._idx(key);
+            if (idx !== -1) {
+                return this._values[idx];
+            }
+        },
+        set: function (key, value) {
+            key = this._transformKey(key);
+            var idx = this._idx(key);
+            if (idx === -1) {
+                idx = this._lastIndex = this._keys.length;
+            }
+            this._keys[idx] = key;
+            this._values[idx] = value;
+
+            // Support: IE11
+            // Do not `return this` to simulate the partial IE11 implementation
+        },
+        delete: function (key) {
+            key = this._transformKey(key);
+            var idx = this._idx(key);
+            if (idx === -1) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            this._keys.splice(idx, 1);
+            this._values.splice(idx, 1);
+            this._lastKey = NaN;
+            this._lastIndex = -1;
+            return true;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // For now, always use `NgMapShim`, even if `window.Map` is available. Some native implementations
+    // are still buggy (often in subtle ways) and can cause hard-to-debug failures. When native `Map`
+    // implementations get more stable, we can reconsider switching to `window.Map` (when available).
+    var NgMap = NgMapShim;
+
+    var $$MapProvider = [ /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = [function () {
+            return NgMap;
+        }];
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @module ng
+     * @name angular.injector
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Creates an injector object that can be used for retrieving services as well as for
+     * dependency injection (see {@link guide/di dependency injection}).
+     *
+     * @param {Array.<string|Function>} modules A list of module functions or their aliases. See
+     *     {@link angular.module}. The `ng` module must be explicitly added.
+     * @param {boolean=} [strictDi=false] Whether the injector should be in strict mode, which
+     *     disallows argument name annotation inference.
+     * @returns {injector} Injector object. See {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Typical usage
+     * ```js
+     *   // create an injector
+     *   var $injector = angular.injector(['ng']);
+     *
+     *   // use the injector to kick off your application
+     *   // use the type inference to auto inject arguments, or use implicit injection
+     *   $injector.invoke(function($rootScope, $compile, $document) {
+     *     $compile($document)($rootScope);
+     *     $rootScope.$digest();
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Sometimes you want to get access to the injector of a currently running AngularJS app
+     * from outside AngularJS. Perhaps, you want to inject and compile some markup after the
+     * application has been bootstrapped. You can do this using the extra `injector()` added
+     * to JQuery/jqLite elements. See {@link angular.element}.
+     *
+     * *This is fairly rare but could be the case if a third party library is injecting the
+     * markup.*
+     *
+     * In the following example a new block of HTML containing a `ng-controller`
+     * directive is added to the end of the document body by JQuery. We then compile and link
+     * it into the current AngularJS scope.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var $div = $('<div ng-controller="MyCtrl">{{content.label}}</div>');
+     * $(document.body).append($div);
+     *
+     * angular.element(document).injector().invoke(function($compile) {
+     *   var scope = angular.element($div).scope();
+     *   $compile($div)(scope);
+     * });
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc module
+     * @name auto
+     * @installation
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Implicit module which gets automatically added to each {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+     */
+
+    var ARROW_ARG = /^([^(]+?)=>/;
+    var FN_ARGS = /^[^(]*\(\s*([^)]*)\)/m;
+    var FN_ARG_SPLIT = /,/;
+    var FN_ARG = /^\s*(_?)(\S+?)\1\s*$/;
+    var STRIP_COMMENTS = /((\/\/.*$)|(\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\/))/mg;
+    var $injectorMinErr = minErr('$injector');
+
+    function stringifyFn(fn) {
+        return Function.prototype.toString.call(fn);
+    }
+
+    function extractArgs(fn) {
+        var fnText = stringifyFn(fn).replace(STRIP_COMMENTS, ''),
+            args = fnText.match(ARROW_ARG) || fnText.match(FN_ARGS);
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    function anonFn(fn) {
+        // For anonymous functions, showing at the very least the function signature can help in
+        // debugging.
+        var args = extractArgs(fn);
+        if (args) {
+            return 'function(' + (args[1] || '').replace(/[\s\r\n]+/, ' ') + ')';
+        }
+        return 'fn';
+    }
+
+    function annotate(fn, strictDi, name) {
+        var $inject,
+            argDecl,
+            last;
+
+        if (typeof fn === 'function') {
+            if (!($inject = fn.$inject)) {
+                $inject = [];
+                if (fn.length) {
+                    if (strictDi) {
+                        if (!isString(name) || !name) {
+                            name = fn.name || anonFn(fn);
+                        }
+                        throw $injectorMinErr('strictdi',
+                            '{0} is not using explicit annotation and cannot be invoked in strict mode', name);
+                    }
+                    argDecl = extractArgs(fn);
+                    forEach(argDecl[1].split(FN_ARG_SPLIT), function (arg) {
+                        arg.replace(FN_ARG, function (all, underscore, name) {
+                            $inject.push(name);
+                        });
+                    });
+                }
+                fn.$inject = $inject;
+            }
+        } else if (isArray(fn)) {
+            last = fn.length - 1;
+            assertArgFn(fn[last], 'fn');
+            $inject = fn.slice(0, last);
+        } else {
+            assertArgFn(fn, 'fn', true);
+        }
+        return $inject;
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $injector
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * `$injector` is used to retrieve object instances as defined by
+     * {@link auto.$provide provider}, instantiate types, invoke methods,
+     * and load modules.
+     *
+     * The following always holds true:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   var $injector = angular.injector();
+     *   expect($injector.get('$injector')).toBe($injector);
+     *   expect($injector.invoke(function($injector) {
+     *     return $injector;
+     *   })).toBe($injector);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ## Injection Function Annotation
+     *
+     * JavaScript does not have annotations, and annotations are needed for dependency injection. The
+     * following are all valid ways of annotating function with injection arguments and are equivalent.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // inferred (only works if code not minified/obfuscated)
+     *   $injector.invoke(function(serviceA){});
+     *
+     *   // annotated
+     *   function explicit(serviceA) {};
+     *   explicit.$inject = ['serviceA'];
+     *   $injector.invoke(explicit);
+     *
+     *   // inline
+     *   $injector.invoke(['serviceA', function(serviceA){}]);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ### Inference
+     *
+     * In JavaScript calling `toString()` on a function returns the function definition. The definition
+     * can then be parsed and the function arguments can be extracted. This method of discovering
+     * annotations is disallowed when the injector is in strict mode.
+     * *NOTE:* This does not work with minification, and obfuscation tools since these tools change the
+     * argument names.
+     *
+     * ### `$inject` Annotation
+     * By adding an `$inject` property onto a function the injection parameters can be specified.
+     *
+     * ### Inline
+     * As an array of injection names, where the last item in the array is the function to call.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc property
+     * @name $injector#modules
+     * @type {Object}
+     * @description
+     * A hash containing all the modules that have been loaded into the
+     * $injector.
+     *
+     * You can use this property to find out information about a module via the
+     * {@link angular.Module#info `myModule.info(...)`} method.
+     *
+     * For example:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * var info = $injector.modules['ngAnimate'].info();
+     * ```
+     *
+     * **Do not use this property to attempt to modify the modules after the application
+     * has been bootstrapped.**
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#get
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Return an instance of the service.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the instance to retrieve.
+     * @param {string=} caller An optional string to provide the origin of the function call for error messages.
+     * @return {*} The instance.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#invoke
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Invoke the method and supply the method arguments from the `$injector`.
+     *
+     * @param {Function|Array.<string|Function>} fn The injectable function to invoke. Function parameters are
+     *   injected according to the {@link guide/di $inject Annotation} rules.
+     * @param {Object=} self The `this` for the invoked method.
+     * @param {Object=} locals Optional object. If preset then any argument names are read from this
+     *                         object first, before the `$injector` is consulted.
+     * @returns {*} the value returned by the invoked `fn` function.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#has
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Allows the user to query if the particular service exists.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name Name of the service to query.
+     * @returns {boolean} `true` if injector has given service.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#instantiate
+     * @description
+     * Create a new instance of JS type. The method takes a constructor function, invokes the new
+     * operator, and supplies all of the arguments to the constructor function as specified by the
+     * constructor annotation.
+     *
+     * @param {Function} Type Annotated constructor function.
+     * @param {Object=} locals Optional object. If preset then any argument names are read from this
+     * object first, before the `$injector` is consulted.
+     * @returns {Object} new instance of `Type`.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#annotate
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Returns an array of service names which the function is requesting for injection. This API is
+     * used by the injector to determine which services need to be injected into the function when the
+     * function is invoked. There are three ways in which the function can be annotated with the needed
+     * dependencies.
+     *
+     * #### Argument names
+     *
+     * The simplest form is to extract the dependencies from the arguments of the function. This is done
+     * by converting the function into a string using `toString()` method and extracting the argument
+     * names.
+     * ```js
+     *   // Given
+     *   function MyController($scope, $route) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   }
+     *
+     *   // Then
+     *   expect(injector.annotate(MyController)).toEqual(['$scope', '$route']);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * You can disallow this method by using strict injection mode.
+     *
+     * This method does not work with code minification / obfuscation. For this reason the following
+     * annotation strategies are supported.
+     *
+     * #### The `$inject` property
+     *
+     * If a function has an `$inject` property and its value is an array of strings, then the strings
+     * represent names of services to be injected into the function.
+     * ```js
+     *   // Given
+     *   var MyController = function(obfuscatedScope, obfuscatedRoute) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   }
+     *   // Define function dependencies
+     *   MyController['$inject'] = ['$scope', '$route'];
+     *
+     *   // Then
+     *   expect(injector.annotate(MyController)).toEqual(['$scope', '$route']);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * #### The array notation
+     *
+     * It is often desirable to inline Injected functions and that's when setting the `$inject` property
+     * is very inconvenient. In these situations using the array notation to specify the dependencies in
+     * a way that survives minification is a better choice:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // We wish to write this (not minification / obfuscation safe)
+     *   injector.invoke(function($compile, $rootScope) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   });
+     *
+     *   // We are forced to write break inlining
+     *   var tmpFn = function(obfuscatedCompile, obfuscatedRootScope) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   };
+     *   tmpFn.$inject = ['$compile', '$rootScope'];
+     *   injector.invoke(tmpFn);
+     *
+     *   // To better support inline function the inline annotation is supported
+     *   injector.invoke(['$compile', '$rootScope', function(obfCompile, obfRootScope) {
+     *     // ...
+     *   }]);
+     *
+     *   // Therefore
+     *   expect(injector.annotate(
+     *      ['$compile', '$rootScope', function(obfus_$compile, obfus_$rootScope) {}])
+     *    ).toEqual(['$compile', '$rootScope']);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param {Function|Array.<string|Function>} fn Function for which dependent service names need to
+     * be retrieved as described above.
+     *
+     * @param {boolean=} [strictDi=false] Disallow argument name annotation inference.
+     *
+     * @returns {Array.<string>} The names of the services which the function requires.
+     */
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $injector#loadNewModules
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * **This is a dangerous API, which you use at your own risk!**
+     *
+     * Add the specified modules to the current injector.
+     *
+     * This method will add each of the injectables to the injector and execute all of the config and run
+     * blocks for each module passed to the method.
+     *
+     * If a module has already been loaded into the injector then it will not be loaded again.
+     *
+     * * The application developer is responsible for loading the code containing the modules; and for
+     * ensuring that lazy scripts are not downloaded and executed more often that desired.
+     * * Previously compiled HTML will not be affected by newly loaded directives, filters and components.
+     * * Modules cannot be unloaded.
+     *
+     * You can use {@link $injector#modules `$injector.modules`} to check whether a module has been loaded
+     * into the injector, which may indicate whether the script has been executed already.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here is an example of loading a bundle of modules, with a utility method called `getScript`:
+     *
+     * ```javascript
+     * app.factory('loadModule', function($injector) {
+     *   return function loadModule(moduleName, bundleUrl) {
+     *     return getScript(bundleUrl).then(function() { $injector.loadNewModules([moduleName]); });
+     *   };
+     * })
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param {Array<String|Function|Array>=} mods an array of modules to load into the application.
+     *     Each item in the array should be the name of a predefined module or a (DI annotated)
+     *     function that will be invoked by the injector as a `config` block.
+     *     See: {@link angular.module modules}
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $provide
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The {@link auto.$provide $provide} service has a number of methods for registering components
+     * with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}. Many of these functions are also exposed on
+     * {@link angular.Module}.
+     *
+     * An AngularJS **service** is a singleton object created by a **service factory**.  These **service
+     * factories** are functions which, in turn, are created by a **service provider**.
+     * The **service providers** are constructor functions. When instantiated they must contain a
+     * property called `$get`, which holds the **service factory** function.
+     *
+     * When you request a service, the {@link auto.$injector $injector} is responsible for finding the
+     * correct **service provider**, instantiating it and then calling its `$get` **service factory**
+     * function to get the instance of the **service**.
+     *
+     * Often services have no configuration options and there is no need to add methods to the service
+     * provider.  The provider will be no more than a constructor function with a `$get` property. For
+     * these cases the {@link auto.$provide $provide} service has additional helper methods to register
+     * services without specifying a provider.
+     *
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#provider provider(name, provider)} - registers a **service provider** with the
+     *     {@link auto.$injector $injector}
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#constant constant(name, obj)} - registers a value/object that can be accessed by
+     *     providers and services.
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#value value(name, obj)} - registers a value/object that can only be accessed by
+     *     services, not providers.
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#factory factory(name, fn)} - registers a service **factory function**
+     *     that will be wrapped in a **service provider** object, whose `$get` property will contain the
+     *     given factory function.
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#service service(name, Fn)} - registers a **constructor function**
+     *     that will be wrapped in a **service provider** object, whose `$get` property will instantiate
+     *      a new object using the given constructor function.
+     * * {@link auto.$provide#decorator decorator(name, decorFn)} - registers a **decorator function** that
+     *      will be able to modify or replace the implementation of another service.
+     *
+     * See the individual methods for more information and examples.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#provider
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **provider function** with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}. Provider functions
+     * are constructor functions, whose instances are responsible for "providing" a factory for a
+     * service.
+     *
+     * Service provider names start with the name of the service they provide followed by `Provider`.
+     * For example, the {@link ng.$log $log} service has a provider called
+     * {@link ng.$logProvider $logProvider}.
+     *
+     * Service provider objects can have additional methods which allow configuration of the provider
+     * and its service. Importantly, you can configure what kind of service is created by the `$get`
+     * method, or how that service will act. For example, the {@link ng.$logProvider $logProvider} has a
+     * method {@link ng.$logProvider#debugEnabled debugEnabled}
+     * which lets you specify whether the {@link ng.$log $log} service will log debug messages to the
+     * console or not.
+     *
+     * It is possible to inject other providers into the provider function,
+     * but the injected provider must have been defined before the one that requires it.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the instance. NOTE: the provider will be available under `name +
+                            'Provider'` key.
+     * @param {(Object|function())} provider If the provider is:
+     *
+     *   - `Object`: then it should have a `$get` method. The `$get` method will be invoked using
+     *     {@link auto.$injector#invoke $injector.invoke()} when an instance needs to be created.
+     *   - `Constructor`: a new instance of the provider will be created using
+     *     {@link auto.$injector#instantiate $injector.instantiate()}, then treated as `object`.
+     *
+     * @returns {Object} registered provider instance
+
+     * @example
+     *
+     * The following example shows how to create a simple event tracking service and register it using
+     * {@link auto.$provide#provider $provide.provider()}.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *  // Define the eventTracker provider
+     *  function EventTrackerProvider() {
+     *    var trackingUrl = '/track';
+     *
+     *    // A provider method for configuring where the tracked events should been saved
+     *    this.setTrackingUrl = function(url) {
+     *      trackingUrl = url;
+     *    };
+     *
+     *    // The service factory function
+     *    this.$get = ['$http', function($http) {
+     *      var trackedEvents = {};
+     *      return {
+     *        // Call this to track an event
+     *        event: function(event) {
+     *          var count = trackedEvents[event] || 0;
+     *          count += 1;
+     *          trackedEvents[event] = count;
+     *          return count;
+     *        },
+     *        // Call this to save the tracked events to the trackingUrl
+     *        save: function() {
+     *          $http.post(trackingUrl, trackedEvents);
+     *        }
+     *      };
+     *    }];
+     *  }
+     *
+     *  describe('eventTracker', function() {
+     *    var postSpy;
+     *
+     *    beforeEach(module(function($provide) {
+     *      // Register the eventTracker provider
+     *      $provide.provider('eventTracker', EventTrackerProvider);
+     *    }));
+     *
+     *    beforeEach(module(function(eventTrackerProvider) {
+     *      // Configure eventTracker provider
+     *      eventTrackerProvider.setTrackingUrl('/custom-track');
+     *    }));
+     *
+     *    it('tracks events', inject(function(eventTracker) {
+     *      expect(eventTracker.event('login')).toEqual(1);
+     *      expect(eventTracker.event('login')).toEqual(2);
+     *    }));
+     *
+     *    it('saves to the tracking url', inject(function(eventTracker, $http) {
+     *      postSpy = spyOn($http, 'post');
+     *      eventTracker.event('login');
+     *      eventTracker.save();
+     *      expect(postSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+     *      expect(postSpy.mostRecentCall.args[0]).not.toEqual('/track');
+     *      expect(postSpy.mostRecentCall.args[0]).toEqual('/custom-track');
+     *      expect(postSpy.mostRecentCall.args[1]).toEqual({ 'login': 1 });
+     *    }));
+     *  });
+     * ```
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#factory
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **service factory**, which will be called to return the service instance.
+     * This is short for registering a service where its provider consists of only a `$get` property,
+     * which is the given service factory function.
+     * You should use {@link auto.$provide#factory $provide.factory(getFn)} if you do not need to
+     * configure your service in a provider.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the instance.
+     * @param {Function|Array.<string|Function>} $getFn The injectable $getFn for the instance creation.
+     *                      Internally this is a short hand for `$provide.provider(name, {$get: $getFn})`.
+     * @returns {Object} registered provider instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here is an example of registering a service
+     * ```js
+     *   $provide.factory('ping', ['$http', function($http) {
+     *     return function ping() {
+     *       return $http.send('/ping');
+     *     };
+     *   }]);
+     * ```
+     * You would then inject and use this service like this:
+     * ```js
+     *   someModule.controller('Ctrl', ['ping', function(ping) {
+     *     ping();
+     *   }]);
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#service
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **service constructor**, which will be invoked with `new` to create the service
+     * instance.
+     * This is short for registering a service where its provider's `$get` property is a factory
+     * function that returns an instance instantiated by the injector from the service constructor
+     * function.
+     *
+     * Internally it looks a bit like this:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * {
+     *   $get: function() {
+     *     return $injector.instantiate(constructor);
+     *   }
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * You should use {@link auto.$provide#service $provide.service(class)} if you define your service
+     * as a type/class.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the instance.
+     * @param {Function|Array.<string|Function>} constructor An injectable class (constructor function)
+     *     that will be instantiated.
+     * @returns {Object} registered provider instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here is an example of registering a service using
+     * {@link auto.$provide#service $provide.service(class)}.
+     * ```js
+     *   var Ping = function($http) {
+     *     this.$http = $http;
+     *   };
+     *
+     *   Ping.$inject = ['$http'];
+     *
+     *   Ping.prototype.send = function() {
+     *     return this.$http.get('/ping');
+     *   };
+     *   $provide.service('ping', Ping);
+     * ```
+     * You would then inject and use this service like this:
+     * ```js
+     *   someModule.controller('Ctrl', ['ping', function(ping) {
+     *     ping.send();
+     *   }]);
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#value
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **value service** with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}, such as a string, a
+     * number, an array, an object or a function. This is short for registering a service where its
+     * provider's `$get` property is a factory function that takes no arguments and returns the **value
+     * service**. That also means it is not possible to inject other services into a value service.
+     *
+     * Value services are similar to constant services, except that they cannot be injected into a
+     * module configuration function (see {@link angular.Module#config}) but they can be overridden by
+     * an AngularJS {@link auto.$provide#decorator decorator}.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the instance.
+     * @param {*} value The value.
+     * @returns {Object} registered provider instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here are some examples of creating value services.
+     * ```js
+     *   $provide.value('ADMIN_USER', 'admin');
+     *
+     *   $provide.value('RoleLookup', { admin: 0, writer: 1, reader: 2 });
+     *
+     *   $provide.value('halfOf', function(value) {
+     *     return value / 2;
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#constant
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **constant service** with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}, such as a string,
+     * a number, an array, an object or a function. Like the {@link auto.$provide#value value}, it is not
+     * possible to inject other services into a constant.
+     *
+     * But unlike {@link auto.$provide#value value}, a constant can be
+     * injected into a module configuration function (see {@link angular.Module#config}) and it cannot
+     * be overridden by an AngularJS {@link auto.$provide#decorator decorator}.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the constant.
+     * @param {*} value The constant value.
+     * @returns {Object} registered instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here a some examples of creating constants:
+     * ```js
+     *   $provide.constant('SHARD_HEIGHT', 306);
+     *
+     *   $provide.constant('MY_COLOURS', ['red', 'blue', 'grey']);
+     *
+     *   $provide.constant('double', function(value) {
+     *     return value * 2;
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $provide#decorator
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Register a **decorator function** with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}. A decorator function
+     * intercepts the creation of a service, allowing it to override or modify the behavior of the
+     * service. The return value of the decorator function may be the original service, or a new service
+     * that replaces (or wraps and delegates to) the original service.
+     *
+     * You can find out more about using decorators in the {@link guide/decorators} guide.
+     *
+     * @param {string} name The name of the service to decorate.
+     * @param {Function|Array.<string|Function>} decorator This function will be invoked when the service needs to be
+     *    provided and should return the decorated service instance. The function is called using
+     *    the {@link auto.$injector#invoke injector.invoke} method and is therefore fully injectable.
+     *    Local injection arguments:
+     *
+     *    * `$delegate` - The original service instance, which can be replaced, monkey patched, configured,
+     *      decorated or delegated to.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here we decorate the {@link ng.$log $log} service to convert warnings to errors by intercepting
+     * calls to {@link ng.$log#error $log.warn()}.
+     * ```js
+     *   $provide.decorator('$log', ['$delegate', function($delegate) {
+     *     $delegate.warn = $delegate.error;
+     *     return $delegate;
+     *   }]);
+     * ```
+     */
+
+
+    function createInjector(modulesToLoad, strictDi) {
+        strictDi = (strictDi === true);
+        var INSTANTIATING = {},
+            providerSuffix = 'Provider',
+            path = [],
+            loadedModules = new NgMap(),
+            providerCache = {
+                $provide: {
+                    provider: supportObject(provider),
+                    factory: supportObject(factory),
+                    service: supportObject(service),
+                    value: supportObject(value),
+                    constant: supportObject(constant),
+                    decorator: decorator
+                }
+            },
+            providerInjector = (providerCache.$injector =
+                createInternalInjector(providerCache, function (serviceName, caller) {
+                    if (angular.isString(caller)) {
+                        path.push(caller);
+                    }
+                    throw $injectorMinErr('unpr', 'Unknown provider: {0}', path.join(' <- '));
+                })),
+            instanceCache = {},
+            protoInstanceInjector =
+            createInternalInjector(instanceCache, function (serviceName, caller) {
+                var provider = providerInjector.get(serviceName + providerSuffix, caller);
+                return instanceInjector.invoke(
+                    provider.$get, provider, undefined, serviceName);
+            }),
+            instanceInjector = protoInstanceInjector;
+
+        providerCache['$injector' + providerSuffix] = {
+            $get: valueFn(protoInstanceInjector)
+        };
+        instanceInjector.modules = providerInjector.modules = createMap();
+        var runBlocks = loadModules(modulesToLoad);
+        instanceInjector = protoInstanceInjector.get('$injector');
+        instanceInjector.strictDi = strictDi;
+        forEach(runBlocks, function (fn) {
+            if (fn) instanceInjector.invoke(fn);
+        });
+
+        instanceInjector.loadNewModules = function (mods) {
+            forEach(loadModules(mods), function (fn) {
+                if (fn) instanceInjector.invoke(fn);
+            });
+        };
+
+
+        return instanceInjector;
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+        // $provider
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+
+        function supportObject(delegate) {
+            return function (key, value) {
+                if (isObject(key)) {
+                    forEach(key, reverseParams(delegate));
+                } else {
+                    return delegate(key, value);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        function provider(name, provider_) {
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'service');
+            if (isFunction(provider_) || isArray(provider_)) {
+                provider_ = providerInjector.instantiate(provider_);
+            }
+            if (!provider_.$get) {
+                throw $injectorMinErr('pget', 'Provider \'{0}\' must define $get factory method.', name);
+            }
+            return (providerCache[name + providerSuffix] = provider_);
+        }
+
+        function enforceReturnValue(name, factory) {
+            return /** @this */ function enforcedReturnValue() {
+                var result = instanceInjector.invoke(factory, this);
+                if (isUndefined(result)) {
+                    throw $injectorMinErr('undef', 'Provider \'{0}\' must return a value from $get factory method.', name);
+                }
+                return result;
+            };
+        }
+
+        function factory(name, factoryFn, enforce) {
+            return provider(name, {
+                $get: enforce !== false ? enforceReturnValue(name, factoryFn) : factoryFn
+            });
+        }
+
+        function service(name, constructor) {
+            return factory(name, ['$injector', function ($injector) {
+                return $injector.instantiate(constructor);
+            }]);
+        }
+
+        function value(name, val) {
+            return factory(name, valueFn(val), false);
+        }
+
+        function constant(name, value) {
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'constant');
+            providerCache[name] = value;
+            instanceCache[name] = value;
+        }
+
+        function decorator(serviceName, decorFn) {
+            var origProvider = providerInjector.get(serviceName + providerSuffix),
+                orig$get = origProvider.$get;
+
+            origProvider.$get = function () {
+                var origInstance = instanceInjector.invoke(orig$get, origProvider);
+                return instanceInjector.invoke(decorFn, null, {
+                    $delegate: origInstance
+                });
+            };
+        }
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+        // Module Loading
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+        function loadModules(modulesToLoad) {
+            assertArg(isUndefined(modulesToLoad) || isArray(modulesToLoad), 'modulesToLoad', 'not an array');
+            var runBlocks = [],
+                moduleFn;
+            forEach(modulesToLoad, function (module) {
+                if (loadedModules.get(module)) return;
+                loadedModules.set(module, true);
+
+                function runInvokeQueue(queue) {
+                    var i, ii;
+                    for (i = 0, ii = queue.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                        var invokeArgs = queue[i],
+                            provider = providerInjector.get(invokeArgs[0]);
+
+                        provider[invokeArgs[1]].apply(provider, invokeArgs[2]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    if (isString(module)) {
+                        moduleFn = angularModule(module);
+                        instanceInjector.modules[module] = moduleFn;
+                        runBlocks = runBlocks.concat(loadModules(moduleFn.requires)).concat(moduleFn._runBlocks);
+                        runInvokeQueue(moduleFn._invokeQueue);
+                        runInvokeQueue(moduleFn._configBlocks);
+                    } else if (isFunction(module)) {
+                        runBlocks.push(providerInjector.invoke(module));
+                    } else if (isArray(module)) {
+                        runBlocks.push(providerInjector.invoke(module));
+                    } else {
+                        assertArgFn(module, 'module');
+                    }
+                } catch (e) {
+                    if (isArray(module)) {
+                        module = module[module.length - 1];
+                    }
+                    if (e.message && e.stack && e.stack.indexOf(e.message) === -1) {
+                        // Safari & FF's stack traces don't contain error.message content
+                        // unlike those of Chrome and IE
+                        // So if stack doesn't contain message, we create a new string that contains both.
+                        // Since error.stack is read-only in Safari, I'm overriding e and not e.stack here.
+                        // eslint-disable-next-line no-ex-assign
+                        e = e.message + '\n' + e.stack;
+                    }
+                    throw $injectorMinErr('modulerr', 'Failed to instantiate module {0} due to:\n{1}',
+                        module, e.stack || e.message || e);
+                }
+            });
+            return runBlocks;
+        }
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+        // internal Injector
+        ////////////////////////////////////
+
+        function createInternalInjector(cache, factory) {
+
+            function getService(serviceName, caller) {
+                if (cache.hasOwnProperty(serviceName)) {
+                    if (cache[serviceName] === INSTANTIATING) {
+                        throw $injectorMinErr('cdep', 'Circular dependency found: {0}',
+                            serviceName + ' <- ' + path.join(' <- '));
+                    }
+                    return cache[serviceName];
+                } else {
+                    try {
+                        path.unshift(serviceName);
+                        cache[serviceName] = INSTANTIATING;
+                        cache[serviceName] = factory(serviceName, caller);
+                        return cache[serviceName];
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        if (cache[serviceName] === INSTANTIATING) {
+                            delete cache[serviceName];
+                        }
+                        throw err;
+                    } finally {
+                        path.shift();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            function injectionArgs(fn, locals, serviceName) {
+                var args = [],
+                    $inject = createInjector.$$annotate(fn, strictDi, serviceName);
+
+                for (var i = 0, length = $inject.length; i < length; i++) {
+                    var key = $inject[i];
+                    if (typeof key !== 'string') {
+                        throw $injectorMinErr('itkn',
+                            'Incorrect injection token! Expected service name as string, got {0}', key);
+                    }
+                    args.push(locals && locals.hasOwnProperty(key) ? locals[key] :
+                        getService(key, serviceName));
+                }
+                return args;
+            }
+
+            function isClass(func) {
+                // Support: IE 9-11 only
+                // IE 9-11 do not support classes and IE9 leaks with the code below.
+                if (msie || typeof func !== 'function') {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                var result = func.$$ngIsClass;
+                if (!isBoolean(result)) {
+                    // Support: Edge 12-13 only
+                    // See: https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/issues/6156135/
+                    result = func.$$ngIsClass = /^(?:class\b|constructor\()/.test(stringifyFn(func));
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            function invoke(fn, self, locals, serviceName) {
+                if (typeof locals === 'string') {
+                    serviceName = locals;
+                    locals = null;
+                }
+
+                var args = injectionArgs(fn, locals, serviceName);
+                if (isArray(fn)) {
+                    fn = fn[fn.length - 1];
+                }
+
+                if (!isClass(fn)) {
+                    // http://jsperf.com/angularjs-invoke-apply-vs-switch
+                    // #5388
+                    return fn.apply(self, args);
+                } else {
+                    args.unshift(null);
+                    return new(Function.prototype.bind.apply(fn, args))();
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            function instantiate(Type, locals, serviceName) {
+                // Check if Type is annotated and use just the given function at n-1 as parameter
+                // e.g. someModule.factory('greeter', ['$window', function(renamed$window) {}]);
+                var ctor = (isArray(Type) ? Type[Type.length - 1] : Type);
+                var args = injectionArgs(Type, locals, serviceName);
+                // Empty object at position 0 is ignored for invocation with `new`, but required.
+                args.unshift(null);
+                return new(Function.prototype.bind.apply(ctor, args))();
+            }
+
+
+            return {
+                invoke: invoke,
+                instantiate: instantiate,
+                get: getService,
+                annotate: createInjector.$$annotate,
+                has: function (name) {
+                    return providerCache.hasOwnProperty(name + providerSuffix) || cache.hasOwnProperty(name);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    createInjector.$$annotate = annotate;
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $anchorScrollProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Use `$anchorScrollProvider` to disable automatic scrolling whenever
+     * {@link ng.$location#hash $location.hash()} changes.
+     */
+    function $AnchorScrollProvider() {
+
+        var autoScrollingEnabled = true;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $anchorScrollProvider#disableAutoScrolling
+         *
+         * @description
+         * By default, {@link ng.$anchorScroll $anchorScroll()} will automatically detect changes to
+         * {@link ng.$location#hash $location.hash()} and scroll to the element matching the new hash.<br />
+         * Use this method to disable automatic scrolling.
+         *
+         * If automatic scrolling is disabled, one must explicitly call
+         * {@link ng.$anchorScroll $anchorScroll()} in order to scroll to the element related to the
+         * current hash.
+         */
+        this.disableAutoScrolling = function () {
+            autoScrollingEnabled = false;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc service
+         * @name $anchorScroll
+         * @kind function
+         * @requires $window
+         * @requires $location
+         * @requires $rootScope
+         *
+         * @description
+         * When called, it scrolls to the element related to the specified `hash` or (if omitted) to the
+         * current value of {@link ng.$location#hash $location.hash()}, according to the rules specified
+         * in the
+         * [HTML5 spec](http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/browsers.html#an-indicated-part-of-the-document).
+         *
+         * It also watches the {@link ng.$location#hash $location.hash()} and automatically scrolls to
+         * match any anchor whenever it changes. This can be disabled by calling
+         * {@link ng.$anchorScrollProvider#disableAutoScrolling $anchorScrollProvider.disableAutoScrolling()}.
+         *
+         * Additionally, you can use its {@link ng.$anchorScroll#yOffset yOffset} property to specify a
+         * vertical scroll-offset (either fixed or dynamic).
+         *
+         * @param {string=} hash The hash specifying the element to scroll to. If omitted, the value of
+         *                       {@link ng.$location#hash $location.hash()} will be used.
+         *
+         * @property {(number|function|jqLite)} yOffset
+         * If set, specifies a vertical scroll-offset. This is often useful when there are fixed
+         * positioned elements at the top of the page, such as navbars, headers etc.
+         *
+         * `yOffset` can be specified in various ways:
+         * - **number**: A fixed number of pixels to be used as offset.<br /><br />
+         * - **function**: A getter function called everytime `$anchorScroll()` is executed. Must return
+         *   a number representing the offset (in pixels).<br /><br />
+         * - **jqLite**: A jqLite/jQuery element to be used for specifying the offset. The distance from
+         *   the top of the page to the element's bottom will be used as offset.<br />
+         *   **Note**: The element will be taken into account only as long as its `position` is set to
+         *   `fixed`. This option is useful, when dealing with responsive navbars/headers that adjust
+         *   their height and/or positioning according to the viewport's size.
+         *
+         * <br />
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * In order for `yOffset` to work properly, scrolling should take place on the document's root and
+         * not some child element.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * @example
+           <example module="anchorScrollExample" name="anchor-scroll">
+             <file name="index.html">
+               <div id="scrollArea" ng-controller="ScrollController">
+                 <a ng-click="gotoBottom()">Go to bottom</a>
+                 <a id="bottom"></a> You're at the bottom!
+               </div>
+             </file>
+             <file name="script.js">
+               angular.module('anchorScrollExample', [])
+                 .controller('ScrollController', ['$scope', '$location', '$anchorScroll',
+                   function($scope, $location, $anchorScroll) {
+                     $scope.gotoBottom = function() {
+                       // set the location.hash to the id of
+                       // the element you wish to scroll to.
+                       $location.hash('bottom');
+
+                       // call $anchorScroll()
+                       $anchorScroll();
+                     };
+                   }]);
+             </file>
+             <file name="style.css">
+               #scrollArea {
+                 height: 280px;
+                 overflow: auto;
+               }
+
+               #bottom {
+                 display: block;
+                 margin-top: 2000px;
+               }
+             </file>
+           </example>
+         *
+         * <hr />
+         * The example below illustrates the use of a vertical scroll-offset (specified as a fixed value).
+         * See {@link ng.$anchorScroll#yOffset $anchorScroll.yOffset} for more details.
+         *
+         * @example
+           <example module="anchorScrollOffsetExample" name="anchor-scroll-offset">
+             <file name="index.html">
+               <div class="fixed-header" ng-controller="headerCtrl">
+                 <a href="" ng-click="gotoAnchor(x)" ng-repeat="x in [1,2,3,4,5]">
+                   Go to anchor {{x}}
+                 </a>
+               </div>
+               <div id="anchor{{x}}" class="anchor" ng-repeat="x in [1,2,3,4,5]">
+                 Anchor {{x}} of 5
+               </div>
+             </file>
+             <file name="script.js">
+               angular.module('anchorScrollOffsetExample', [])
+                 .run(['$anchorScroll', function($anchorScroll) {
+                   $anchorScroll.yOffset = 50;   // always scroll by 50 extra pixels
+                 }])
+                 .controller('headerCtrl', ['$anchorScroll', '$location', '$scope',
+                   function($anchorScroll, $location, $scope) {
+                     $scope.gotoAnchor = function(x) {
+                       var newHash = 'anchor' + x;
+                       if ($location.hash() !== newHash) {
+                         // set the $location.hash to `newHash` and
+                         // $anchorScroll will automatically scroll to it
+                         $location.hash('anchor' + x);
+                       } else {
+                         // call $anchorScroll() explicitly,
+                         // since $location.hash hasn't changed
+                         $anchorScroll();
+                       }
+                     };
+                   }
+                 ]);
+             </file>
+             <file name="style.css">
+               body {
+                 padding-top: 50px;
+               }
+
+               .anchor {
+                 border: 2px dashed DarkOrchid;
+                 padding: 10px 10px 200px 10px;
+               }
+
+               .fixed-header {
+                 background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
+                 height: 50px;
+                 position: fixed;
+                 top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
+               }
+
+               .fixed-header > a {
+                 display: inline-block;
+                 margin: 5px 15px;
+               }
+             </file>
+           </example>
+         */
+        this.$get = ['$window', '$location', '$rootScope', function ($window, $location, $rootScope) {
+            var document = $window.document;
+
+            // Helper function to get first anchor from a NodeList
+            // (using `Array#some()` instead of `angular#forEach()` since it's more performant
+            //  and working in all supported browsers.)
+            function getFirstAnchor(list) {
+                var result = null;
+                Array.prototype.some.call(list, function (element) {
+                    if (nodeName_(element) === 'a') {
+                        result = element;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                });
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            function getYOffset() {
+
+                var offset = scroll.yOffset;
+
+                if (isFunction(offset)) {
+                    offset = offset();
+                } else if (isElement(offset)) {
+                    var elem = offset[0];
+                    var style = $window.getComputedStyle(elem);
+                    if (style.position !== 'fixed') {
+                        offset = 0;
+                    } else {
+                        offset = elem.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;
+                    }
+                } else if (!isNumber(offset)) {
+                    offset = 0;
+                }
+
+                return offset;
+            }
+
+            function scrollTo(elem) {
+                if (elem) {
+                    elem.scrollIntoView();
+
+                    var offset = getYOffset();
+
+                    if (offset) {
+                        // `offset` is the number of pixels we should scroll UP in order to align `elem` properly.
+                        // This is true ONLY if the call to `elem.scrollIntoView()` initially aligns `elem` at the
+                        // top of the viewport.
+                        //
+                        // IF the number of pixels from the top of `elem` to the end of the page's content is less
+                        // than the height of the viewport, then `elem.scrollIntoView()` will align the `elem` some
+                        // way down the page.
+                        //
+                        // This is often the case for elements near the bottom of the page.
+                        //
+                        // In such cases we do not need to scroll the whole `offset` up, just the difference between
+                        // the top of the element and the offset, which is enough to align the top of `elem` at the
+                        // desired position.
+                        var elemTop = elem.getBoundingClientRect().top;
+                        $window.scrollBy(0, elemTop - offset);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    $window.scrollTo(0, 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            function scroll(hash) {
+                // Allow numeric hashes
+                hash = isString(hash) ? hash : isNumber(hash) ? hash.toString() : $location.hash();
+                var elm;
+
+                // empty hash, scroll to the top of the page
+                if (!hash) scrollTo(null);
+
+                // element with given id
+                else if ((elm = document.getElementById(hash))) scrollTo(elm);
+
+                // first anchor with given name :-D
+                else if ((elm = getFirstAnchor(document.getElementsByName(hash)))) scrollTo(elm);
+
+                // no element and hash === 'top', scroll to the top of the page
+                else if (hash === 'top') scrollTo(null);
+            }
+
+            // does not scroll when user clicks on anchor link that is currently on
+            // (no url change, no $location.hash() change), browser native does scroll
+            if (autoScrollingEnabled) {
+                $rootScope.$watch(function autoScrollWatch() {
+                        return $location.hash();
+                    },
+                    function autoScrollWatchAction(newVal, oldVal) {
+                        // skip the initial scroll if $location.hash is empty
+                        if (newVal === oldVal && newVal === '') return;
+
+                        jqLiteDocumentLoaded(function () {
+                            $rootScope.$evalAsync(scroll);
+                        });
+                    });
+            }
+
+            return scroll;
+        }];
+    }
+
+    var $animateMinErr = minErr('$animate');
+    var ELEMENT_NODE = 1;
+    var NG_ANIMATE_CLASSNAME = 'ng-animate';
+
+    function mergeClasses(a, b) {
+        if (!a && !b) return '';
+        if (!a) return b;
+        if (!b) return a;
+        if (isArray(a)) a = a.join(' ');
+        if (isArray(b)) b = b.join(' ');
+        return a + ' ' + b;
+    }
+
+    function extractElementNode(element) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < element.length; i++) {
+            var elm = element[i];
+            if (elm.nodeType === ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                return elm;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function splitClasses(classes) {
+        if (isString(classes)) {
+            classes = classes.split(' ');
+        }
+
+        // Use createMap() to prevent class assumptions involving property names in
+        // Object.prototype
+        var obj = createMap();
+        forEach(classes, function (klass) {
+            // sometimes the split leaves empty string values
+            // incase extra spaces were applied to the options
+            if (klass.length) {
+                obj[klass] = true;
+            }
+        });
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    // if any other type of options value besides an Object value is
+    // passed into the $animate.method() animation then this helper code
+    // will be run which will ignore it. While this patch is not the
+    // greatest solution to this, a lot of existing plugins depend on
+    // $animate to either call the callback (< 1.2) or return a promise
+    // that can be changed. This helper function ensures that the options
+    // are wiped clean incase a callback function is provided.
+    function prepareAnimateOptions(options) {
+        return isObject(options) ?
+            options :
+            {};
+    }
+
+    var $$CoreAnimateJsProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = noop;
+    };
+
+    // this is prefixed with Core since it conflicts with
+    // the animateQueueProvider defined in ngAnimate/animateQueue.js
+    var $$CoreAnimateQueueProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        var postDigestQueue = new NgMap();
+        var postDigestElements = [];
+
+        this.$get = ['$$AnimateRunner', '$rootScope',
+            function ($$AnimateRunner, $rootScope) {
+                return {
+                    enabled: noop,
+                    on: noop,
+                    off: noop,
+                    pin: noop,
+
+                    push: function (element, event, options, domOperation) {
+                        if (domOperation) {
+                            domOperation();
+                        }
+
+                        options = options || {};
+                        if (options.from) {
+                            element.css(options.from);
+                        }
+                        if (options.to) {
+                            element.css(options.to);
+                        }
+
+                        if (options.addClass || options.removeClass) {
+                            addRemoveClassesPostDigest(element, options.addClass, options.removeClass);
+                        }
+
+                        var runner = new $$AnimateRunner();
+
+                        // since there are no animations to run the runner needs to be
+                        // notified that the animation call is complete.
+                        runner.complete();
+                        return runner;
+                    }
+                };
+
+
+                function updateData(data, classes, value) {
+                    var changed = false;
+                    if (classes) {
+                        classes = isString(classes) ? classes.split(' ') :
+                            isArray(classes) ? classes : [];
+                        forEach(classes, function (className) {
+                            if (className) {
+                                changed = true;
+                                data[className] = value;
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                    return changed;
+                }
+
+                function handleCSSClassChanges() {
+                    forEach(postDigestElements, function (element) {
+                        var data = postDigestQueue.get(element);
+                        if (data) {
+                            var existing = splitClasses(element.attr('class'));
+                            var toAdd = '';
+                            var toRemove = '';
+                            forEach(data, function (status, className) {
+                                var hasClass = !!existing[className];
+                                if (status !== hasClass) {
+                                    if (status) {
+                                        toAdd += (toAdd.length ? ' ' : '') + className;
+                                    } else {
+                                        toRemove += (toRemove.length ? ' ' : '') + className;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            });
+
+                            forEach(element, function (elm) {
+                                if (toAdd) {
+                                    jqLiteAddClass(elm, toAdd);
+                                }
+                                if (toRemove) {
+                                    jqLiteRemoveClass(elm, toRemove);
+                                }
+                            });
+                            postDigestQueue.delete(element);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    postDigestElements.length = 0;
+                }
+
+
+                function addRemoveClassesPostDigest(element, add, remove) {
+                    var data = postDigestQueue.get(element) || {};
+
+                    var classesAdded = updateData(data, add, true);
+                    var classesRemoved = updateData(data, remove, false);
+
+                    if (classesAdded || classesRemoved) {
+
+                        postDigestQueue.set(element, data);
+                        postDigestElements.push(element);
+
+                        if (postDigestElements.length === 1) {
+                            $rootScope.$$postDigest(handleCSSClassChanges);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        ];
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $animateProvider
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Default implementation of $animate that doesn't perform any animations, instead just
+     * synchronously performs DOM updates and resolves the returned runner promise.
+     *
+     * In order to enable animations the `ngAnimate` module has to be loaded.
+     *
+     * To see the functional implementation check out `src/ngAnimate/animate.js`.
+     */
+    var $AnimateProvider = ['$provide', /** @this */ function ($provide) {
+        var provider = this;
+        var classNameFilter = null;
+        var customFilter = null;
+
+        this.$$registeredAnimations = Object.create(null);
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $animateProvider#register
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Registers a new injectable animation factory function. The factory function produces the
+         * animation object which contains callback functions for each event that is expected to be
+         * animated.
+         *
+         *   * `eventFn`: `function(element, ... , doneFunction, options)`
+         *   The element to animate, the `doneFunction` and the options fed into the animation. Depending
+         *   on the type of animation additional arguments will be injected into the animation function. The
+         *   list below explains the function signatures for the different animation methods:
+         *
+         *   - setClass: function(element, addedClasses, removedClasses, doneFunction, options)
+         *   - addClass: function(element, addedClasses, doneFunction, options)
+         *   - removeClass: function(element, removedClasses, doneFunction, options)
+         *   - enter, leave, move: function(element, doneFunction, options)
+         *   - animate: function(element, fromStyles, toStyles, doneFunction, options)
+         *
+         *   Make sure to trigger the `doneFunction` once the animation is fully complete.
+         *
+         * ```js
+         *   return {
+         *     //enter, leave, move signature
+         *     eventFn : function(element, done, options) {
+         *       //code to run the animation
+         *       //once complete, then run done()
+         *       return function endFunction(wasCancelled) {
+         *         //code to cancel the animation
+         *       }
+         *     }
+         *   }
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {string} name The name of the animation (this is what the class-based CSS value will be compared to).
+         * @param {Function} factory The factory function that will be executed to return the animation
+         *                           object.
+         */
+        this.register = function (name, factory) {
+            if (name && name.charAt(0) !== '.') {
+                throw $animateMinErr('notcsel', 'Expecting class selector starting with \'.\' got \'{0}\'.', name);
+            }
+
+            var key = name + '-animation';
+            provider.$$registeredAnimations[name.substr(1)] = key;
+            $provide.factory(key, factory);
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $animateProvider#customFilter
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets and/or returns the custom filter function that is used to "filter" animations, i.e.
+         * determine if an animation is allowed or not. When no filter is specified (the default), no
+         * animation will be blocked. Setting the `customFilter` value will only allow animations for
+         * which the filter function's return value is truthy.
+         *
+         * This allows to easily create arbitrarily complex rules for filtering animations, such as
+         * allowing specific events only, or enabling animations on specific subtrees of the DOM, etc.
+         * Filtering animations can also boost performance for low-powered devices, as well as
+         * applications containing a lot of structural operations.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-success">
+         *   **Best Practice:**
+         *   Keep the filtering function as lean as possible, because it will be called for each DOM
+         *   action (e.g. insertion, removal, class change) performed by "animation-aware" directives.
+         *   See {@link guide/animations#which-directives-support-animations- here} for a list of built-in
+         *   directives that support animations.
+         *   Performing computationally expensive or time-consuming operations on each call of the
+         *   filtering function can make your animations sluggish.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * **Note:** If present, `customFilter` will be checked before
+         * {@link $animateProvider#classNameFilter classNameFilter}.
+         *
+         * @param {Function=} filterFn - The filter function which will be used to filter all animations.
+         *   If a falsy value is returned, no animation will be performed. The function will be called
+         *   with the following arguments:
+         *   - **node** `{DOMElement}` - The DOM element to be animated.
+         *   - **event** `{String}` - The name of the animation event (e.g. `enter`, `leave`, `addClass`
+         *     etc).
+         *   - **options** `{Object}` - A collection of options/styles used for the animation.
+         * @return {Function} The current filter function or `null` if there is none set.
+         */
+        this.customFilter = function (filterFn) {
+            if (arguments.length === 1) {
+                customFilter = isFunction(filterFn) ? filterFn : null;
+            }
+
+            return customFilter;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $animateProvider#classNameFilter
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets and/or returns the CSS class regular expression that is checked when performing
+         * an animation. Upon bootstrap the classNameFilter value is not set at all and will
+         * therefore enable $animate to attempt to perform an animation on any element that is triggered.
+         * When setting the `classNameFilter` value, animations will only be performed on elements
+         * that successfully match the filter expression. This in turn can boost performance
+         * for low-powered devices as well as applications containing a lot of structural operations.
+         *
+         * **Note:** If present, `classNameFilter` will be checked after
+         * {@link $animateProvider#customFilter customFilter}. If `customFilter` is present and returns
+         * false, `classNameFilter` will not be checked.
+         *
+         * @param {RegExp=} expression The className expression which will be checked against all animations
+         * @return {RegExp} The current CSS className expression value. If null then there is no expression value
+         */
+        this.classNameFilter = function (expression) {
+            if (arguments.length === 1) {
+                classNameFilter = (expression instanceof RegExp) ? expression : null;
+                if (classNameFilter) {
+                    var reservedRegex = new RegExp('[(\\s|\\/)]' + NG_ANIMATE_CLASSNAME + '[(\\s|\\/)]');
+                    if (reservedRegex.test(classNameFilter.toString())) {
+                        classNameFilter = null;
+                        throw $animateMinErr('nongcls', '$animateProvider.classNameFilter(regex) prohibits accepting a regex value which matches/contains the "{0}" CSS class.', NG_ANIMATE_CLASSNAME);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return classNameFilter;
+        };
+
+        this.$get = ['$$animateQueue', function ($$animateQueue) {
+            function domInsert(element, parentElement, afterElement) {
+                // if for some reason the previous element was removed
+                // from the dom sometime before this code runs then let's
+                // just stick to using the parent element as the anchor
+                if (afterElement) {
+                    var afterNode = extractElementNode(afterElement);
+                    if (afterNode && !afterNode.parentNode && !afterNode.previousElementSibling) {
+                        afterElement = null;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (afterElement) {
+                    afterElement.after(element);
+                } else {
+                    parentElement.prepend(element);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc service
+             * @name $animate
+             * @description The $animate service exposes a series of DOM utility methods that provide support
+             * for animation hooks. The default behavior is the application of DOM operations, however,
+             * when an animation is detected (and animations are enabled), $animate will do the heavy lifting
+             * to ensure that animation runs with the triggered DOM operation.
+             *
+             * By default $animate doesn't trigger any animations. This is because the `ngAnimate` module isn't
+             * included and only when it is active then the animation hooks that `$animate` triggers will be
+             * functional. Once active then all structural `ng-` directives will trigger animations as they perform
+             * their DOM-related operations (enter, leave and move). Other directives such as `ngClass`,
+             * `ngShow`, `ngHide` and `ngMessages` also provide support for animations.
+             *
+             * It is recommended that the`$animate` service is always used when executing DOM-related procedures within directives.
+             *
+             * To learn more about enabling animation support, click here to visit the
+             * {@link ngAnimate ngAnimate module page}.
+             */
+            return {
+                // we don't call it directly since non-existant arguments may
+                // be interpreted as null within the sub enabled function
+
+                /**
+                 *
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#on
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Sets up an event listener to fire whenever the animation event (enter, leave, move, etc...)
+                 *    has fired on the given element or among any of its children. Once the listener is fired, the provided callback
+                 *    is fired with the following params:
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 * $animate.on('enter', container,
+                 *    function callback(element, phase) {
+                 *      // cool we detected an enter animation within the container
+                 *    }
+                 * );
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} event the animation event that will be captured (e.g. enter, leave, move, addClass, removeClass, etc...)
+                 * @param {DOMElement} container the container element that will capture each of the animation events that are fired on itself
+                 *     as well as among its children
+                 * @param {Function} callback the callback function that will be fired when the listener is triggered
+                 *
+                 * The arguments present in the callback function are:
+                 * * `element` - The captured DOM element that the animation was fired on.
+                 * * `phase` - The phase of the animation. The two possible phases are **start** (when the animation starts) and **close** (when it ends).
+                 */
+                on: $$animateQueue.on,
+
+                /**
+                 *
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#off
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Deregisters an event listener based on the event which has been associated with the provided element. This method
+                 * can be used in three different ways depending on the arguments:
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 * // remove all the animation event listeners listening for `enter`
+                 * $animate.off('enter');
+                 *
+                 * // remove listeners for all animation events from the container element
+                 * $animate.off(container);
+                 *
+                 * // remove all the animation event listeners listening for `enter` on the given element and its children
+                 * $animate.off('enter', container);
+                 *
+                 * // remove the event listener function provided by `callback` that is set
+                 * // to listen for `enter` on the given `container` as well as its children
+                 * $animate.off('enter', container, callback);
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * @param {string|DOMElement} event|container the animation event (e.g. enter, leave, move,
+                 * addClass, removeClass, etc...), or the container element. If it is the element, all other
+                 * arguments are ignored.
+                 * @param {DOMElement=} container the container element the event listener was placed on
+                 * @param {Function=} callback the callback function that was registered as the listener
+                 */
+                off: $$animateQueue.off,
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#pin
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Associates the provided element with a host parent element to allow the element to be animated even if it exists
+                 *    outside of the DOM structure of the AngularJS application. By doing so, any animation triggered via `$animate` can be issued on the
+                 *    element despite being outside the realm of the application or within another application. Say for example if the application
+                 *    was bootstrapped on an element that is somewhere inside of the `<body>` tag, but we wanted to allow for an element to be situated
+                 *    as a direct child of `document.body`, then this can be achieved by pinning the element via `$animate.pin(element)`. Keep in mind
+                 *    that calling `$animate.pin(element, parentElement)` will not actually insert into the DOM anywhere; it will just create the association.
+                 *
+                 *    Note that this feature is only active when the `ngAnimate` module is used.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the external element that will be pinned
+                 * @param {DOMElement} parentElement the host parent element that will be associated with the external element
+                 */
+                pin: $$animateQueue.pin,
+
+                /**
+                 *
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#enabled
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Used to get and set whether animations are enabled or not on the entire application or on an element and its children. This
+                 * function can be called in four ways:
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 * // returns true or false
+                 * $animate.enabled();
+                 *
+                 * // changes the enabled state for all animations
+                 * $animate.enabled(false);
+                 * $animate.enabled(true);
+                 *
+                 * // returns true or false if animations are enabled for an element
+                 * $animate.enabled(element);
+                 *
+                 * // changes the enabled state for an element and its children
+                 * $animate.enabled(element, true);
+                 * $animate.enabled(element, false);
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement=} element the element that will be considered for checking/setting the enabled state
+                 * @param {boolean=} enabled whether or not the animations will be enabled for the element
+                 *
+                 * @return {boolean} whether or not animations are enabled
+                 */
+                enabled: $$animateQueue.enabled,
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#cancel
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Cancels the provided animation.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Promise} animationPromise The animation promise that is returned when an animation is started.
+                 */
+                cancel: function (runner) {
+                    if (runner.end) {
+                        runner.end();
+                    }
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 *
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#enter
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Inserts the element into the DOM either after the `after` element (if provided) or
+                 *   as the first child within the `parent` element and then triggers an animation.
+                 *   A promise is returned that will be resolved during the next digest once the animation
+                 *   has completed.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which will be inserted into the DOM
+                 * @param {DOMElement} parent the parent element which will append the element as
+                 *   a child (so long as the after element is not present)
+                 * @param {DOMElement=} after the sibling element after which the element will be appended
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                enter: function (element, parent, after, options) {
+                    parent = parent && jqLite(parent);
+                    after = after && jqLite(after);
+                    parent = parent || after.parent();
+                    domInsert(element, parent, after);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'enter', prepareAnimateOptions(options));
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 *
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#move
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Inserts (moves) the element into its new position in the DOM either after
+                 *   the `after` element (if provided) or as the first child within the `parent` element
+                 *   and then triggers an animation. A promise is returned that will be resolved
+                 *   during the next digest once the animation has completed.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which will be moved into the new DOM position
+                 * @param {DOMElement} parent the parent element which will append the element as
+                 *   a child (so long as the after element is not present)
+                 * @param {DOMElement=} after the sibling element after which the element will be appended
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                move: function (element, parent, after, options) {
+                    parent = parent && jqLite(parent);
+                    after = after && jqLite(after);
+                    parent = parent || after.parent();
+                    domInsert(element, parent, after);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'move', prepareAnimateOptions(options));
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#leave
+                 * @kind function
+                 * @description Triggers an animation and then removes the element from the DOM.
+                 * When the function is called a promise is returned that will be resolved during the next
+                 * digest once the animation has completed.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which will be removed from the DOM
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                leave: function (element, options) {
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'leave', prepareAnimateOptions(options), function () {
+                        element.remove();
+                    });
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#addClass
+                 * @kind function
+                 *
+                 * @description Triggers an addClass animation surrounding the addition of the provided CSS class(es). Upon
+                 *   execution, the addClass operation will only be handled after the next digest and it will not trigger an
+                 *   animation if element already contains the CSS class or if the class is removed at a later step.
+                 *   Note that class-based animations are treated differently compared to structural animations
+                 *   (like enter, move and leave) since the CSS classes may be added/removed at different points
+                 *   depending if CSS or JavaScript animations are used.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which the CSS classes will be applied to
+                 * @param {string} className the CSS class(es) that will be added (multiple classes are separated via spaces)
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                addClass: function (element, className, options) {
+                    options = prepareAnimateOptions(options);
+                    options.addClass = mergeClasses(options.addclass, className);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'addClass', options);
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#removeClass
+                 * @kind function
+                 *
+                 * @description Triggers a removeClass animation surrounding the removal of the provided CSS class(es). Upon
+                 *   execution, the removeClass operation will only be handled after the next digest and it will not trigger an
+                 *   animation if element does not contain the CSS class or if the class is added at a later step.
+                 *   Note that class-based animations are treated differently compared to structural animations
+                 *   (like enter, move and leave) since the CSS classes may be added/removed at different points
+                 *   depending if CSS or JavaScript animations are used.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which the CSS classes will be applied to
+                 * @param {string} className the CSS class(es) that will be removed (multiple classes are separated via spaces)
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                removeClass: function (element, className, options) {
+                    options = prepareAnimateOptions(options);
+                    options.removeClass = mergeClasses(options.removeClass, className);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'removeClass', options);
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#setClass
+                 * @kind function
+                 *
+                 * @description Performs both the addition and removal of a CSS classes on an element and (during the process)
+                 *    triggers an animation surrounding the class addition/removal. Much like `$animate.addClass` and
+                 *    `$animate.removeClass`, `setClass` will only evaluate the classes being added/removed once a digest has
+                 *    passed. Note that class-based animations are treated differently compared to structural animations
+                 *    (like enter, move and leave) since the CSS classes may be added/removed at different points
+                 *    depending if CSS or JavaScript animations are used.
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which the CSS classes will be applied to
+                 * @param {string} add the CSS class(es) that will be added (multiple classes are separated via spaces)
+                 * @param {string} remove the CSS class(es) that will be removed (multiple classes are separated via spaces)
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                setClass: function (element, add, remove, options) {
+                    options = prepareAnimateOptions(options);
+                    options.addClass = mergeClasses(options.addClass, add);
+                    options.removeClass = mergeClasses(options.removeClass, remove);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'setClass', options);
+                },
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $animate#animate
+                 * @kind function
+                 *
+                 * @description Performs an inline animation on the element which applies the provided to and from CSS styles to the element.
+                 * If any detected CSS transition, keyframe or JavaScript matches the provided className value, then the animation will take
+                 * on the provided styles. For example, if a transition animation is set for the given className, then the provided `from` and
+                 * `to` styles will be applied alongside the given transition. If the CSS style provided in `from` does not have a corresponding
+                 * style in `to`, the style in `from` is applied immediately, and no animation is run.
+                 * If a JavaScript animation is detected then the provided styles will be given in as function parameters into the `animate`
+                 * method (or as part of the `options` parameter):
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 * ngModule.animation('.my-inline-animation', function() {
+                 *   return {
+                 *     animate : function(element, from, to, done, options) {
+                 *       //animation
+                 *       done();
+                 *     }
+                 *   }
+                 * });
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * @param {DOMElement} element the element which the CSS styles will be applied to
+                 * @param {object} from the from (starting) CSS styles that will be applied to the element and across the animation.
+                 * @param {object} to the to (destination) CSS styles that will be applied to the element and across the animation.
+                 * @param {string=} className an optional CSS class that will be applied to the element for the duration of the animation. If
+                 *    this value is left as empty then a CSS class of `ng-inline-animate` will be applied to the element.
+                 *    (Note that if no animation is detected then this value will not be applied to the element.)
+                 * @param {object=} options an optional collection of options/styles that will be applied to the element.
+                 *   The object can have the following properties:
+                 *
+                 *   - **addClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to add to element
+                 *   - **from** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at the beginning of animation. Must have matching `to`
+                 *   - **removeClass** - `{string}` - space-separated CSS classes to remove from element
+                 *   - **to** - `{Object}` - CSS properties & values at end of animation. Must have matching `from`
+                 *
+                 * @return {Promise} the animation callback promise
+                 */
+                animate: function (element, from, to, className, options) {
+                    options = prepareAnimateOptions(options);
+                    options.from = options.from ? extend(options.from, from) : from;
+                    options.to = options.to ? extend(options.to, to) : to;
+
+                    className = className || 'ng-inline-animate';
+                    options.tempClasses = mergeClasses(options.tempClasses, className);
+                    return $$animateQueue.push(element, 'animate', options);
+                }
+            };
+        }];
+    }];
+
+    var $$AnimateAsyncRunFactoryProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = ['$$rAF', function ($$rAF) {
+            var waitQueue = [];
+
+            function waitForTick(fn) {
+                waitQueue.push(fn);
+                if (waitQueue.length > 1) return;
+                $$rAF(function () {
+                    for (var i = 0; i < waitQueue.length; i++) {
+                        waitQueue[i]();
+                    }
+                    waitQueue = [];
+                });
+            }
+
+            return function () {
+                var passed = false;
+                waitForTick(function () {
+                    passed = true;
+                });
+                return function (callback) {
+                    if (passed) {
+                        callback();
+                    } else {
+                        waitForTick(callback);
+                    }
+                };
+            };
+        }];
+    };
+
+    var $$AnimateRunnerFactoryProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = ['$q', '$sniffer', '$$animateAsyncRun', '$$isDocumentHidden', '$timeout',
+            function ($q, $sniffer, $$animateAsyncRun, $$isDocumentHidden, $timeout) {
+
+                var INITIAL_STATE = 0;
+                var DONE_PENDING_STATE = 1;
+                var DONE_COMPLETE_STATE = 2;
+
+                AnimateRunner.chain = function (chain, callback) {
+                    var index = 0;
+
+                    next();
+
+                    function next() {
+                        if (index === chain.length) {
+                            callback(true);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        chain[index](function (response) {
+                            if (response === false) {
+                                callback(false);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            index++;
+                            next();
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                AnimateRunner.all = function (runners, callback) {
+                    var count = 0;
+                    var status = true;
+                    forEach(runners, function (runner) {
+                        runner.done(onProgress);
+                    });
+
+                    function onProgress(response) {
+                        status = status && response;
+                        if (++count === runners.length) {
+                            callback(status);
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                function AnimateRunner(host) {
+                    this.setHost(host);
+
+                    var rafTick = $$animateAsyncRun();
+                    var timeoutTick = function (fn) {
+                        $timeout(fn, 0, false);
+                    };
+
+                    this._doneCallbacks = [];
+                    this._tick = function (fn) {
+                        if ($$isDocumentHidden()) {
+                            timeoutTick(fn);
+                        } else {
+                            rafTick(fn);
+                        }
+                    };
+                    this._state = 0;
+                }
+
+                AnimateRunner.prototype = {
+                    setHost: function (host) {
+                        this.host = host || {};
+                    },
+
+                    done: function (fn) {
+                        if (this._state === DONE_COMPLETE_STATE) {
+                            fn();
+                        } else {
+                            this._doneCallbacks.push(fn);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    progress: noop,
+
+                    getPromise: function () {
+                        if (!this.promise) {
+                            var self = this;
+                            this.promise = $q(function (resolve, reject) {
+                                self.done(function (status) {
+                                    if (status === false) {
+                                        reject();
+                                    } else {
+                                        resolve();
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            });
+                        }
+                        return this.promise;
+                    },
+
+                    then: function (resolveHandler, rejectHandler) {
+                        return this.getPromise().then(resolveHandler, rejectHandler);
+                    },
+
+                    'catch': function (handler) {
+                        return this.getPromise()['catch'](handler);
+                    },
+
+                    'finally': function (handler) {
+                        return this.getPromise()['finally'](handler);
+                    },
+
+                    pause: function () {
+                        if (this.host.pause) {
+                            this.host.pause();
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    resume: function () {
+                        if (this.host.resume) {
+                            this.host.resume();
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    end: function () {
+                        if (this.host.end) {
+                            this.host.end();
+                        }
+                        this._resolve(true);
+                    },
+
+                    cancel: function () {
+                        if (this.host.cancel) {
+                            this.host.cancel();
+                        }
+                        this._resolve(false);
+                    },
+
+                    complete: function (response) {
+                        var self = this;
+                        if (self._state === INITIAL_STATE) {
+                            self._state = DONE_PENDING_STATE;
+                            self._tick(function () {
+                                self._resolve(response);
+                            });
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    _resolve: function (response) {
+                        if (this._state !== DONE_COMPLETE_STATE) {
+                            forEach(this._doneCallbacks, function (fn) {
+                                fn(response);
+                            });
+                            this._doneCallbacks.length = 0;
+                            this._state = DONE_COMPLETE_STATE;
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return AnimateRunner;
+            }
+        ];
+    };
+
+    /* exported $CoreAnimateCssProvider */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $animateCss
+     * @kind object
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * This is the core version of `$animateCss`. By default, only when the `ngAnimate` is included,
+     * then the `$animateCss` service will actually perform animations.
+     *
+     * Click here {@link ngAnimate.$animateCss to read the documentation for $animateCss}.
+     */
+    var $CoreAnimateCssProvider = function () {
+        this.$get = ['$$rAF', '$q', '$$AnimateRunner', function ($$rAF, $q, $$AnimateRunner) {
+
+            return function (element, initialOptions) {
+                // all of the animation functions should create
+                // a copy of the options data, however, if a
+                // parent service has already created a copy then
+                // we should stick to using that
+                var options = initialOptions || {};
+                if (!options.$$prepared) {
+                    options = copy(options);
+                }
+
+                // there is no point in applying the styles since
+                // there is no animation that goes on at all in
+                // this version of $animateCss.
+                if (options.cleanupStyles) {
+                    options.from = options.to = null;
+                }
+
+                if (options.from) {
+                    element.css(options.from);
+                    options.from = null;
+                }
+
+                var closed, runner = new $$AnimateRunner();
+                return {
+                    start: run,
+                    end: run
+                };
+
+                function run() {
+                    $$rAF(function () {
+                        applyAnimationContents();
+                        if (!closed) {
+                            runner.complete();
+                        }
+                        closed = true;
+                    });
+                    return runner;
+                }
+
+                function applyAnimationContents() {
+                    if (options.addClass) {
+                        element.addClass(options.addClass);
+                        options.addClass = null;
+                    }
+                    if (options.removeClass) {
+                        element.removeClass(options.removeClass);
+                        options.removeClass = null;
+                    }
+                    if (options.to) {
+                        element.css(options.to);
+                        options.to = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }];
+    };
+
+    /* global stripHash: true */
+
+    /**
+     * ! This is a private undocumented service !
+     *
+     * @name $browser
+     * @requires $log
+     * @description
+     * This object has two goals:
+     *
+     * - hide all the global state in the browser caused by the window object
+     * - abstract away all the browser specific features and inconsistencies
+     *
+     * For tests we provide {@link ngMock.$browser mock implementation} of the `$browser`
+     * service, which can be used for convenient testing of the application without the interaction with
+     * the real browser apis.
+     */
+    /**
+     * @param {object} window The global window object.
+     * @param {object} document jQuery wrapped document.
+     * @param {object} $log window.console or an object with the same interface.
+     * @param {object} $sniffer $sniffer service
+     */
+    function Browser(window, document, $log, $sniffer) {
+        var self = this,
+            location = window.location,
+            history = window.history,
+            setTimeout = window.setTimeout,
+            clearTimeout = window.clearTimeout,
+            pendingDeferIds = {};
+
+        self.isMock = false;
+
+        var outstandingRequestCount = 0;
+        var outstandingRequestCallbacks = [];
+
+        // TODO(vojta): remove this temporary api
+        self.$$completeOutstandingRequest = completeOutstandingRequest;
+        self.$$incOutstandingRequestCount = function () {
+            outstandingRequestCount++;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Executes the `fn` function(supports currying) and decrements the `outstandingRequestCallbacks`
+         * counter. If the counter reaches 0, all the `outstandingRequestCallbacks` are executed.
+         */
+        function completeOutstandingRequest(fn) {
+            try {
+                fn.apply(null, sliceArgs(arguments, 1));
+            } finally {
+                outstandingRequestCount--;
+                if (outstandingRequestCount === 0) {
+                    while (outstandingRequestCallbacks.length) {
+                        try {
+                            outstandingRequestCallbacks.pop()();
+                        } catch (e) {
+                            $log.error(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        function getHash(url) {
+            var index = url.indexOf('#');
+            return index === -1 ? '' : url.substr(index);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @private
+         * TODO(vojta): prefix this method with $$ ?
+         * @param {function()} callback Function that will be called when no outstanding request
+         */
+        self.notifyWhenNoOutstandingRequests = function (callback) {
+            if (outstandingRequestCount === 0) {
+                callback();
+            } else {
+                outstandingRequestCallbacks.push(callback);
+            }
+        };
+
+        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // URL API
+        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        var cachedState, lastHistoryState,
+            lastBrowserUrl = location.href,
+            baseElement = document.find('base'),
+            pendingLocation = null,
+            getCurrentState = !$sniffer.history ? noop : function getCurrentState() {
+                try {
+                    return history.state;
+                } catch (e) {
+                    // MSIE can reportedly throw when there is no state (UNCONFIRMED).
+                }
+            };
+
+        cacheState();
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#url
+         *
+         * @description
+         * GETTER:
+         * Without any argument, this method just returns current value of location.href.
+         *
+         * SETTER:
+         * With at least one argument, this method sets url to new value.
+         * If html5 history api supported, pushState/replaceState is used, otherwise
+         * location.href/location.replace is used.
+         * Returns its own instance to allow chaining
+         *
+         * NOTE: this api is intended for use only by the $location service. Please use the
+         * {@link ng.$location $location service} to change url.
+         *
+         * @param {string} url New url (when used as setter)
+         * @param {boolean=} replace Should new url replace current history record?
+         * @param {object=} state object to use with pushState/replaceState
+         */
+        self.url = function (url, replace, state) {
+            // In modern browsers `history.state` is `null` by default; treating it separately
+            // from `undefined` would cause `$browser.url('/foo')` to change `history.state`
+            // to undefined via `pushState`. Instead, let's change `undefined` to `null` here.
+            if (isUndefined(state)) {
+                state = null;
+            }
+
+            // Android Browser BFCache causes location, history reference to become stale.
+            if (location !== window.location) location = window.location;
+            if (history !== window.history) history = window.history;
+
+            // setter
+            if (url) {
+                var sameState = lastHistoryState === state;
+
+                // Don't change anything if previous and current URLs and states match. This also prevents
+                // IE<10 from getting into redirect loop when in LocationHashbangInHtml5Url mode.
+                // See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ffb2701
+                if (lastBrowserUrl === url && (!$sniffer.history || sameState)) {
+                    return self;
+                }
+                var sameBase = lastBrowserUrl && stripHash(lastBrowserUrl) === stripHash(url);
+                lastBrowserUrl = url;
+                lastHistoryState = state;
+                // Don't use history API if only the hash changed
+                // due to a bug in IE10/IE11 which leads
+                // to not firing a `hashchange` nor `popstate` event
+                // in some cases (see #9143).
+                if ($sniffer.history && (!sameBase || !sameState)) {
+                    history[replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState'](state, '', url);
+                    cacheState();
+                } else {
+                    if (!sameBase) {
+                        pendingLocation = url;
+                    }
+                    if (replace) {
+                        location.replace(url);
+                    } else if (!sameBase) {
+                        location.href = url;
+                    } else {
+                        location.hash = getHash(url);
+                    }
+                    if (location.href !== url) {
+                        pendingLocation = url;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (pendingLocation) {
+                    pendingLocation = url;
+                }
+                return self;
+                // getter
+            } else {
+                // - pendingLocation is needed as browsers don't allow to read out
+                //   the new location.href if a reload happened or if there is a bug like in iOS 9 (see
+                //   https://openradar.appspot.com/22186109).
+                // - the replacement is a workaround for https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=407172
+                return pendingLocation || location.href.replace(/%27/g, '\'');
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#state
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is a getter.
+         *
+         * Return history.state or null if history.state is undefined.
+         *
+         * @returns {object} state
+         */
+        self.state = function () {
+            return cachedState;
+        };
+
+        var urlChangeListeners = [],
+            urlChangeInit = false;
+
+        function cacheStateAndFireUrlChange() {
+            pendingLocation = null;
+            fireStateOrUrlChange();
+        }
+
+        // This variable should be used *only* inside the cacheState function.
+        var lastCachedState = null;
+
+        function cacheState() {
+            // This should be the only place in $browser where `history.state` is read.
+            cachedState = getCurrentState();
+            cachedState = isUndefined(cachedState) ? null : cachedState;
+
+            // Prevent callbacks fo fire twice if both hashchange & popstate were fired.
+            if (equals(cachedState, lastCachedState)) {
+                cachedState = lastCachedState;
+            }
+
+            lastCachedState = cachedState;
+            lastHistoryState = cachedState;
+        }
+
+        function fireStateOrUrlChange() {
+            var prevLastHistoryState = lastHistoryState;
+            cacheState();
+
+            if (lastBrowserUrl === self.url() && prevLastHistoryState === cachedState) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            lastBrowserUrl = self.url();
+            lastHistoryState = cachedState;
+            forEach(urlChangeListeners, function (listener) {
+                listener(self.url(), cachedState);
+            });
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#onUrlChange
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Register callback function that will be called, when url changes.
+         *
+         * It's only called when the url is changed from outside of AngularJS:
+         * - user types different url into address bar
+         * - user clicks on history (forward/back) button
+         * - user clicks on a link
+         *
+         * It's not called when url is changed by $browser.url() method
+         *
+         * The listener gets called with new url as parameter.
+         *
+         * NOTE: this api is intended for use only by the $location service. Please use the
+         * {@link ng.$location $location service} to monitor url changes in AngularJS apps.
+         *
+         * @param {function(string)} listener Listener function to be called when url changes.
+         * @return {function(string)} Returns the registered listener fn - handy if the fn is anonymous.
+         */
+        self.onUrlChange = function (callback) {
+            // TODO(vojta): refactor to use node's syntax for events
+            if (!urlChangeInit) {
+                // We listen on both (hashchange/popstate) when available, as some browsers don't
+                // fire popstate when user changes the address bar and don't fire hashchange when url
+                // changed by push/replaceState
+
+                // html5 history api - popstate event
+                if ($sniffer.history) jqLite(window).on('popstate', cacheStateAndFireUrlChange);
+                // hashchange event
+                jqLite(window).on('hashchange', cacheStateAndFireUrlChange);
+
+                urlChangeInit = true;
+            }
+
+            urlChangeListeners.push(callback);
+            return callback;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @private
+         * Remove popstate and hashchange handler from window.
+         *
+         * NOTE: this api is intended for use only by $rootScope.
+         */
+        self.$$applicationDestroyed = function () {
+            jqLite(window).off('hashchange popstate', cacheStateAndFireUrlChange);
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Checks whether the url has changed outside of AngularJS.
+         * Needs to be exported to be able to check for changes that have been done in sync,
+         * as hashchange/popstate events fire in async.
+         */
+        self.$$checkUrlChange = fireStateOrUrlChange;
+
+        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Misc API
+        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#baseHref
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Returns current <base href>
+         * (always relative - without domain)
+         *
+         * @returns {string} The current base href
+         */
+        self.baseHref = function () {
+            var href = baseElement.attr('href');
+            return href ? href.replace(/^(https?:)?\/\/[^/]*/, '') : '';
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#defer
+         * @param {function()} fn A function, who's execution should be deferred.
+         * @param {number=} [delay=0] of milliseconds to defer the function execution.
+         * @returns {*} DeferId that can be used to cancel the task via `$browser.defer.cancel()`.
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Executes a fn asynchronously via `setTimeout(fn, delay)`.
+         *
+         * Unlike when calling `setTimeout` directly, in test this function is mocked and instead of using
+         * `setTimeout` in tests, the fns are queued in an array, which can be programmatically flushed
+         * via `$browser.defer.flush()`.
+         *
+         */
+        self.defer = function (fn, delay) {
+            var timeoutId;
+            outstandingRequestCount++;
+            timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {
+                delete pendingDeferIds[timeoutId];
+                completeOutstandingRequest(fn);
+            }, delay || 0);
+            pendingDeferIds[timeoutId] = true;
+            return timeoutId;
+        };
+
+
+        /**
+         * @name $browser#defer.cancel
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Cancels a deferred task identified with `deferId`.
+         *
+         * @param {*} deferId Token returned by the `$browser.defer` function.
+         * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the task hasn't executed yet and was successfully
+         *                    canceled.
+         */
+        self.defer.cancel = function (deferId) {
+            if (pendingDeferIds[deferId]) {
+                delete pendingDeferIds[deferId];
+                clearTimeout(deferId);
+                completeOutstandingRequest(noop);
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        };
+
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $BrowserProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$window', '$log', '$sniffer', '$document',
+            function ($window, $log, $sniffer, $document) {
+                return new Browser($window, $document, $log, $sniffer);
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $cacheFactory
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Factory that constructs {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache} objects and gives access to
+     * them.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *
+     *  var cache = $cacheFactory('cacheId');
+     *  expect($cacheFactory.get('cacheId')).toBe(cache);
+     *  expect($cacheFactory.get('noSuchCacheId')).not.toBeDefined();
+     *
+     *  cache.put("key", "value");
+     *  cache.put("another key", "another value");
+     *
+     *  // We've specified no options on creation
+     *  expect(cache.info()).toEqual({id: 'cacheId', size: 2});
+     *
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string} cacheId Name or id of the newly created cache.
+     * @param {object=} options Options object that specifies the cache behavior. Properties:
+     *
+     *   - `{number=}` `capacity` — turns the cache into LRU cache.
+     *
+     * @returns {object} Newly created cache object with the following set of methods:
+     *
+     * - `{object}` `info()` — Returns id, size, and options of cache.
+     * - `{{*}}` `put({string} key, {*} value)` — Puts a new key-value pair into the cache and returns
+     *   it.
+     * - `{{*}}` `get({string} key)` — Returns cached value for `key` or undefined for cache miss.
+     * - `{void}` `remove({string} key)` — Removes a key-value pair from the cache.
+     * - `{void}` `removeAll()` — Removes all cached values.
+     * - `{void}` `destroy()` — Removes references to this cache from $cacheFactory.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="cacheExampleApp" name="cache-factory">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="CacheController">
+             <input ng-model="newCacheKey" placeholder="Key">
+             <input ng-model="newCacheValue" placeholder="Value">
+             <button ng-click="put(newCacheKey, newCacheValue)">Cache</button>
+
+             <p ng-if="keys.length">Cached Values</p>
+             <div ng-repeat="key in keys">
+               <span ng-bind="key"></span>
+               <span>: </span>
+               <b ng-bind="cache.get(key)"></b>
+             </div>
+
+             <p>Cache Info</p>
+             <div ng-repeat="(key, value) in cache.info()">
+               <span ng-bind="key"></span>
+               <span>: </span>
+               <b ng-bind="value"></b>
+             </div>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('cacheExampleApp', []).
+             controller('CacheController', ['$scope', '$cacheFactory', function($scope, $cacheFactory) {
+               $scope.keys = [];
+               $scope.cache = $cacheFactory('cacheId');
+               $scope.put = function(key, value) {
+                 if (angular.isUndefined($scope.cache.get(key))) {
+                   $scope.keys.push(key);
+                 }
+                 $scope.cache.put(key, angular.isUndefined(value) ? null : value);
+               };
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           p {
+             margin: 10px 0 3px;
+           }
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    function $CacheFactoryProvider() {
+
+        this.$get = function () {
+            var caches = {};
+
+            function cacheFactory(cacheId, options) {
+                if (cacheId in caches) {
+                    throw minErr('$cacheFactory')('iid', 'CacheId \'{0}\' is already taken!', cacheId);
+                }
+
+                var size = 0,
+                    stats = extend({}, options, {
+                        id: cacheId
+                    }),
+                    data = createMap(),
+                    capacity = (options && options.capacity) || Number.MAX_VALUE,
+                    lruHash = createMap(),
+                    freshEnd = null,
+                    staleEnd = null;
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc type
+                 * @name $cacheFactory.Cache
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * A cache object used to store and retrieve data, primarily used by
+                 * {@link $templateRequest $templateRequest} and the {@link ng.directive:script script}
+                 * directive to cache templates and other data.
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 *  angular.module('superCache')
+                 *    .factory('superCache', ['$cacheFactory', function($cacheFactory) {
+                 *      return $cacheFactory('super-cache');
+                 *    }]);
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * Example test:
+                 *
+                 * ```js
+                 *  it('should behave like a cache', inject(function(superCache) {
+                 *    superCache.put('key', 'value');
+                 *    superCache.put('another key', 'another value');
+                 *
+                 *    expect(superCache.info()).toEqual({
+                 *      id: 'super-cache',
+                 *      size: 2
+                 *    });
+                 *
+                 *    superCache.remove('another key');
+                 *    expect(superCache.get('another key')).toBeUndefined();
+                 *
+                 *    superCache.removeAll();
+                 *    expect(superCache.info()).toEqual({
+                 *      id: 'super-cache',
+                 *      size: 0
+                 *    });
+                 *  }));
+                 * ```
+                 */
+                return (caches[cacheId] = {
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#put
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Inserts a named entry into the {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache} object to be
+                     * retrieved later, and incrementing the size of the cache if the key was not already
+                     * present in the cache. If behaving like an LRU cache, it will also remove stale
+                     * entries from the set.
+                     *
+                     * It will not insert undefined values into the cache.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} key the key under which the cached data is stored.
+                     * @param {*} value the value to store alongside the key. If it is undefined, the key
+                     *    will not be stored.
+                     * @returns {*} the value stored.
+                     */
+                    put: function (key, value) {
+                        if (isUndefined(value)) return;
+                        if (capacity < Number.MAX_VALUE) {
+                            var lruEntry = lruHash[key] || (lruHash[key] = {
+                                key: key
+                            });
+
+                            refresh(lruEntry);
+                        }
+
+                        if (!(key in data)) size++;
+                        data[key] = value;
+
+                        if (size > capacity) {
+                            this.remove(staleEnd.key);
+                        }
+
+                        return value;
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#get
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Retrieves named data stored in the {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache} object.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} key the key of the data to be retrieved
+                     * @returns {*} the value stored.
+                     */
+                    get: function (key) {
+                        if (capacity < Number.MAX_VALUE) {
+                            var lruEntry = lruHash[key];
+
+                            if (!lruEntry) return;
+
+                            refresh(lruEntry);
+                        }
+
+                        return data[key];
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#remove
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Removes an entry from the {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache} object.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} key the key of the entry to be removed
+                     */
+                    remove: function (key) {
+                        if (capacity < Number.MAX_VALUE) {
+                            var lruEntry = lruHash[key];
+
+                            if (!lruEntry) return;
+
+                            if (lruEntry === freshEnd) freshEnd = lruEntry.p;
+                            if (lruEntry === staleEnd) staleEnd = lruEntry.n;
+                            link(lruEntry.n, lruEntry.p);
+
+                            delete lruHash[key];
+                        }
+
+                        if (!(key in data)) return;
+
+                        delete data[key];
+                        size--;
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#removeAll
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Clears the cache object of any entries.
+                     */
+                    removeAll: function () {
+                        data = createMap();
+                        size = 0;
+                        lruHash = createMap();
+                        freshEnd = staleEnd = null;
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#destroy
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Destroys the {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache} object entirely,
+                     * removing it from the {@link $cacheFactory $cacheFactory} set.
+                     */
+                    destroy: function () {
+                        data = null;
+                        stats = null;
+                        lruHash = null;
+                        delete caches[cacheId];
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $cacheFactory.Cache#info
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Retrieve information regarding a particular {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache}.
+                     *
+                     * @returns {object} an object with the following properties:
+                     *   <ul>
+                     *     <li>**id**: the id of the cache instance</li>
+                     *     <li>**size**: the number of entries kept in the cache instance</li>
+                     *     <li>**...**: any additional properties from the options object when creating the
+                     *       cache.</li>
+                     *   </ul>
+                     */
+                    info: function () {
+                        return extend({}, stats, {
+                            size: size
+                        });
+                    }
+                });
+
+
+                /**
+                 * makes the `entry` the freshEnd of the LRU linked list
+                 */
+                function refresh(entry) {
+                    if (entry !== freshEnd) {
+                        if (!staleEnd) {
+                            staleEnd = entry;
+                        } else if (staleEnd === entry) {
+                            staleEnd = entry.n;
+                        }
+
+                        link(entry.n, entry.p);
+                        link(entry, freshEnd);
+                        freshEnd = entry;
+                        freshEnd.n = null;
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * bidirectionally links two entries of the LRU linked list
+                 */
+                function link(nextEntry, prevEntry) {
+                    if (nextEntry !== prevEntry) {
+                        if (nextEntry) nextEntry.p = prevEntry; //p stands for previous, 'prev' didn't minify
+                        if (prevEntry) prevEntry.n = nextEntry; //n stands for next, 'next' didn't minify
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $cacheFactory#info
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Get information about all the caches that have been created
+             *
+             * @returns {Object} - key-value map of `cacheId` to the result of calling `cache#info`
+             */
+            cacheFactory.info = function () {
+                var info = {};
+                forEach(caches, function (cache, cacheId) {
+                    info[cacheId] = cache.info();
+                });
+                return info;
+            };
+
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $cacheFactory#get
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Get access to a cache object by the `cacheId` used when it was created.
+             *
+             * @param {string} cacheId Name or id of a cache to access.
+             * @returns {object} Cache object identified by the cacheId or undefined if no such cache.
+             */
+            cacheFactory.get = function (cacheId) {
+                return caches[cacheId];
+            };
+
+
+            return cacheFactory;
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $templateCache
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * `$templateCache` is a {@link $cacheFactory.Cache Cache object} created by the
+     * {@link ng.$cacheFactory $cacheFactory}.
+     *
+     * The first time a template is used, it is loaded in the template cache for quick retrieval. You
+     * can load templates directly into the cache in a `script` tag, by using {@link $templateRequest},
+     * or by consuming the `$templateCache` service directly.
+     *
+     * Adding via the `script` tag:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     *   <script type="text/ng-template" id="templateId.html">
+     *     <p>This is the content of the template</p>
+     *   </script>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * **Note:** the `script` tag containing the template does not need to be included in the `head` of
+     * the document, but it must be a descendent of the {@link ng.$rootElement $rootElement} (e.g.
+     * element with {@link ngApp} attribute), otherwise the template will be ignored.
+     *
+     * Adding via the `$templateCache` service:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var myApp = angular.module('myApp', []);
+     * myApp.run(function($templateCache) {
+     *   $templateCache.put('templateId.html', 'This is the content of the template');
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * To retrieve the template later, simply use it in your component:
+     * ```js
+     * myApp.component('myComponent', {
+     *    templateUrl: 'templateId.html'
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * or get it via the `$templateCache` service:
+     * ```js
+     * $templateCache.get('templateId.html')
+     * ```
+     *
+     */
+    function $TemplateCacheProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$cacheFactory', function ($cacheFactory) {
+            return $cacheFactory('templates');
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
+     *     Any commits to this file should be reviewed with security in mind.  *
+     *   Changes to this file can potentially create security vulnerabilities. *
+     *          An approval from 2 Core members with history of modifying      *
+     *                         this file is required.                          *
+     *                                                                         *
+     *  Does the change somehow allow for arbitrary javascript to be executed? *
+     *    Or allows for someone to change the prototype of built-in objects?   *
+     *     Or gives undesired access to variables like document or window?    *
+     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+
+    /* ! VARIABLE/FUNCTION NAMING CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS FILE!
+     *
+     * DOM-related variables:
+     *
+     * - "node" - DOM Node
+     * - "element" - DOM Element or Node
+     * - "$node" or "$element" - jqLite-wrapped node or element
+     *
+     *
+     * Compiler related stuff:
+     *
+     * - "linkFn" - linking fn of a single directive
+     * - "nodeLinkFn" - function that aggregates all linking fns for a particular node
+     * - "childLinkFn" -  function that aggregates all linking fns for child nodes of a particular node
+     * - "compositeLinkFn" - function that aggregates all linking fns for a compilation root (nodeList)
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $compile
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Compiles an HTML string or DOM into a template and produces a template function, which
+     * can then be used to link {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope `scope`} and the template together.
+     *
+     * The compilation is a process of walking the DOM tree and matching DOM elements to
+     * {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive directives}.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** This document is an in-depth reference of all directive options.
+     * For a gentle introduction to directives with examples of common use cases,
+     * see the {@link guide/directive directive guide}.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * ## Comprehensive Directive API
+     *
+     * There are many different options for a directive.
+     *
+     * The difference resides in the return value of the factory function.
+     * You can either return a {@link $compile#directive-definition-object Directive Definition Object (see below)}
+     * that defines the directive properties, or just the `postLink` function (all other properties will have
+     * the default values).
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-success">
+     * **Best Practice:** It's recommended to use the "directive definition object" form.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * Here's an example directive declared with a Directive Definition Object:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   var myModule = angular.module(...);
+     *
+     *   myModule.directive('directiveName', function factory(injectables) {
+     *     var directiveDefinitionObject = {
+     *       {@link $compile#-priority- priority}: 0,
+     *       {@link $compile#-template- template}: '<div></div>', // or // function(tElement, tAttrs) { ... },
+     *       // or
+     *       // {@link $compile#-templateurl- templateUrl}: 'directive.html', // or // function(tElement, tAttrs) { ... },
+     *       {@link $compile#-transclude- transclude}: false,
+     *       {@link $compile#-restrict- restrict}: 'A',
+     *       {@link $compile#-templatenamespace- templateNamespace}: 'html',
+     *       {@link $compile#-scope- scope}: false,
+     *       {@link $compile#-controller- controller}: function($scope, $element, $attrs, $transclude, otherInjectables) { ... },
+     *       {@link $compile#-controlleras- controllerAs}: 'stringIdentifier',
+     *       {@link $compile#-bindtocontroller- bindToController}: false,
+     *       {@link $compile#-require- require}: 'siblingDirectiveName', // or // ['^parentDirectiveName', '?optionalDirectiveName', '?^optionalParent'],
+     *       {@link $compile#-multielement- multiElement}: false,
+     *       {@link $compile#-compile- compile}: function compile(tElement, tAttrs, transclude) {
+     *         return {
+     *            {@link $compile#pre-linking-function pre}: function preLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs, controller) { ... },
+     *            {@link $compile#post-linking-function post}: function postLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs, controller) { ... }
+     *         }
+     *         // or
+     *         // return function postLink( ... ) { ... }
+     *       },
+     *       // or
+     *       // {@link $compile#-link- link}: {
+     *       //  {@link $compile#pre-linking-function pre}: function preLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs, controller) { ... },
+     *       //  {@link $compile#post-linking-function post}: function postLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs, controller) { ... }
+     *       // }
+     *       // or
+     *       // {@link $compile#-link- link}: function postLink( ... ) { ... }
+     *     };
+     *     return directiveDefinitionObject;
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** Any unspecified options will use the default value. You can see the default values below.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * Therefore the above can be simplified as:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   var myModule = angular.module(...);
+     *
+     *   myModule.directive('directiveName', function factory(injectables) {
+     *     var directiveDefinitionObject = {
+     *       link: function postLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs) { ... }
+     *     };
+     *     return directiveDefinitionObject;
+     *     // or
+     *     // return function postLink(scope, iElement, iAttrs) { ... }
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ### Life-cycle hooks
+     * Directive controllers can provide the following methods that are called by AngularJS at points in the life-cycle of the
+     * directive:
+     * * `$onInit()` - Called on each controller after all the controllers on an element have been constructed and
+     *   had their bindings initialized (and before the pre &amp; post linking functions for the directives on
+     *   this element). This is a good place to put initialization code for your controller.
+     * * `$onChanges(changesObj)` - Called whenever one-way (`<`) or interpolation (`@`) bindings are updated. The
+     *   `changesObj` is a hash whose keys are the names of the bound properties that have changed, and the values are an
+     *   object of the form `{ currentValue, previousValue, isFirstChange() }`. Use this hook to trigger updates within a
+     *   component such as cloning the bound value to prevent accidental mutation of the outer value. Note that this will
+     *   also be called when your bindings are initialized.
+     * * `$doCheck()` - Called on each turn of the digest cycle. Provides an opportunity to detect and act on
+     *   changes. Any actions that you wish to take in response to the changes that you detect must be
+     *   invoked from this hook; implementing this has no effect on when `$onChanges` is called. For example, this hook
+     *   could be useful if you wish to perform a deep equality check, or to check a Date object, changes to which would not
+     *   be detected by AngularJS's change detector and thus not trigger `$onChanges`. This hook is invoked with no arguments;
+     *   if detecting changes, you must store the previous value(s) for comparison to the current values.
+     * * `$onDestroy()` - Called on a controller when its containing scope is destroyed. Use this hook for releasing
+     *   external resources, watches and event handlers. Note that components have their `$onDestroy()` hooks called in
+     *   the same order as the `$scope.$broadcast` events are triggered, which is top down. This means that parent
+     *   components will have their `$onDestroy()` hook called before child components.
+     * * `$postLink()` - Called after this controller's element and its children have been linked. Similar to the post-link
+     *   function this hook can be used to set up DOM event handlers and do direct DOM manipulation.
+     *   Note that child elements that contain `templateUrl` directives will not have been compiled and linked since
+     *   they are waiting for their template to load asynchronously and their own compilation and linking has been
+     *   suspended until that occurs.
+     *
+     * #### Comparison with life-cycle hooks in the new Angular
+     * The new Angular also uses life-cycle hooks for its components. While the AngularJS life-cycle hooks are similar there are
+     * some differences that you should be aware of, especially when it comes to moving your code from AngularJS to Angular:
+     *
+     * * AngularJS hooks are prefixed with `$`, such as `$onInit`. Angular hooks are prefixed with `ng`, such as `ngOnInit`.
+     * * AngularJS hooks can be defined on the controller prototype or added to the controller inside its constructor.
+     *   In Angular you can only define hooks on the prototype of the Component class.
+     * * Due to the differences in change-detection, you may get many more calls to `$doCheck` in AngularJS than you would to
+     *   `ngDoCheck` in Angular.
+     * * Changes to the model inside `$doCheck` will trigger new turns of the digest loop, which will cause the changes to be
+     *   propagated throughout the application.
+     *   Angular does not allow the `ngDoCheck` hook to trigger a change outside of the component. It will either throw an
+     *   error or do nothing depending upon the state of `enableProdMode()`.
+     *
+     * #### Life-cycle hook examples
+     *
+     * This example shows how you can check for mutations to a Date object even though the identity of the object
+     * has not changed.
+     *
+     * <example name="doCheckDateExample" module="do-check-module">
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *     angular.module('do-check-module', [])
+     *       .component('app', {
+     *         template:
+     *           'Month: <input ng-model="$ctrl.month" ng-change="$ctrl.updateDate()">' +
+     *           'Date: {{ $ctrl.date }}' +
+     *           '<test date="$ctrl.date"></test>',
+     *         controller: function() {
+     *           this.date = new Date();
+     *           this.month = this.date.getMonth();
+     *           this.updateDate = function() {
+     *             this.date.setMonth(this.month);
+     *           };
+     *         }
+     *       })
+     *       .component('test', {
+     *         bindings: { date: '<' },
+     *         template:
+     *           '<pre>{{ $ctrl.log | json }}</pre>',
+     *         controller: function() {
+     *           var previousValue;
+     *           this.log = [];
+     *           this.$doCheck = function() {
+     *             var currentValue = this.date && this.date.valueOf();
+     *             if (previousValue !== currentValue) {
+     *               this.log.push('doCheck: date mutated: ' + this.date);
+     *               previousValue = currentValue;
+     *             }
+     *           };
+     *         }
+     *       });
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <app></app>
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * This example show how you might use `$doCheck` to trigger changes in your component's inputs even if the
+     * actual identity of the component doesn't change. (Be aware that cloning and deep equality checks on large
+     * arrays or objects can have a negative impact on your application performance)
+     *
+     * <example name="doCheckArrayExample" module="do-check-module">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <div ng-init="items = []">
+     *       <button ng-click="items.push(items.length)">Add Item</button>
+     *       <button ng-click="items = []">Reset Items</button>
+     *       <pre>{{ items }}</pre>
+     *       <test items="items"></test>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *      angular.module('do-check-module', [])
+     *        .component('test', {
+     *          bindings: { items: '<' },
+     *          template:
+     *            '<pre>{{ $ctrl.log | json }}</pre>',
+     *          controller: function() {
+     *            this.log = [];
+     *
+     *            this.$doCheck = function() {
+     *              if (this.items_ref !== this.items) {
+     *                this.log.push('doCheck: items changed');
+     *                this.items_ref = this.items;
+     *              }
+     *              if (!angular.equals(this.items_clone, this.items)) {
+     *                this.log.push('doCheck: items mutated');
+     *                this.items_clone = angular.copy(this.items);
+     *              }
+     *            };
+     *          }
+     *        });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Directive Definition Object
+     *
+     * The directive definition object provides instructions to the {@link ng.$compile
+     * compiler}. The attributes are:
+     *
+     * #### `multiElement`
+     * When this property is set to true (default is `false`), the HTML compiler will collect DOM nodes between
+     * nodes with the attributes `directive-name-start` and `directive-name-end`, and group them
+     * together as the directive elements. It is recommended that this feature be used on directives
+     * which are not strictly behavioral (such as {@link ngClick}), and which
+     * do not manipulate or replace child nodes (such as {@link ngInclude}).
+     *
+     * #### `priority`
+     * When there are multiple directives defined on a single DOM element, sometimes it
+     * is necessary to specify the order in which the directives are applied. The `priority` is used
+     * to sort the directives before their `compile` functions get called. Priority is defined as a
+     * number. Directives with greater numerical `priority` are compiled first. Pre-link functions
+     * are also run in priority order, but post-link functions are run in reverse order. The order
+     * of directives with the same priority is undefined. The default priority is `0`.
+     *
+     * #### `terminal`
+     * If set to true then the current `priority` will be the last set of directives
+     * which will execute (any directives at the current priority will still execute
+     * as the order of execution on same `priority` is undefined). Note that expressions
+     * and other directives used in the directive's template will also be excluded from execution.
+     *
+     * #### `scope`
+     * The scope property can be `false`, `true`, or an object:
+     *
+     * * **`false` (default):** No scope will be created for the directive. The directive will use its
+     * parent's scope.
+     *
+     * * **`true`:** A new child scope that prototypically inherits from its parent will be created for
+     * the directive's element. If multiple directives on the same element request a new scope,
+     * only one new scope is created.
+     *
+     * * **`{...}` (an object hash):** A new "isolate" scope is created for the directive's template.
+     * The 'isolate' scope differs from normal scope in that it does not prototypically
+     * inherit from its parent scope. This is useful when creating reusable components, which should not
+     * accidentally read or modify data in the parent scope. Note that an isolate scope
+     * directive without a `template` or `templateUrl` will not apply the isolate scope
+     * to its children elements.
+     *
+     * The 'isolate' scope object hash defines a set of local scope properties derived from attributes on the
+     * directive's element. These local properties are useful for aliasing values for templates. The keys in
+     * the object hash map to the name of the property on the isolate scope; the values define how the property
+     * is bound to the parent scope, via matching attributes on the directive's element:
+     *
+     * * `@` or `@attr` - bind a local scope property to the value of DOM attribute. The result is
+     *   always a string since DOM attributes are strings. If no `attr` name is specified then the
+     *   attribute name is assumed to be the same as the local name. Given `<my-component
+     *   my-attr="hello {{name}}">` and the isolate scope definition `scope: { localName:'@myAttr' }`,
+     *   the directive's scope property `localName` will reflect the interpolated value of `hello
+     *   {{name}}`. As the `name` attribute changes so will the `localName` property on the directive's
+     *   scope. The `name` is read from the parent scope (not the directive's scope).
+     *
+     * * `=` or `=attr` - set up a bidirectional binding between a local scope property and an expression
+     *   passed via the attribute `attr`. The expression is evaluated in the context of the parent scope.
+     *   If no `attr` name is specified then the attribute name is assumed to be the same as the local
+     *   name. Given `<my-component my-attr="parentModel">` and the isolate scope definition `scope: {
+     *   localModel: '=myAttr' }`, the property `localModel` on the directive's scope will reflect the
+     *   value of `parentModel` on the parent scope. Changes to `parentModel` will be reflected in
+     *   `localModel` and vice versa. Optional attributes should be marked as such with a question mark:
+     *   `=?` or `=?attr`. If the binding expression is non-assignable, or if the attribute isn't
+     *   optional and doesn't exist, an exception ({@link error/$compile/nonassign `$compile:nonassign`})
+     *   will be thrown upon discovering changes to the local value, since it will be impossible to sync
+     *   them back to the parent scope. By default, the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch `$watch`}
+     *   method is used for tracking changes, and the equality check is based on object identity.
+     *   However, if an object literal or an array literal is passed as the binding expression, the
+     *   equality check is done by value (using the {@link angular.equals} function). It's also possible
+     *   to watch the evaluated value shallowly with {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watchCollection
+     *   `$watchCollection`}: use `=*` or `=*attr` (`=*?` or `=*?attr` if the attribute is optional).
+     *
+      * * `<` or `<attr` - set up a one-way (one-directional) binding between a local scope property and an
+     *   expression passed via the attribute `attr`. The expression is evaluated in the context of the
+     *   parent scope. If no `attr` name is specified then the attribute name is assumed to be the same as the
+     *   local name. You can also make the binding optional by adding `?`: `<?` or `<?attr`.
+     *
+     *   For example, given `<my-component my-attr="parentModel">` and directive definition of
+     *   `scope: { localModel:'<myAttr' }`, then the isolated scope property `localModel` will reflect the
+     *   value of `parentModel` on the parent scope. Any changes to `parentModel` will be reflected
+     *   in `localModel`, but changes in `localModel` will not reflect in `parentModel`. There are however
+     *   two caveats:
+     *     1. one-way binding does not copy the value from the parent to the isolate scope, it simply
+     *     sets the same value. That means if your bound value is an object, changes to its properties
+     *     in the isolated scope will be reflected in the parent scope (because both reference the same object).
+     *     2. one-way binding watches changes to the **identity** of the parent value. That means the
+     *     {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch `$watch`} on the parent value only fires if the reference
+     *     to the value has changed. In most cases, this should not be of concern, but can be important
+     *     to know if you one-way bind to an object, and then replace that object in the isolated scope.
+     *     If you now change a property of the object in your parent scope, the change will not be
+     *     propagated to the isolated scope, because the identity of the object on the parent scope
+     *     has not changed. Instead you must assign a new object.
+     *
+     *   One-way binding is useful if you do not plan to propagate changes to your isolated scope bindings
+     *   back to the parent. However, it does not make this completely impossible.
+     *
+     * * `&` or `&attr` - provides a way to execute an expression in the context of the parent scope. If
+     *   no `attr` name is specified then the attribute name is assumed to be the same as the local name.
+     *   Given `<my-component my-attr="count = count + value">` and the isolate scope definition `scope: {
+     *   localFn:'&myAttr' }`, the isolate scope property `localFn` will point to a function wrapper for
+     *   the `count = count + value` expression. Often it's desirable to pass data from the isolated scope
+     *   via an expression to the parent scope. This can be done by passing a map of local variable names
+     *   and values into the expression wrapper fn. For example, if the expression is `increment(amount)`
+     *   then we can specify the amount value by calling the `localFn` as `localFn({amount: 22})`.
+     *
+     * In general it's possible to apply more than one directive to one element, but there might be limitations
+     * depending on the type of scope required by the directives. The following points will help explain these limitations.
+     * For simplicity only two directives are taken into account, but it is also applicable for several directives:
+     *
+     * * **no scope** + **no scope** => Two directives which don't require their own scope will use their parent's scope
+     * * **child scope** + **no scope** =>  Both directives will share one single child scope
+     * * **child scope** + **child scope** =>  Both directives will share one single child scope
+     * * **isolated scope** + **no scope** =>  The isolated directive will use it's own created isolated scope. The other directive will use
+     * its parent's scope
+     * * **isolated scope** + **child scope** =>  **Won't work!** Only one scope can be related to one element. Therefore these directives cannot
+     * be applied to the same element.
+     * * **isolated scope** + **isolated scope**  =>  **Won't work!** Only one scope can be related to one element. Therefore these directives
+     * cannot be applied to the same element.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `bindToController`
+     * This property is used to bind scope properties directly to the controller. It can be either
+     * `true` or an object hash with the same format as the `scope` property.
+     *
+     * When an isolate scope is used for a directive (see above), `bindToController: true` will
+     * allow a component to have its properties bound to the controller, rather than to scope.
+     *
+     * After the controller is instantiated, the initial values of the isolate scope bindings will be bound to the controller
+     * properties. You can access these bindings once they have been initialized by providing a controller method called
+     * `$onInit`, which is called after all the controllers on an element have been constructed and had their bindings
+     * initialized.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Deprecation warning:** if `$compileProcvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled(true)` was called, bindings for non-ES6 class
+     * controllers are bound to `this` before the controller constructor is called but this use is now deprecated. Please
+     * place initialization code that relies upon bindings inside a `$onInit` method on the controller, instead.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * It is also possible to set `bindToController` to an object hash with the same format as the `scope` property.
+     * This will set up the scope bindings to the controller directly. Note that `scope` can still be used
+     * to define which kind of scope is created. By default, no scope is created. Use `scope: {}` to create an isolate
+     * scope (useful for component directives).
+     *
+     * If both `bindToController` and `scope` are defined and have object hashes, `bindToController` overrides `scope`.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `controller`
+     * Controller constructor function. The controller is instantiated before the
+     * pre-linking phase and can be accessed by other directives (see
+     * `require` attribute). This allows the directives to communicate with each other and augment
+     * each other's behavior. The controller is injectable (and supports bracket notation) with the following locals:
+     *
+     * * `$scope` - Current scope associated with the element
+     * * `$element` - Current element
+     * * `$attrs` - Current attributes object for the element
+     * * `$transclude` - A transclude linking function pre-bound to the correct transclusion scope:
+     *   `function([scope], cloneLinkingFn, futureParentElement, slotName)`:
+     *    * `scope`: (optional) override the scope.
+     *    * `cloneLinkingFn`: (optional) argument to create clones of the original transcluded content.
+     *    * `futureParentElement` (optional):
+     *        * defines the parent to which the `cloneLinkingFn` will add the cloned elements.
+     *        * default: `$element.parent()` resp. `$element` for `transclude:'element'` resp. `transclude:true`.
+     *        * only needed for transcludes that are allowed to contain non html elements (e.g. SVG elements)
+     *          and when the `cloneLinkingFn` is passed,
+     *          as those elements need to created and cloned in a special way when they are defined outside their
+     *          usual containers (e.g. like `<svg>`).
+     *        * See also the `directive.templateNamespace` property.
+     *    * `slotName`: (optional) the name of the slot to transclude. If falsy (e.g. `null`, `undefined` or `''`)
+     *      then the default transclusion is provided.
+     *    The `$transclude` function also has a method on it, `$transclude.isSlotFilled(slotName)`, which returns
+     *    `true` if the specified slot contains content (i.e. one or more DOM nodes).
+     *
+     * #### `require`
+     * Require another directive and inject its controller as the fourth argument to the linking function. The
+     * `require` property can be a string, an array or an object:
+     * * a **string** containing the name of the directive to pass to the linking function
+     * * an **array** containing the names of directives to pass to the linking function. The argument passed to the
+     * linking function will be an array of controllers in the same order as the names in the `require` property
+     * * an **object** whose property values are the names of the directives to pass to the linking function. The argument
+     * passed to the linking function will also be an object with matching keys, whose values will hold the corresponding
+     * controllers.
+     *
+     * If the `require` property is an object and `bindToController` is truthy, then the required controllers are
+     * bound to the controller using the keys of the `require` property. This binding occurs after all the controllers
+     * have been constructed but before `$onInit` is called.
+     * If the name of the required controller is the same as the local name (the key), the name can be
+     * omitted. For example, `{parentDir: '^^'}` is equivalent to `{parentDir: '^^parentDir'}`.
+     * See the {@link $compileProvider#component} helper for an example of how this can be used.
+     * If no such required directive(s) can be found, or if the directive does not have a controller, then an error is
+     * raised (unless no link function is specified and the required controllers are not being bound to the directive
+     * controller, in which case error checking is skipped). The name can be prefixed with:
+     *
+     * * (no prefix) - Locate the required controller on the current element. Throw an error if not found.
+     * * `?` - Attempt to locate the required controller or pass `null` to the `link` fn if not found.
+     * * `^` - Locate the required controller by searching the element and its parents. Throw an error if not found.
+     * * `^^` - Locate the required controller by searching the element's parents. Throw an error if not found.
+     * * `?^` - Attempt to locate the required controller by searching the element and its parents or pass
+     *   `null` to the `link` fn if not found.
+     * * `?^^` - Attempt to locate the required controller by searching the element's parents, or pass
+     *   `null` to the `link` fn if not found.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `controllerAs`
+     * Identifier name for a reference to the controller in the directive's scope.
+     * This allows the controller to be referenced from the directive template. This is especially
+     * useful when a directive is used as component, i.e. with an `isolate` scope. It's also possible
+     * to use it in a directive without an `isolate` / `new` scope, but you need to be aware that the
+     * `controllerAs` reference might overwrite a property that already exists on the parent scope.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `restrict`
+     * String of subset of `EACM` which restricts the directive to a specific directive
+     * declaration style. If omitted, the defaults (elements and attributes) are used.
+     *
+     * * `E` - Element name (default): `<my-directive></my-directive>`
+     * * `A` - Attribute (default): `<div my-directive="exp"></div>`
+     * * `C` - Class: `<div class="my-directive: exp;"></div>`
+     * * `M` - Comment: `<!-- directive: my-directive exp -->`
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `templateNamespace`
+     * String representing the document type used by the markup in the template.
+     * AngularJS needs this information as those elements need to be created and cloned
+     * in a special way when they are defined outside their usual containers like `<svg>` and `<math>`.
+     *
+     * * `html` - All root nodes in the template are HTML. Root nodes may also be
+     *   top-level elements such as `<svg>` or `<math>`.
+     * * `svg` - The root nodes in the template are SVG elements (excluding `<math>`).
+     * * `math` - The root nodes in the template are MathML elements (excluding `<svg>`).
+     *
+     * If no `templateNamespace` is specified, then the namespace is considered to be `html`.
+     *
+     * #### `template`
+     * HTML markup that may:
+     * * Replace the contents of the directive's element (default).
+     * * Replace the directive's element itself (if `replace` is true - DEPRECATED).
+     * * Wrap the contents of the directive's element (if `transclude` is true).
+     *
+     * Value may be:
+     *
+     * * A string. For example `<div red-on-hover>{{delete_str}}</div>`.
+     * * A function which takes two arguments `tElement` and `tAttrs` (described in the `compile`
+     *   function api below) and returns a string value.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `templateUrl`
+     * This is similar to `template` but the template is loaded from the specified URL, asynchronously.
+     *
+     * Because template loading is asynchronous the compiler will suspend compilation of directives on that element
+     * for later when the template has been resolved.  In the meantime it will continue to compile and link
+     * sibling and parent elements as though this element had not contained any directives.
+     *
+     * The compiler does not suspend the entire compilation to wait for templates to be loaded because this
+     * would result in the whole app "stalling" until all templates are loaded asynchronously - even in the
+     * case when only one deeply nested directive has `templateUrl`.
+     *
+     * Template loading is asynchronous even if the template has been preloaded into the {@link $templateCache}
+     *
+     * You can specify `templateUrl` as a string representing the URL or as a function which takes two
+     * arguments `tElement` and `tAttrs` (described in the `compile` function api below) and returns
+     * a string value representing the url.  In either case, the template URL is passed through {@link
+     * $sce#getTrustedResourceUrl $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl}.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `replace` (*DEPRECATED*)
+     *
+     * `replace` will be removed in next major release - i.e. v2.0).
+     *
+     * Specifies what the template should replace. Defaults to `false`.
+     *
+     * * `true` - the template will replace the directive's element.
+     * * `false` - the template will replace the contents of the directive's element.
+     *
+     * The replacement process migrates all of the attributes / classes from the old element to the new
+     * one. See the {@link guide/directive#template-expanding-directive
+     * Directives Guide} for an example.
+     *
+     * There are very few scenarios where element replacement is required for the application function,
+     * the main one being reusable custom components that are used within SVG contexts
+     * (because SVG doesn't work with custom elements in the DOM tree).
+     *
+     * #### `transclude`
+     * Extract the contents of the element where the directive appears and make it available to the directive.
+     * The contents are compiled and provided to the directive as a **transclusion function**. See the
+     * {@link $compile#transclusion Transclusion} section below.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `compile`
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   function compile(tElement, tAttrs, transclude) { ... }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The compile function deals with transforming the template DOM. Since most directives do not do
+     * template transformation, it is not used often. The compile function takes the following arguments:
+     *
+     *   * `tElement` - template element - The element where the directive has been declared. It is
+     *     safe to do template transformation on the element and child elements only.
+     *
+     *   * `tAttrs` - template attributes - Normalized list of attributes declared on this element shared
+     *     between all directive compile functions.
+     *
+     *   * `transclude` -  [*DEPRECATED*!] A transclude linking function: `function(scope, cloneLinkingFn)`
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** The template instance and the link instance may be different objects if the template has
+     * been cloned. For this reason it is **not** safe to do anything other than DOM transformations that
+     * apply to all cloned DOM nodes within the compile function. Specifically, DOM listener registration
+     * should be done in a linking function rather than in a compile function.
+     * </div>
+
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** The compile function cannot handle directives that recursively use themselves in their
+     * own templates or compile functions. Compiling these directives results in an infinite loop and
+     * stack overflow errors.
+     *
+     * This can be avoided by manually using $compile in the postLink function to imperatively compile
+     * a directive's template instead of relying on automatic template compilation via `template` or
+     * `templateUrl` declaration or manual compilation inside the compile function.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+     * **Note:** The `transclude` function that is passed to the compile function is deprecated, as it
+     *   e.g. does not know about the right outer scope. Please use the transclude function that is passed
+     *   to the link function instead.
+     * </div>
+
+     * A compile function can have a return value which can be either a function or an object.
+     *
+     * * returning a (post-link) function - is equivalent to registering the linking function via the
+     *   `link` property of the config object when the compile function is empty.
+     *
+     * * returning an object with function(s) registered via `pre` and `post` properties - allows you to
+     *   control when a linking function should be called during the linking phase. See info about
+     *   pre-linking and post-linking functions below.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### `link`
+     * This property is used only if the `compile` property is not defined.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   function link(scope, iElement, iAttrs, controller, transcludeFn) { ... }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The link function is responsible for registering DOM listeners as well as updating the DOM. It is
+     * executed after the template has been cloned. This is where most of the directive logic will be
+     * put.
+     *
+     *   * `scope` - {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope Scope} - The scope to be used by the
+     *     directive for registering {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watches}.
+     *
+     *   * `iElement` - instance element - The element where the directive is to be used. It is safe to
+     *     manipulate the children of the element only in `postLink` function since the children have
+     *     already been linked.
+     *
+     *   * `iAttrs` - instance attributes - Normalized list of attributes declared on this element shared
+     *     between all directive linking functions.
+     *
+     *   * `controller` - the directive's required controller instance(s) - Instances are shared
+     *     among all directives, which allows the directives to use the controllers as a communication
+     *     channel. The exact value depends on the directive's `require` property:
+     *       * no controller(s) required: the directive's own controller, or `undefined` if it doesn't have one
+     *       * `string`: the controller instance
+     *       * `array`: array of controller instances
+     *
+     *     If a required controller cannot be found, and it is optional, the instance is `null`,
+     *     otherwise the {@link error:$compile:ctreq Missing Required Controller} error is thrown.
+     *
+     *     Note that you can also require the directive's own controller - it will be made available like
+     *     any other controller.
+     *
+     *   * `transcludeFn` - A transclude linking function pre-bound to the correct transclusion scope.
+     *     This is the same as the `$transclude` parameter of directive controllers,
+     *     see {@link ng.$compile#-controller- the controller section for details}.
+     *     `function([scope], cloneLinkingFn, futureParentElement)`.
+     *
+     * #### Pre-linking function
+     *
+     * Executed before the child elements are linked. Not safe to do DOM transformation since the
+     * compiler linking function will fail to locate the correct elements for linking.
+     *
+     * #### Post-linking function
+     *
+     * Executed after the child elements are linked.
+     *
+     * Note that child elements that contain `templateUrl` directives will not have been compiled
+     * and linked since they are waiting for their template to load asynchronously and their own
+     * compilation and linking has been suspended until that occurs.
+     *
+     * It is safe to do DOM transformation in the post-linking function on elements that are not waiting
+     * for their async templates to be resolved.
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Transclusion
+     *
+     * Transclusion is the process of extracting a collection of DOM elements from one part of the DOM and
+     * copying them to another part of the DOM, while maintaining their connection to the original AngularJS
+     * scope from where they were taken.
+     *
+     * Transclusion is used (often with {@link ngTransclude}) to insert the
+     * original contents of a directive's element into a specified place in the template of the directive.
+     * The benefit of transclusion, over simply moving the DOM elements manually, is that the transcluded
+     * content has access to the properties on the scope from which it was taken, even if the directive
+     * has isolated scope.
+     * See the {@link guide/directive#creating-a-directive-that-wraps-other-elements Directives Guide}.
+     *
+     * This makes it possible for the widget to have private state for its template, while the transcluded
+     * content has access to its originating scope.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** When testing an element transclude directive you must not place the directive at the root of the
+     * DOM fragment that is being compiled. See {@link guide/unit-testing#testing-transclusion-directives
+     * Testing Transclusion Directives}.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * There are three kinds of transclusion depending upon whether you want to transclude just the contents of the
+     * directive's element, the entire element or multiple parts of the element contents:
+     *
+     * * `true` - transclude the content (i.e. the child nodes) of the directive's element.
+     * * `'element'` - transclude the whole of the directive's element including any directives on this
+     *   element that defined at a lower priority than this directive. When used, the `template`
+     *   property is ignored.
+     * * **`{...}` (an object hash):** - map elements of the content onto transclusion "slots" in the template.
+     *
+     * **Mult-slot transclusion** is declared by providing an object for the `transclude` property.
+     *
+     * This object is a map where the keys are the name of the slot to fill and the value is an element selector
+     * used to match the HTML to the slot. The element selector should be in normalized form (e.g. `myElement`)
+     * and will match the standard element variants (e.g. `my-element`, `my:element`, `data-my-element`, etc).
+     *
+     * For further information check out the guide on {@link guide/directive#matching-directives Matching Directives}
+     *
+     * If the element selector is prefixed with a `?` then that slot is optional.
+     *
+     * For example, the transclude object `{ slotA: '?myCustomElement' }` maps `<my-custom-element>` elements to
+     * the `slotA` slot, which can be accessed via the `$transclude` function or via the {@link ngTransclude} directive.
+     *
+     * Slots that are not marked as optional (`?`) will trigger a compile time error if there are no matching elements
+     * in the transclude content. If you wish to know if an optional slot was filled with content, then you can call
+     * `$transclude.isSlotFilled(slotName)` on the transclude function passed to the directive's link function and
+     * injectable into the directive's controller.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### Transclusion Functions
+     *
+     * When a directive requests transclusion, the compiler extracts its contents and provides a **transclusion
+     * function** to the directive's `link` function and `controller`. This transclusion function is a special
+     * **linking function** that will return the compiled contents linked to a new transclusion scope.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * If you are just using {@link ngTransclude} then you don't need to worry about this function, since
+     * ngTransclude will deal with it for us.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * If you want to manually control the insertion and removal of the transcluded content in your directive
+     * then you must use this transclude function. When you call a transclude function it returns a a jqLite/JQuery
+     * object that contains the compiled DOM, which is linked to the correct transclusion scope.
+     *
+     * When you call a transclusion function you can pass in a **clone attach function**. This function accepts
+     * two parameters, `function(clone, scope) { ... }`, where the `clone` is a fresh compiled copy of your transcluded
+     * content and the `scope` is the newly created transclusion scope, which the clone will be linked to.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Best Practice**: Always provide a `cloneFn` (clone attach function) when you call a transclude function
+     * since you then get a fresh clone of the original DOM and also have access to the new transclusion scope.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * It is normal practice to attach your transcluded content (`clone`) to the DOM inside your **clone
+     * attach function**:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var transcludedContent, transclusionScope;
+     *
+     * $transclude(function(clone, scope) {
+     *   element.append(clone);
+     *   transcludedContent = clone;
+     *   transclusionScope = scope;
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Later, if you want to remove the transcluded content from your DOM then you should also destroy the
+     * associated transclusion scope:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * transcludedContent.remove();
+     * transclusionScope.$destroy();
+     * ```
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Best Practice**: if you intend to add and remove transcluded content manually in your directive
+     * (by calling the transclude function to get the DOM and calling `element.remove()` to remove it),
+     * then you are also responsible for calling `$destroy` on the transclusion scope.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * The built-in DOM manipulation directives, such as {@link ngIf}, {@link ngSwitch} and {@link ngRepeat}
+     * automatically destroy their transcluded clones as necessary so you do not need to worry about this if
+     * you are simply using {@link ngTransclude} to inject the transclusion into your directive.
+     *
+     *
+     * #### Transclusion Scopes
+     *
+     * When you call a transclude function it returns a DOM fragment that is pre-bound to a **transclusion
+     * scope**. This scope is special, in that it is a child of the directive's scope (and so gets destroyed
+     * when the directive's scope gets destroyed) but it inherits the properties of the scope from which it
+     * was taken.
+     *
+     * For example consider a directive that uses transclusion and isolated scope. The DOM hierarchy might look
+     * like this:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <div ng-app>
+     *   <div isolate>
+     *     <div transclusion>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </div>
+     * </div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The `$parent` scope hierarchy will look like this:
+     *
+       ```
+       - $rootScope
+         - isolate
+           - transclusion
+       ```
+     *
+     * but the scopes will inherit prototypically from different scopes to their `$parent`.
+     *
+       ```
+       - $rootScope
+         - transclusion
+       - isolate
+       ```
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Attributes
+     *
+     * The {@link ng.$compile.directive.Attributes Attributes} object - passed as a parameter in the
+     * `link()` or `compile()` functions. It has a variety of uses.
+     *
+     * * *Accessing normalized attribute names:* Directives like 'ngBind' can be expressed in many ways:
+     *   'ng:bind', `data-ng-bind`, or 'x-ng-bind'. The attributes object allows for normalized access
+     *   to the attributes.
+     *
+     * * *Directive inter-communication:* All directives share the same instance of the attributes
+     *   object which allows the directives to use the attributes object as inter directive
+     *   communication.
+     *
+     * * *Supports interpolation:* Interpolation attributes are assigned to the attribute object
+     *   allowing other directives to read the interpolated value.
+     *
+     * * *Observing interpolated attributes:* Use `$observe` to observe the value changes of attributes
+     *   that contain interpolation (e.g. `src="{{bar}}"`). Not only is this very efficient but it's also
+     *   the only way to easily get the actual value because during the linking phase the interpolation
+     *   hasn't been evaluated yet and so the value is at this time set to `undefined`.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * function linkingFn(scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) {
+     *   // get the attribute value
+     *   console.log(attrs.ngModel);
+     *
+     *   // change the attribute
+     *   attrs.$set('ngModel', 'new value');
+     *
+     *   // observe changes to interpolated attribute
+     *   attrs.$observe('ngModel', function(value) {
+     *     console.log('ngModel has changed value to ' + value);
+     *   });
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ## Example
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note**: Typically directives are registered with `module.directive`. The example below is
+     * to illustrate how `$compile` works.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     <example module="compileExample" name="compile">
+       <file name="index.html">
+        <script>
+          angular.module('compileExample', [], function($compileProvider) {
+            // configure new 'compile' directive by passing a directive
+            // factory function. The factory function injects the '$compile'
+            $compileProvider.directive('compile', function($compile) {
+              // directive factory creates a link function
+              return function(scope, element, attrs) {
+                scope.$watch(
+                  function(scope) {
+                     // watch the 'compile' expression for changes
+                    return scope.$eval(attrs.compile);
+                  },
+                  function(value) {
+                    // when the 'compile' expression changes
+                    // assign it into the current DOM
+                    element.html(value);
+
+                    // compile the new DOM and link it to the current
+                    // scope.
+                    // NOTE: we only compile .childNodes so that
+                    // we don't get into infinite loop compiling ourselves
+                    $compile(element.contents())(scope);
+                  }
+                );
+              };
+            });
+          })
+          .controller('GreeterController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+            $scope.name = 'AngularJS';
+            $scope.html = 'Hello {{name}}';
+          }]);
+        </script>
+        <div ng-controller="GreeterController">
+          <input ng-model="name"> <br/>
+          <textarea ng-model="html"></textarea> <br/>
+          <div compile="html"></div>
+        </div>
+       </file>
+       <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+         it('should auto compile', function() {
+           var textarea = $('textarea');
+           var output = $('div[compile]');
+           // The initial state reads 'Hello AngularJS'.
+           expect(output.getText()).toBe('Hello AngularJS');
+           textarea.clear();
+           textarea.sendKeys('{{name}}!');
+           expect(output.getText()).toBe('AngularJS!');
+         });
+       </file>
+     </example>
+
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string|DOMElement} element Element or HTML string to compile into a template function.
+     * @param {function(angular.Scope, cloneAttachFn=)} transclude function available to directives - DEPRECATED.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+     * **Note:** Passing a `transclude` function to the $compile function is deprecated, as it
+     *   e.g. will not use the right outer scope. Please pass the transclude function as a
+     *   `parentBoundTranscludeFn` to the link function instead.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @param {number} maxPriority only apply directives lower than given priority (Only effects the
+     *                 root element(s), not their children)
+     * @returns {function(scope, cloneAttachFn=, options=)} a link function which is used to bind template
+     * (a DOM element/tree) to a scope. Where:
+     *
+     *  * `scope` - A {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope Scope} to bind to.
+     *  * `cloneAttachFn` - If `cloneAttachFn` is provided, then the link function will clone the
+     *  `template` and call the `cloneAttachFn` function allowing the caller to attach the
+     *  cloned elements to the DOM document at the appropriate place. The `cloneAttachFn` is
+     *  called as: <br/> `cloneAttachFn(clonedElement, scope)` where:
+     *
+     *      * `clonedElement` - is a clone of the original `element` passed into the compiler.
+     *      * `scope` - is the current scope with which the linking function is working with.
+     *
+     *  * `options` - An optional object hash with linking options. If `options` is provided, then the following
+     *  keys may be used to control linking behavior:
+     *
+     *      * `parentBoundTranscludeFn` - the transclude function made available to
+     *        directives; if given, it will be passed through to the link functions of
+     *        directives found in `element` during compilation.
+     *      * `transcludeControllers` - an object hash with keys that map controller names
+     *        to a hash with the key `instance`, which maps to the controller instance;
+     *        if given, it will make the controllers available to directives on the compileNode:
+     *        ```
+     *        {
+     *          parent: {
+     *            instance: parentControllerInstance
+     *          }
+     *        }
+     *        ```
+     *      * `futureParentElement` - defines the parent to which the `cloneAttachFn` will add
+     *        the cloned elements; only needed for transcludes that are allowed to contain non html
+     *        elements (e.g. SVG elements). See also the directive.controller property.
+     *
+     * Calling the linking function returns the element of the template. It is either the original
+     * element passed in, or the clone of the element if the `cloneAttachFn` is provided.
+     *
+     * After linking the view is not updated until after a call to $digest which typically is done by
+     * AngularJS automatically.
+     *
+     * If you need access to the bound view, there are two ways to do it:
+     *
+     * - If you are not asking the linking function to clone the template, create the DOM element(s)
+     *   before you send them to the compiler and keep this reference around.
+     *   ```js
+     *     var element = $compile('<p>{{total}}</p>')(scope);
+     *   ```
+     *
+     * - if on the other hand, you need the element to be cloned, the view reference from the original
+     *   example would not point to the clone, but rather to the original template that was cloned. In
+     *   this case, you can access the clone via the cloneAttachFn:
+     *   ```js
+     *     var templateElement = angular.element('<p>{{total}}</p>'),
+     *         scope = ....;
+     *
+     *     var clonedElement = $compile(templateElement)(scope, function(clonedElement, scope) {
+     *       //attach the clone to DOM document at the right place
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     //now we have reference to the cloned DOM via `clonedElement`
+     *   ```
+     *
+     *
+     * For information on how the compiler works, see the
+     * {@link guide/compiler AngularJS HTML Compiler} section of the Developer Guide.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     *
+     * ### Double Compilation
+     *
+       Double compilation occurs when an already compiled part of the DOM gets
+       compiled again. This is an undesired effect and can lead to misbehaving directives, performance issues,
+       and memory leaks. Refer to the Compiler Guide {@link guide/compiler#double-compilation-and-how-to-avoid-it
+       section on double compilation} for an in-depth explanation and ways to avoid it.
+     *
+     */
+
+    var $compileMinErr = minErr('$compile');
+
+    function UNINITIALIZED_VALUE() {}
+    var _UNINITIALIZED_VALUE = new UNINITIALIZED_VALUE();
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $compileProvider
+     *
+     * @description
+     */
+    $CompileProvider.$inject = ['$provide', '$$sanitizeUriProvider'];
+    /** @this */
+    function $CompileProvider($provide, $$sanitizeUriProvider) {
+        var hasDirectives = {},
+            Suffix = 'Directive',
+            COMMENT_DIRECTIVE_REGEXP = /^\s*directive:\s*([\w-]+)\s+(.*)$/,
+            CLASS_DIRECTIVE_REGEXP = /(([\w-]+)(?::([^;]+))?;?)/,
+            ALL_OR_NOTHING_ATTRS = makeMap('ngSrc,ngSrcset,src,srcset'),
+            REQUIRE_PREFIX_REGEXP = /^(?:(\^\^?)?(\?)?(\^\^?)?)?/;
+
+        // Ref: http://developers.whatwg.org/webappapis.html#event-handler-idl-attributes
+        // The assumption is that future DOM event attribute names will begin with
+        // 'on' and be composed of only English letters.
+        var EVENT_HANDLER_ATTR_REGEXP = /^(on[a-z]+|formaction)$/;
+        var bindingCache = createMap();
+
+        function parseIsolateBindings(scope, directiveName, isController) {
+            var LOCAL_REGEXP = /^\s*([@&<]|=(\*?))(\??)\s*([\w$]*)\s*$/;
+
+            var bindings = createMap();
+
+            forEach(scope, function (definition, scopeName) {
+                if (definition in bindingCache) {
+                    bindings[scopeName] = bindingCache[definition];
+                    return;
+                }
+                var match = definition.match(LOCAL_REGEXP);
+
+                if (!match) {
+                    throw $compileMinErr('iscp',
+                        'Invalid {3} for directive \'{0}\'.' +
+                        ' Definition: {... {1}: \'{2}\' ...}',
+                        directiveName, scopeName, definition,
+                        (isController ? 'controller bindings definition' :
+                            'isolate scope definition'));
+                }
+
+                bindings[scopeName] = {
+                    mode: match[1][0],
+                    collection: match[2] === '*',
+                    optional: match[3] === '?',
+                    attrName: match[4] || scopeName
+                };
+                if (match[4]) {
+                    bindingCache[definition] = bindings[scopeName];
+                }
+            });
+
+            return bindings;
+        }
+
+        function parseDirectiveBindings(directive, directiveName) {
+            var bindings = {
+                isolateScope: null,
+                bindToController: null
+            };
+            if (isObject(directive.scope)) {
+                if (directive.bindToController === true) {
+                    bindings.bindToController = parseIsolateBindings(directive.scope,
+                        directiveName, true);
+                    bindings.isolateScope = {};
+                } else {
+                    bindings.isolateScope = parseIsolateBindings(directive.scope,
+                        directiveName, false);
+                }
+            }
+            if (isObject(directive.bindToController)) {
+                bindings.bindToController =
+                    parseIsolateBindings(directive.bindToController, directiveName, true);
+            }
+            if (bindings.bindToController && !directive.controller) {
+                // There is no controller
+                throw $compileMinErr('noctrl',
+                    'Cannot bind to controller without directive \'{0}\'s controller.',
+                    directiveName);
+            }
+            return bindings;
+        }
+
+        function assertValidDirectiveName(name) {
+            var letter = name.charAt(0);
+            if (!letter || letter !== lowercase(letter)) {
+                throw $compileMinErr('baddir', 'Directive/Component name \'{0}\' is invalid. The first character must be a lowercase letter', name);
+            }
+            if (name !== name.trim()) {
+                throw $compileMinErr('baddir',
+                    'Directive/Component name \'{0}\' is invalid. The name should not contain leading or trailing whitespaces',
+                    name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        function getDirectiveRequire(directive) {
+            var require = directive.require || (directive.controller && directive.name);
+
+            if (!isArray(require) && isObject(require)) {
+                forEach(require, function (value, key) {
+                    var match = value.match(REQUIRE_PREFIX_REGEXP);
+                    var name = value.substring(match[0].length);
+                    if (!name) require[key] = match[0] + key;
+                });
+            }
+
+            return require;
+        }
+
+        function getDirectiveRestrict(restrict, name) {
+            if (restrict && !(isString(restrict) && /[EACM]/.test(restrict))) {
+                throw $compileMinErr('badrestrict',
+                    'Restrict property \'{0}\' of directive \'{1}\' is invalid',
+                    restrict,
+                    name);
+            }
+
+            return restrict || 'EA';
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#directive
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Register a new directive with the compiler.
+         *
+         * @param {string|Object} name Name of the directive in camel-case (i.e. <code>ngBind</code> which
+         *    will match as <code>ng-bind</code>), or an object map of directives where the keys are the
+         *    names and the values are the factories.
+         * @param {Function|Array} directiveFactory An injectable directive factory function. See the
+         *    {@link guide/directive directive guide} and the {@link $compile compile API} for more info.
+         * @returns {ng.$compileProvider} Self for chaining.
+         */
+        this.directive = function registerDirective(name, directiveFactory) {
+            assertArg(name, 'name');
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'directive');
+            if (isString(name)) {
+                assertValidDirectiveName(name);
+                assertArg(directiveFactory, 'directiveFactory');
+                if (!hasDirectives.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+                    hasDirectives[name] = [];
+                    $provide.factory(name + Suffix, ['$injector', '$exceptionHandler',
+                        function ($injector, $exceptionHandler) {
+                            var directives = [];
+                            forEach(hasDirectives[name], function (directiveFactory, index) {
+                                try {
+                                    var directive = $injector.invoke(directiveFactory);
+                                    if (isFunction(directive)) {
+                                        directive = {
+                                            compile: valueFn(directive)
+                                        };
+                                    } else if (!directive.compile && directive.link) {
+                                        directive.compile = valueFn(directive.link);
+                                    }
+                                    directive.priority = directive.priority || 0;
+                                    directive.index = index;
+                                    directive.name = directive.name || name;
+                                    directive.require = getDirectiveRequire(directive);
+                                    directive.restrict = getDirectiveRestrict(directive.restrict, name);
+                                    directive.$$moduleName = directiveFactory.$$moduleName;
+                                    directives.push(directive);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            });
+                            return directives;
+                        }
+                    ]);
+                }
+                hasDirectives[name].push(directiveFactory);
+            } else {
+                forEach(name, reverseParams(registerDirective));
+            }
+            return this;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#component
+         * @module ng
+         * @param {string|Object} name Name of the component in camelCase (i.e. `myComp` which will match `<my-comp>`),
+         *    or an object map of components where the keys are the names and the values are the component definition objects.
+         * @param {Object} options Component definition object (a simplified
+         *    {@link ng.$compile#directive-definition-object directive definition object}),
+         *    with the following properties (all optional):
+         *
+         *    - `controller` – `{(string|function()=}` – controller constructor function that should be
+         *      associated with newly created scope or the name of a {@link ng.$compile#-controller-
+         *      registered controller} if passed as a string. An empty `noop` function by default.
+         *    - `controllerAs` – `{string=}` – identifier name for to reference the controller in the component's scope.
+         *      If present, the controller will be published to scope under the `controllerAs` name.
+         *      If not present, this will default to be `$ctrl`.
+         *    - `template` – `{string=|function()=}` – html template as a string or a function that
+         *      returns an html template as a string which should be used as the contents of this component.
+         *      Empty string by default.
+         *
+         *      If `template` is a function, then it is {@link auto.$injector#invoke injected} with
+         *      the following locals:
+         *
+         *      - `$element` - Current element
+         *      - `$attrs` - Current attributes object for the element
+         *
+         *    - `templateUrl` – `{string=|function()=}` – path or function that returns a path to an html
+         *      template that should be used  as the contents of this component.
+         *
+         *      If `templateUrl` is a function, then it is {@link auto.$injector#invoke injected} with
+         *      the following locals:
+         *
+         *      - `$element` - Current element
+         *      - `$attrs` - Current attributes object for the element
+         *
+         *    - `bindings` – `{object=}` – defines bindings between DOM attributes and component properties.
+         *      Component properties are always bound to the component controller and not to the scope.
+         *      See {@link ng.$compile#-bindtocontroller- `bindToController`}.
+         *    - `transclude` – `{boolean=}` – whether {@link $compile#transclusion content transclusion} is enabled.
+         *      Disabled by default.
+         *    - `require` - `{Object<string, string>=}` - requires the controllers of other directives and binds them to
+         *      this component's controller. The object keys specify the property names under which the required
+         *      controllers (object values) will be bound. See {@link ng.$compile#-require- `require`}.
+         *    - `$...` – additional properties to attach to the directive factory function and the controller
+         *      constructor function. (This is used by the component router to annotate)
+         *
+         * @returns {ng.$compileProvider} the compile provider itself, for chaining of function calls.
+         * @description
+         * Register a **component definition** with the compiler. This is a shorthand for registering a special
+         * type of directive, which represents a self-contained UI component in your application. Such components
+         * are always isolated (i.e. `scope: {}`) and are always restricted to elements (i.e. `restrict: 'E'`).
+         *
+         * Component definitions are very simple and do not require as much configuration as defining general
+         * directives. Component definitions usually consist only of a template and a controller backing it.
+         *
+         * In order to make the definition easier, components enforce best practices like use of `controllerAs`,
+         * `bindToController`. They always have **isolate scope** and are restricted to elements.
+         *
+         * Here are a few examples of how you would usually define components:
+         *
+         * ```js
+         *   var myMod = angular.module(...);
+         *   myMod.component('myComp', {
+         *     template: '<div>My name is {{$ctrl.name}}</div>',
+         *     controller: function() {
+         *       this.name = 'shahar';
+         *     }
+         *   });
+         *
+         *   myMod.component('myComp', {
+         *     template: '<div>My name is {{$ctrl.name}}</div>',
+         *     bindings: {name: '@'}
+         *   });
+         *
+         *   myMod.component('myComp', {
+         *     templateUrl: 'views/my-comp.html',
+         *     controller: 'MyCtrl',
+         *     controllerAs: 'ctrl',
+         *     bindings: {name: '@'}
+         *   });
+         *
+         * ```
+         * For more examples, and an in-depth guide, see the {@link guide/component component guide}.
+         *
+         * <br />
+         * See also {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive $compileProvider.directive()}.
+         */
+        this.component = function registerComponent(name, options) {
+            if (!isString(name)) {
+                forEach(name, reverseParams(bind(this, registerComponent)));
+                return this;
+            }
+
+            var controller = options.controller || function () {};
+
+            function factory($injector) {
+                function makeInjectable(fn) {
+                    if (isFunction(fn) || isArray(fn)) {
+                        return /** @this */ function (tElement, tAttrs) {
+                            return $injector.invoke(fn, this, {
+                                $element: tElement,
+                                $attrs: tAttrs
+                            });
+                        };
+                    } else {
+                        return fn;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var template = (!options.template && !options.templateUrl ? '' : options.template);
+                var ddo = {
+                    controller: controller,
+                    controllerAs: identifierForController(options.controller) || options.controllerAs || '$ctrl',
+                    template: makeInjectable(template),
+                    templateUrl: makeInjectable(options.templateUrl),
+                    transclude: options.transclude,
+                    scope: {},
+                    bindToController: options.bindings || {},
+                    restrict: 'E',
+                    require: options.require
+                };
+
+                // Copy annotations (starting with $) over to the DDO
+                forEach(options, function (val, key) {
+                    if (key.charAt(0) === '$') ddo[key] = val;
+                });
+
+                return ddo;
+            }
+
+            // TODO(pete) remove the following `forEach` before we release 1.6.0
+            // The component-router@0.2.0 looks for the annotations on the controller constructor
+            // Nothing in AngularJS looks for annotations on the factory function but we can't remove
+            // it from 1.5.x yet.
+
+            // Copy any annotation properties (starting with $) over to the factory and controller constructor functions
+            // These could be used by libraries such as the new component router
+            forEach(options, function (val, key) {
+                if (key.charAt(0) === '$') {
+                    factory[key] = val;
+                    // Don't try to copy over annotations to named controller
+                    if (isFunction(controller)) controller[key] = val;
+                }
+            });
+
+            factory.$inject = ['$injector'];
+
+            return this.directive(name, factory);
+        };
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#aHrefSanitizationWhitelist
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Retrieves or overrides the default regular expression that is used for whitelisting of safe
+         * urls during a[href] sanitization.
+         *
+         * The sanitization is a security measure aimed at preventing XSS attacks via html links.
+         *
+         * Any url about to be assigned to a[href] via data-binding is first normalized and turned into
+         * an absolute url. Afterwards, the url is matched against the `aHrefSanitizationWhitelist`
+         * regular expression. If a match is found, the original url is written into the dom. Otherwise,
+         * the absolute url is prefixed with `'unsafe:'` string and only then is it written into the DOM.
+         *
+         * @param {RegExp=} regexp New regexp to whitelist urls with.
+         * @returns {RegExp|ng.$compileProvider} Current RegExp if called without value or self for
+         *    chaining otherwise.
+         */
+        this.aHrefSanitizationWhitelist = function (regexp) {
+            if (isDefined(regexp)) {
+                $$sanitizeUriProvider.aHrefSanitizationWhitelist(regexp);
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return $$sanitizeUriProvider.aHrefSanitizationWhitelist();
+            }
+        };
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Retrieves or overrides the default regular expression that is used for whitelisting of safe
+         * urls during img[src] sanitization.
+         *
+         * The sanitization is a security measure aimed at prevent XSS attacks via html links.
+         *
+         * Any url about to be assigned to img[src] via data-binding is first normalized and turned into
+         * an absolute url. Afterwards, the url is matched against the `imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist`
+         * regular expression. If a match is found, the original url is written into the dom. Otherwise,
+         * the absolute url is prefixed with `'unsafe:'` string and only then is it written into the DOM.
+         *
+         * @param {RegExp=} regexp New regexp to whitelist urls with.
+         * @returns {RegExp|ng.$compileProvider} Current RegExp if called without value or self for
+         *    chaining otherwise.
+         */
+        this.imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist = function (regexp) {
+            if (isDefined(regexp)) {
+                $$sanitizeUriProvider.imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist(regexp);
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return $$sanitizeUriProvider.imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist();
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name  $compileProvider#debugInfoEnabled
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} enabled update the debugInfoEnabled state if provided, otherwise just return the
+         * current debugInfoEnabled state
+         * @returns {*} current value if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         *
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Call this method to enable/disable various debug runtime information in the compiler such as adding
+         * binding information and a reference to the current scope on to DOM elements.
+         * If enabled, the compiler will add the following to DOM elements that have been bound to the scope
+         * * `ng-binding` CSS class
+         * * `ng-scope` and `ng-isolated-scope` CSS classes
+         * * `$binding` data property containing an array of the binding expressions
+         * * Data properties used by the {@link angular.element#methods `scope()`/`isolateScope()` methods} to return
+         *   the element's scope.
+         * * Placeholder comments will contain information about what directive and binding caused the placeholder.
+         *   E.g. `<!-- ngIf: shouldShow() -->`.
+         *
+         * You may want to disable this in production for a significant performance boost. See
+         * {@link guide/production#disabling-debug-data Disabling Debug Data} for more.
+         *
+         * The default value is true.
+         */
+        var debugInfoEnabled = true;
+        this.debugInfoEnabled = function (enabled) {
+            if (isDefined(enabled)) {
+                debugInfoEnabled = enabled;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return debugInfoEnabled;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name  $compileProvider#preAssignBindingsEnabled
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} enabled update the preAssignBindingsEnabled state if provided, otherwise just return the
+         * current preAssignBindingsEnabled state
+         * @returns {*} current value if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         *
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Call this method to enable/disable whether directive controllers are assigned bindings before
+         * calling the controller's constructor.
+         * If enabled (true), the compiler assigns the value of each of the bindings to the
+         * properties of the controller object before the constructor of this object is called.
+         *
+         * If disabled (false), the compiler calls the constructor first before assigning bindings.
+         *
+         * The default value is false.
+         *
+         * @deprecated
+         * sinceVersion="1.6.0"
+         * removeVersion="1.7.0"
+         *
+         * This method and the option to assign the bindings before calling the controller's constructor
+         * will be removed in v1.7.0.
+         */
+        var preAssignBindingsEnabled = false;
+        this.preAssignBindingsEnabled = function (enabled) {
+            if (isDefined(enabled)) {
+                preAssignBindingsEnabled = enabled;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return preAssignBindingsEnabled;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name  $compileProvider#strictComponentBindingsEnabled
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} enabled update the strictComponentBindingsEnabled state if provided, otherwise just return the
+         * current strictComponentBindingsEnabled state
+         * @returns {*} current value if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         *
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Call this method to enable/disable strict component bindings check. If enabled, the compiler will enforce that
+         * for all bindings of a component that are not set as optional with `?`, an attribute needs to be provided
+         * on the component's HTML tag.
+         *
+         * The default value is false.
+         */
+        var strictComponentBindingsEnabled = false;
+        this.strictComponentBindingsEnabled = function (enabled) {
+            if (isDefined(enabled)) {
+                strictComponentBindingsEnabled = enabled;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return strictComponentBindingsEnabled;
+        };
+
+        var TTL = 10;
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#onChangesTtl
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Sets the number of times `$onChanges` hooks can trigger new changes before giving up and
+         * assuming that the model is unstable.
+         *
+         * The current default is 10 iterations.
+         *
+         * In complex applications it's possible that dependencies between `$onChanges` hooks and bindings will result
+         * in several iterations of calls to these hooks. However if an application needs more than the default 10
+         * iterations to stabilize then you should investigate what is causing the model to continuously change during
+         * the `$onChanges` hook execution.
+         *
+         * Increasing the TTL could have performance implications, so you should not change it without proper justification.
+         *
+         * @param {number} limit The number of `$onChanges` hook iterations.
+         * @returns {number|object} the current limit (or `this` if called as a setter for chaining)
+         */
+        this.onChangesTtl = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                TTL = value;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return TTL;
+        };
+
+        var commentDirectivesEnabledConfig = true;
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#commentDirectivesEnabled
+         * @description
+         *
+         * It indicates to the compiler
+         * whether or not directives on comments should be compiled.
+         * Defaults to `true`.
+         *
+         * Calling this function with false disables the compilation of directives
+         * on comments for the whole application.
+         * This results in a compilation performance gain,
+         * as the compiler doesn't have to check comments when looking for directives.
+         * This should however only be used if you are sure that no comment directives are used in
+         * the application (including any 3rd party directives).
+         *
+         * @param {boolean} enabled `false` if the compiler may ignore directives on comments
+         * @returns {boolean|object} the current value (or `this` if called as a setter for chaining)
+         */
+        this.commentDirectivesEnabled = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                commentDirectivesEnabledConfig = value;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return commentDirectivesEnabledConfig;
+        };
+
+
+        var cssClassDirectivesEnabledConfig = true;
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $compileProvider#cssClassDirectivesEnabled
+         * @description
+         *
+         * It indicates to the compiler
+         * whether or not directives on element classes should be compiled.
+         * Defaults to `true`.
+         *
+         * Calling this function with false disables the compilation of directives
+         * on element classes for the whole application.
+         * This results in a compilation performance gain,
+         * as the compiler doesn't have to check element classes when looking for directives.
+         * This should however only be used if you are sure that no class directives are used in
+         * the application (including any 3rd party directives).
+         *
+         * @param {boolean} enabled `false` if the compiler may ignore directives on element classes
+         * @returns {boolean|object} the current value (or `this` if called as a setter for chaining)
+         */
+        this.cssClassDirectivesEnabled = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                cssClassDirectivesEnabledConfig = value;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return cssClassDirectivesEnabledConfig;
+        };
+
+        this.$get = [
+            '$injector', '$interpolate', '$exceptionHandler', '$templateRequest', '$parse',
+            '$controller', '$rootScope', '$sce', '$animate', '$$sanitizeUri',
+            function ($injector, $interpolate, $exceptionHandler, $templateRequest, $parse,
+                $controller, $rootScope, $sce, $animate, $$sanitizeUri) {
+
+                var SIMPLE_ATTR_NAME = /^\w/;
+                var specialAttrHolder = window.document.createElement('div');
+
+
+                var commentDirectivesEnabled = commentDirectivesEnabledConfig;
+                var cssClassDirectivesEnabled = cssClassDirectivesEnabledConfig;
+
+
+                var onChangesTtl = TTL;
+                // The onChanges hooks should all be run together in a single digest
+                // When changes occur, the call to trigger their hooks will be added to this queue
+                var onChangesQueue;
+
+                // This function is called in a $$postDigest to trigger all the onChanges hooks in a single digest
+                function flushOnChangesQueue() {
+                    try {
+                        if (!(--onChangesTtl)) {
+                            // We have hit the TTL limit so reset everything
+                            onChangesQueue = undefined;
+                            throw $compileMinErr('infchng', '{0} $onChanges() iterations reached. Aborting!\n', TTL);
+                        }
+                        // We must run this hook in an apply since the $$postDigest runs outside apply
+                        $rootScope.$apply(function () {
+                            var errors = [];
+                            for (var i = 0, ii = onChangesQueue.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+                                try {
+                                    onChangesQueue[i]();
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    errors.push(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // Reset the queue to trigger a new schedule next time there is a change
+                            onChangesQueue = undefined;
+                            if (errors.length) {
+                                throw errors;
+                            }
+                        });
+                    } finally {
+                        onChangesTtl++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function Attributes(element, attributesToCopy) {
+                    if (attributesToCopy) {
+                        var keys = Object.keys(attributesToCopy);
+                        var i, l, key;
+
+                        for (i = 0, l = keys.length; i < l; i++) {
+                            key = keys[i];
+                            this[key] = attributesToCopy[key];
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        this.$attr = {};
+                    }
+
+                    this.$$element = element;
+                }
+
+                Attributes.prototype = {
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$normalize
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Converts an attribute name (e.g. dash/colon/underscore-delimited string, optionally prefixed with `x-` or
+                     * `data-`) to its normalized, camelCase form.
+                     *
+                     * Also there is special case for Moz prefix starting with upper case letter.
+                     *
+                     * For further information check out the guide on {@link guide/directive#matching-directives Matching Directives}
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} name Name to normalize
+                     */
+                    $normalize: directiveNormalize,
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$addClass
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Adds the CSS class value specified by the classVal parameter to the element. If animations
+                     * are enabled then an animation will be triggered for the class addition.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} classVal The className value that will be added to the element
+                     */
+                    $addClass: function (classVal) {
+                        if (classVal && classVal.length > 0) {
+                            $animate.addClass(this.$$element, classVal);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$removeClass
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Removes the CSS class value specified by the classVal parameter from the element. If
+                     * animations are enabled then an animation will be triggered for the class removal.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} classVal The className value that will be removed from the element
+                     */
+                    $removeClass: function (classVal) {
+                        if (classVal && classVal.length > 0) {
+                            $animate.removeClass(this.$$element, classVal);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$updateClass
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Adds and removes the appropriate CSS class values to the element based on the difference
+                     * between the new and old CSS class values (specified as newClasses and oldClasses).
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} newClasses The current CSS className value
+                     * @param {string} oldClasses The former CSS className value
+                     */
+                    $updateClass: function (newClasses, oldClasses) {
+                        var toAdd = tokenDifference(newClasses, oldClasses);
+                        if (toAdd && toAdd.length) {
+                            $animate.addClass(this.$$element, toAdd);
+                        }
+
+                        var toRemove = tokenDifference(oldClasses, newClasses);
+                        if (toRemove && toRemove.length) {
+                            $animate.removeClass(this.$$element, toRemove);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * Set a normalized attribute on the element in a way such that all directives
+                     * can share the attribute. This function properly handles boolean attributes.
+                     * @param {string} key Normalized key. (ie ngAttribute)
+                     * @param {string|boolean} value The value to set. If `null` attribute will be deleted.
+                     * @param {boolean=} writeAttr If false, does not write the value to DOM element attribute.
+                     *     Defaults to true.
+                     * @param {string=} attrName Optional none normalized name. Defaults to key.
+                     */
+                    $set: function (key, value, writeAttr, attrName) {
+                        // TODO: decide whether or not to throw an error if "class"
+                        //is set through this function since it may cause $updateClass to
+                        //become unstable.
+
+                        var node = this.$$element[0],
+                            booleanKey = getBooleanAttrName(node, key),
+                            aliasedKey = getAliasedAttrName(key),
+                            observer = key,
+                            nodeName;
+
+                        if (booleanKey) {
+                            this.$$element.prop(key, value);
+                            attrName = booleanKey;
+                        } else if (aliasedKey) {
+                            this[aliasedKey] = value;
+                            observer = aliasedKey;
+                        }
+
+                        this[key] = value;
+
+                        // translate normalized key to actual key
+                        if (attrName) {
+                            this.$attr[key] = attrName;
+                        } else {
+                            attrName = this.$attr[key];
+                            if (!attrName) {
+                                this.$attr[key] = attrName = snake_case(key, '-');
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        nodeName = nodeName_(this.$$element);
+
+                        if ((nodeName === 'a' && (key === 'href' || key === 'xlinkHref')) ||
+                            (nodeName === 'img' && key === 'src')) {
+                            // sanitize a[href] and img[src] values
+                            this[key] = value = $$sanitizeUri(value, key === 'src');
+                        } else if (nodeName === 'img' && key === 'srcset' && isDefined(value)) {
+                            // sanitize img[srcset] values
+                            var result = '';
+
+                            // first check if there are spaces because it's not the same pattern
+                            var trimmedSrcset = trim(value);
+                            //                (   999x   ,|   999w   ,|   ,|,   )
+                            var srcPattern = /(\s+\d+x\s*,|\s+\d+w\s*,|\s+,|,\s+)/;
+                            var pattern = /\s/.test(trimmedSrcset) ? srcPattern : /(,)/;
+
+                            // split srcset into tuple of uri and descriptor except for the last item
+                            var rawUris = trimmedSrcset.split(pattern);
+
+                            // for each tuples
+                            var nbrUrisWith2parts = Math.floor(rawUris.length / 2);
+                            for (var i = 0; i < nbrUrisWith2parts; i++) {
+                                var innerIdx = i * 2;
+                                // sanitize the uri
+                                result += $$sanitizeUri(trim(rawUris[innerIdx]), true);
+                                // add the descriptor
+                                result += (' ' + trim(rawUris[innerIdx + 1]));
+                            }
+
+                            // split the last item into uri and descriptor
+                            var lastTuple = trim(rawUris[i * 2]).split(/\s/);
+
+                            // sanitize the last uri
+                            result += $$sanitizeUri(trim(lastTuple[0]), true);
+
+                            // and add the last descriptor if any
+                            if (lastTuple.length === 2) {
+                                result += (' ' + trim(lastTuple[1]));
+                            }
+                            this[key] = value = result;
+                        }
+
+                        if (writeAttr !== false) {
+                            if (value === null || isUndefined(value)) {
+                                this.$$element.removeAttr(attrName);
+                            } else {
+                                if (SIMPLE_ATTR_NAME.test(attrName)) {
+                                    this.$$element.attr(attrName, value);
+                                } else {
+                                    setSpecialAttr(this.$$element[0], attrName, value);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // fire observers
+                        var $$observers = this.$$observers;
+                        if ($$observers) {
+                            forEach($$observers[observer], function (fn) {
+                                try {
+                                    fn(value);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$observe
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Observes an interpolated attribute.
+                     *
+                     * The observer function will be invoked once during the next `$digest` following
+                     * compilation. The observer is then invoked whenever the interpolated value
+                     * changes.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} key Normalized key. (ie ngAttribute) .
+                     * @param {function(interpolatedValue)} fn Function that will be called whenever
+                              the interpolated value of the attribute changes.
+                     *        See the {@link guide/interpolation#how-text-and-attribute-bindings-work Interpolation
+                     *        guide} for more info.
+                     * @returns {function()} Returns a deregistration function for this observer.
+                     */
+                    $observe: function (key, fn) {
+                        var attrs = this,
+                            $$observers = (attrs.$$observers || (attrs.$$observers = createMap())),
+                            listeners = ($$observers[key] || ($$observers[key] = []));
+
+                        listeners.push(fn);
+                        $rootScope.$evalAsync(function () {
+                            if (!listeners.$$inter && attrs.hasOwnProperty(key) && !isUndefined(attrs[key])) {
+                                // no one registered attribute interpolation function, so lets call it manually
+                                fn(attrs[key]);
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        return function () {
+                            arrayRemove(listeners, fn);
+                        };
+                    }
+                };
+
+                function setSpecialAttr(element, attrName, value) {
+                    // Attributes names that do not start with letters (such as `(click)`) cannot be set using `setAttribute`
+                    // so we have to jump through some hoops to get such an attribute
+                    // https://github.com/angular/angular.js/pull/13318
+                    specialAttrHolder.innerHTML = '<span ' + attrName + '>';
+                    var attributes = specialAttrHolder.firstChild.attributes;
+                    var attribute = attributes[0];
+                    // We have to remove the attribute from its container element before we can add it to the destination element
+                    attributes.removeNamedItem(attribute.name);
+                    attribute.value = value;
+                    element.attributes.setNamedItem(attribute);
+                }
+
+                function safeAddClass($element, className) {
+                    try {
+                        $element.addClass(className);
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        // ignore, since it means that we are trying to set class on
+                        // SVG element, where class name is read-only.
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                var startSymbol = $interpolate.startSymbol(),
+                    endSymbol = $interpolate.endSymbol(),
+                    denormalizeTemplate = (startSymbol === '{{' && endSymbol === '}}') ?
+                    identity :
+                    function denormalizeTemplate(template) {
+                        return template.replace(/\{\{/g, startSymbol).replace(/}}/g, endSymbol);
+                    },
+                    NG_ATTR_BINDING = /^ngAttr[A-Z]/;
+                var MULTI_ELEMENT_DIR_RE = /^(.+)Start$/;
+
+                compile.$$addBindingInfo = debugInfoEnabled ? function $$addBindingInfo($element, binding) {
+                    var bindings = $element.data('$binding') || [];
+
+                    if (isArray(binding)) {
+                        bindings = bindings.concat(binding);
+                    } else {
+                        bindings.push(binding);
+                    }
+
+                    $element.data('$binding', bindings);
+                } : noop;
+
+                compile.$$addBindingClass = debugInfoEnabled ? function $$addBindingClass($element) {
+                    safeAddClass($element, 'ng-binding');
+                } : noop;
+
+                compile.$$addScopeInfo = debugInfoEnabled ? function $$addScopeInfo($element, scope, isolated, noTemplate) {
+                    var dataName = isolated ? (noTemplate ? '$isolateScopeNoTemplate' : '$isolateScope') : '$scope';
+                    $element.data(dataName, scope);
+                } : noop;
+
+                compile.$$addScopeClass = debugInfoEnabled ? function $$addScopeClass($element, isolated) {
+                    safeAddClass($element, isolated ? 'ng-isolate-scope' : 'ng-scope');
+                } : noop;
+
+                compile.$$createComment = function (directiveName, comment) {
+                    var content = '';
+                    if (debugInfoEnabled) {
+                        content = ' ' + (directiveName || '') + ': ';
+                        if (comment) content += comment + ' ';
+                    }
+                    return window.document.createComment(content);
+                };
+
+                return compile;
+
+                //================================
+
+                function compile($compileNodes, transcludeFn, maxPriority, ignoreDirective,
+                    previousCompileContext) {
+                    if (!($compileNodes instanceof jqLite)) {
+                        // jquery always rewraps, whereas we need to preserve the original selector so that we can
+                        // modify it.
+                        $compileNodes = jqLite($compileNodes);
+                    }
+                    var compositeLinkFn =
+                        compileNodes($compileNodes, transcludeFn, $compileNodes,
+                            maxPriority, ignoreDirective, previousCompileContext);
+                    compile.$$addScopeClass($compileNodes);
+                    var namespace = null;
+                    return function publicLinkFn(scope, cloneConnectFn, options) {
+                        if (!$compileNodes) {
+                            throw $compileMinErr('multilink', 'This element has already been linked.');
+                        }
+                        assertArg(scope, 'scope');
+
+                        if (previousCompileContext && previousCompileContext.needsNewScope) {
+                            // A parent directive did a replace and a directive on this element asked
+                            // for transclusion, which caused us to lose a layer of element on which
+                            // we could hold the new transclusion scope, so we will create it manually
+                            // here.
+                            scope = scope.$parent.$new();
+                        }
+
+                        options = options || {};
+                        var parentBoundTranscludeFn = options.parentBoundTranscludeFn,
+                            transcludeControllers = options.transcludeControllers,
+                            futureParentElement = options.futureParentElement;
+
+                        // When `parentBoundTranscludeFn` is passed, it is a
+                        // `controllersBoundTransclude` function (it was previously passed
+                        // as `transclude` to directive.link) so we must unwrap it to get
+                        // its `boundTranscludeFn`
+                        if (parentBoundTranscludeFn && parentBoundTranscludeFn.$$boundTransclude) {
+                            parentBoundTranscludeFn = parentBoundTranscludeFn.$$boundTransclude;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!namespace) {
+                            namespace = detectNamespaceForChildElements(futureParentElement);
+                        }
+                        var $linkNode;
+                        if (namespace !== 'html') {
+                            // When using a directive with replace:true and templateUrl the $compileNodes
+                            // (or a child element inside of them)
+                            // might change, so we need to recreate the namespace adapted compileNodes
+                            // for call to the link function.
+                            // Note: This will already clone the nodes...
+                            $linkNode = jqLite(
+                                wrapTemplate(namespace, jqLite('<div>').append($compileNodes).html())
+                            );
+                        } else if (cloneConnectFn) {
+                            // important!!: we must call our jqLite.clone() since the jQuery one is trying to be smart
+                            // and sometimes changes the structure of the DOM.
+                            $linkNode = JQLitePrototype.clone.call($compileNodes);
+                        } else {
+                            $linkNode = $compileNodes;
+                        }
+
+                        if (transcludeControllers) {
+                            for (var controllerName in transcludeControllers) {
+                                $linkNode.data('$' + controllerName + 'Controller', transcludeControllers[controllerName].instance);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        compile.$$addScopeInfo($linkNode, scope);
+
+                        if (cloneConnectFn) cloneConnectFn($linkNode, scope);
+                        if (compositeLinkFn) compositeLinkFn(scope, $linkNode, $linkNode, parentBoundTranscludeFn);
+
+                        if (!cloneConnectFn) {
+                            $compileNodes = compositeLinkFn = null;
+                        }
+                        return $linkNode;
+                    };
+                }
+
+                function detectNamespaceForChildElements(parentElement) {
+                    // TODO: Make this detect MathML as well...
+                    var node = parentElement && parentElement[0];
+                    if (!node) {
+                        return 'html';
+                    } else {
+                        return nodeName_(node) !== 'foreignobject' && toString.call(node).match(/SVG/) ? 'svg' : 'html';
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * Compile function matches each node in nodeList against the directives. Once all directives
+                 * for a particular node are collected their compile functions are executed. The compile
+                 * functions return values - the linking functions - are combined into a composite linking
+                 * function, which is the a linking function for the node.
+                 *
+                 * @param {NodeList} nodeList an array of nodes or NodeList to compile
+                 * @param {function(angular.Scope, cloneAttachFn=)} transcludeFn A linking function, where the
+                 *        scope argument is auto-generated to the new child of the transcluded parent scope.
+                 * @param {DOMElement=} $rootElement If the nodeList is the root of the compilation tree then
+                 *        the rootElement must be set the jqLite collection of the compile root. This is
+                 *        needed so that the jqLite collection items can be replaced with widgets.
+                 * @param {number=} maxPriority Max directive priority.
+                 * @returns {Function} A composite linking function of all of the matched directives or null.
+                 */
+                function compileNodes(nodeList, transcludeFn, $rootElement, maxPriority, ignoreDirective,
+                    previousCompileContext) {
+                    var linkFns = [],
+                        // `nodeList` can be either an element's `.childNodes` (live NodeList)
+                        // or a jqLite/jQuery collection or an array
+                        notLiveList = isArray(nodeList) || (nodeList instanceof jqLite),
+                        attrs, directives, nodeLinkFn, childNodes, childLinkFn, linkFnFound, nodeLinkFnFound;
+
+
+                    for (var i = 0; i < nodeList.length; i++) {
+                        attrs = new Attributes();
+
+                        // Support: IE 11 only
+                        // Workaround for #11781 and #14924
+                        if (msie === 11) {
+                            mergeConsecutiveTextNodes(nodeList, i, notLiveList);
+                        }
+
+                        // We must always refer to `nodeList[i]` hereafter,
+                        // since the nodes can be replaced underneath us.
+                        directives = collectDirectives(nodeList[i], [], attrs, i === 0 ? maxPriority : undefined,
+                            ignoreDirective);
+
+                        nodeLinkFn = (directives.length) ?
+                            applyDirectivesToNode(directives, nodeList[i], attrs, transcludeFn, $rootElement,
+                                null, [], [], previousCompileContext) :
+                            null;
+
+                        if (nodeLinkFn && nodeLinkFn.scope) {
+                            compile.$$addScopeClass(attrs.$$element);
+                        }
+
+                        childLinkFn = (nodeLinkFn && nodeLinkFn.terminal ||
+                                !(childNodes = nodeList[i].childNodes) ||
+                                !childNodes.length) ?
+                            null :
+                            compileNodes(childNodes,
+                                nodeLinkFn ? (
+                                    (nodeLinkFn.transcludeOnThisElement || !nodeLinkFn.templateOnThisElement) &&
+                                    nodeLinkFn.transclude) : transcludeFn);
+
+                        if (nodeLinkFn || childLinkFn) {
+                            linkFns.push(i, nodeLinkFn, childLinkFn);
+                            linkFnFound = true;
+                            nodeLinkFnFound = nodeLinkFnFound || nodeLinkFn;
+                        }
+
+                        //use the previous context only for the first element in the virtual group
+                        previousCompileContext = null;
+                    }
+
+                    // return a linking function if we have found anything, null otherwise
+                    return linkFnFound ? compositeLinkFn : null;
+
+                    function compositeLinkFn(scope, nodeList, $rootElement, parentBoundTranscludeFn) {
+                        var nodeLinkFn, childLinkFn, node, childScope, i, ii, idx, childBoundTranscludeFn;
+                        var stableNodeList;
+
+
+                        if (nodeLinkFnFound) {
+                            // copy nodeList so that if a nodeLinkFn removes or adds an element at this DOM level our
+                            // offsets don't get screwed up
+                            var nodeListLength = nodeList.length;
+                            stableNodeList = new Array(nodeListLength);
+
+                            // create a sparse array by only copying the elements which have a linkFn
+                            for (i = 0; i < linkFns.length; i += 3) {
+                                idx = linkFns[i];
+                                stableNodeList[idx] = nodeList[idx];
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            stableNodeList = nodeList;
+                        }
+
+                        for (i = 0, ii = linkFns.length; i < ii;) {
+                            node = stableNodeList[linkFns[i++]];
+                            nodeLinkFn = linkFns[i++];
+                            childLinkFn = linkFns[i++];
+
+                            if (nodeLinkFn) {
+                                if (nodeLinkFn.scope) {
+                                    childScope = scope.$new();
+                                    compile.$$addScopeInfo(jqLite(node), childScope);
+                                } else {
+                                    childScope = scope;
+                                }
+
+                                if (nodeLinkFn.transcludeOnThisElement) {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = createBoundTranscludeFn(
+                                        scope, nodeLinkFn.transclude, parentBoundTranscludeFn);
+
+                                } else if (!nodeLinkFn.templateOnThisElement && parentBoundTranscludeFn) {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = parentBoundTranscludeFn;
+
+                                } else if (!parentBoundTranscludeFn && transcludeFn) {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = createBoundTranscludeFn(scope, transcludeFn);
+
+                                } else {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = null;
+                                }
+
+                                nodeLinkFn(childLinkFn, childScope, node, $rootElement, childBoundTranscludeFn);
+
+                            } else if (childLinkFn) {
+                                childLinkFn(scope, node.childNodes, undefined, parentBoundTranscludeFn);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                function mergeConsecutiveTextNodes(nodeList, idx, notLiveList) {
+                    var node = nodeList[idx];
+                    var parent = node.parentNode;
+                    var sibling;
+
+                    if (node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_TEXT) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    while (true) {
+                        sibling = parent ? node.nextSibling : nodeList[idx + 1];
+                        if (!sibling || sibling.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_TEXT) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        node.nodeValue = node.nodeValue + sibling.nodeValue;
+
+                        if (sibling.parentNode) {
+                            sibling.parentNode.removeChild(sibling);
+                        }
+                        if (notLiveList && sibling === nodeList[idx + 1]) {
+                            nodeList.splice(idx + 1, 1);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                function createBoundTranscludeFn(scope, transcludeFn, previousBoundTranscludeFn) {
+                    function boundTranscludeFn(transcludedScope, cloneFn, controllers, futureParentElement, containingScope) {
+
+                        if (!transcludedScope) {
+                            transcludedScope = scope.$new(false, containingScope);
+                            transcludedScope.$$transcluded = true;
+                        }
+
+                        return transcludeFn(transcludedScope, cloneFn, {
+                            parentBoundTranscludeFn: previousBoundTranscludeFn,
+                            transcludeControllers: controllers,
+                            futureParentElement: futureParentElement
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    // We need  to attach the transclusion slots onto the `boundTranscludeFn`
+                    // so that they are available inside the `controllersBoundTransclude` function
+                    var boundSlots = boundTranscludeFn.$$slots = createMap();
+                    for (var slotName in transcludeFn.$$slots) {
+                        if (transcludeFn.$$slots[slotName]) {
+                            boundSlots[slotName] = createBoundTranscludeFn(scope, transcludeFn.$$slots[slotName], previousBoundTranscludeFn);
+                        } else {
+                            boundSlots[slotName] = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return boundTranscludeFn;
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * Looks for directives on the given node and adds them to the directive collection which is
+                 * sorted.
+                 *
+                 * @param node Node to search.
+                 * @param directives An array to which the directives are added to. This array is sorted before
+                 *        the function returns.
+                 * @param attrs The shared attrs object which is used to populate the normalized attributes.
+                 * @param {number=} maxPriority Max directive priority.
+                 */
+                function collectDirectives(node, directives, attrs, maxPriority, ignoreDirective) {
+                    var nodeType = node.nodeType,
+                        attrsMap = attrs.$attr,
+                        match,
+                        nodeName,
+                        className;
+
+                    switch (nodeType) {
+                        case NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT:
+                            /* Element */
+
+                            nodeName = nodeName_(node);
+
+                            // use the node name: <directive>
+                            addDirective(directives,
+                                directiveNormalize(nodeName), 'E', maxPriority, ignoreDirective);
+
+                            // iterate over the attributes
+                            for (var attr, name, nName, ngAttrName, value, isNgAttr, nAttrs = node.attributes,
+                                    j = 0, jj = nAttrs && nAttrs.length; j < jj; j++) {
+                                var attrStartName = false;
+                                var attrEndName = false;
+
+                                attr = nAttrs[j];
+                                name = attr.name;
+                                value = attr.value;
+
+                                // support ngAttr attribute binding
+                                ngAttrName = directiveNormalize(name);
+                                isNgAttr = NG_ATTR_BINDING.test(ngAttrName);
+                                if (isNgAttr) {
+                                    name = name.replace(PREFIX_REGEXP, '')
+                                        .substr(8).replace(/_(.)/g, function (match, letter) {
+                                            return letter.toUpperCase();
+                                        });
+                                }
+
+                                var multiElementMatch = ngAttrName.match(MULTI_ELEMENT_DIR_RE);
+                                if (multiElementMatch && directiveIsMultiElement(multiElementMatch[1])) {
+                                    attrStartName = name;
+                                    attrEndName = name.substr(0, name.length - 5) + 'end';
+                                    name = name.substr(0, name.length - 6);
+                                }
+
+                                nName = directiveNormalize(name.toLowerCase());
+                                attrsMap[nName] = name;
+                                if (isNgAttr || !attrs.hasOwnProperty(nName)) {
+                                    attrs[nName] = value;
+                                    if (getBooleanAttrName(node, nName)) {
+                                        attrs[nName] = true; // presence means true
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                addAttrInterpolateDirective(node, directives, value, nName, isNgAttr);
+                                addDirective(directives, nName, 'A', maxPriority, ignoreDirective, attrStartName,
+                                    attrEndName);
+                            }
+
+                            if (nodeName === 'input' && node.getAttribute('type') === 'hidden') {
+                                // Hidden input elements can have strange behaviour when navigating back to the page
+                                // This tells the browser not to try to cache and reinstate previous values
+                                node.setAttribute('autocomplete', 'off');
+                            }
+
+                            // use class as directive
+                            if (!cssClassDirectivesEnabled) break;
+                            className = node.className;
+                            if (isObject(className)) {
+                                // Maybe SVGAnimatedString
+                                className = className.animVal;
+                            }
+                            if (isString(className) && className !== '') {
+                                while ((match = CLASS_DIRECTIVE_REGEXP.exec(className))) {
+                                    nName = directiveNormalize(match[2]);
+                                    if (addDirective(directives, nName, 'C', maxPriority, ignoreDirective)) {
+                                        attrs[nName] = trim(match[3]);
+                                    }
+                                    className = className.substr(match.index + match[0].length);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case NODE_TYPE_TEXT:
+                            /* Text Node */
+                            addTextInterpolateDirective(directives, node.nodeValue);
+                            break;
+                        case NODE_TYPE_COMMENT:
+                            /* Comment */
+                            if (!commentDirectivesEnabled) break;
+                            collectCommentDirectives(node, directives, attrs, maxPriority, ignoreDirective);
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    directives.sort(byPriority);
+                    return directives;
+                }
+
+                function collectCommentDirectives(node, directives, attrs, maxPriority, ignoreDirective) {
+                    // function created because of performance, try/catch disables
+                    // the optimization of the whole function #14848
+                    try {
+                        var match = COMMENT_DIRECTIVE_REGEXP.exec(node.nodeValue);
+                        if (match) {
+                            var nName = directiveNormalize(match[1]);
+                            if (addDirective(directives, nName, 'M', maxPriority, ignoreDirective)) {
+                                attrs[nName] = trim(match[2]);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        // turns out that under some circumstances IE9 throws errors when one attempts to read
+                        // comment's node value.
+                        // Just ignore it and continue. (Can't seem to reproduce in test case.)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * Given a node with a directive-start it collects all of the siblings until it finds
+                 * directive-end.
+                 * @param node
+                 * @param attrStart
+                 * @param attrEnd
+                 * @returns {*}
+                 */
+                function groupScan(node, attrStart, attrEnd) {
+                    var nodes = [];
+                    var depth = 0;
+                    if (attrStart && node.hasAttribute && node.hasAttribute(attrStart)) {
+                        do {
+                            if (!node) {
+                                throw $compileMinErr('uterdir',
+                                    'Unterminated attribute, found \'{0}\' but no matching \'{1}\' found.',
+                                    attrStart, attrEnd);
+                            }
+                            if (node.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT) {
+                                if (node.hasAttribute(attrStart)) depth++;
+                                if (node.hasAttribute(attrEnd)) depth--;
+                            }
+                            nodes.push(node);
+                            node = node.nextSibling;
+                        } while (depth > 0);
+                    } else {
+                        nodes.push(node);
+                    }
+
+                    return jqLite(nodes);
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * Wrapper for linking function which converts normal linking function into a grouped
+                 * linking function.
+                 * @param linkFn
+                 * @param attrStart
+                 * @param attrEnd
+                 * @returns {Function}
+                 */
+                function groupElementsLinkFnWrapper(linkFn, attrStart, attrEnd) {
+                    return function groupedElementsLink(scope, element, attrs, controllers, transcludeFn) {
+                        element = groupScan(element[0], attrStart, attrEnd);
+                        return linkFn(scope, element, attrs, controllers, transcludeFn);
+                    };
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * A function generator that is used to support both eager and lazy compilation
+                 * linking function.
+                 * @param eager
+                 * @param $compileNodes
+                 * @param transcludeFn
+                 * @param maxPriority
+                 * @param ignoreDirective
+                 * @param previousCompileContext
+                 * @returns {Function}
+                 */
+                function compilationGenerator(eager, $compileNodes, transcludeFn, maxPriority, ignoreDirective, previousCompileContext) {
+                    var compiled;
+
+                    if (eager) {
+                        return compile($compileNodes, transcludeFn, maxPriority, ignoreDirective, previousCompileContext);
+                    }
+                    return /** @this */ function lazyCompilation() {
+                        if (!compiled) {
+                            compiled = compile($compileNodes, transcludeFn, maxPriority, ignoreDirective, previousCompileContext);
+
+                            // Null out all of these references in order to make them eligible for garbage collection
+                            // since this is a potentially long lived closure
+                            $compileNodes = transcludeFn = previousCompileContext = null;
+                        }
+                        return compiled.apply(this, arguments);
+                    };
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * Once the directives have been collected, their compile functions are executed. This method
+                 * is responsible for inlining directive templates as well as terminating the application
+                 * of the directives if the terminal directive has been reached.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Array} directives Array of collected directives to execute their compile function.
+                 *        this needs to be pre-sorted by priority order.
+                 * @param {Node} compileNode The raw DOM node to apply the compile functions to
+                 * @param {Object} templateAttrs The shared attribute function
+                 * @param {function(angular.Scope, cloneAttachFn=)} transcludeFn A linking function, where the
+                 *                                                  scope argument is auto-generated to the new
+                 *                                                  child of the transcluded parent scope.
+                 * @param {JQLite} jqCollection If we are working on the root of the compile tree then this
+                 *                              argument has the root jqLite array so that we can replace nodes
+                 *                              on it.
+                 * @param {Object=} originalReplaceDirective An optional directive that will be ignored when
+                 *                                           compiling the transclusion.
+                 * @param {Array.<Function>} preLinkFns
+                 * @param {Array.<Function>} postLinkFns
+                 * @param {Object} previousCompileContext Context used for previous compilation of the current
+                 *                                        node
+                 * @returns {Function} linkFn
+                 */
+                function applyDirectivesToNode(directives, compileNode, templateAttrs, transcludeFn,
+                    jqCollection, originalReplaceDirective, preLinkFns, postLinkFns,
+                    previousCompileContext) {
+                    previousCompileContext = previousCompileContext || {};
+
+                    var terminalPriority = -Number.MAX_VALUE,
+                        newScopeDirective = previousCompileContext.newScopeDirective,
+                        controllerDirectives = previousCompileContext.controllerDirectives,
+                        newIsolateScopeDirective = previousCompileContext.newIsolateScopeDirective,
+                        templateDirective = previousCompileContext.templateDirective,
+                        nonTlbTranscludeDirective = previousCompileContext.nonTlbTranscludeDirective,
+                        hasTranscludeDirective = false,
+                        hasTemplate = false,
+                        hasElementTranscludeDirective = previousCompileContext.hasElementTranscludeDirective,
+                        $compileNode = templateAttrs.$$element = jqLite(compileNode),
+                        directive,
+                        directiveName,
+                        $template,
+                        replaceDirective = originalReplaceDirective,
+                        childTranscludeFn = transcludeFn,
+                        linkFn,
+                        didScanForMultipleTransclusion = false,
+                        mightHaveMultipleTransclusionError = false,
+                        directiveValue;
+
+                    // executes all directives on the current element
+                    for (var i = 0, ii = directives.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                        directive = directives[i];
+                        var attrStart = directive.$$start;
+                        var attrEnd = directive.$$end;
+
+                        // collect multiblock sections
+                        if (attrStart) {
+                            $compileNode = groupScan(compileNode, attrStart, attrEnd);
+                        }
+                        $template = undefined;
+
+                        if (terminalPriority > directive.priority) {
+                            break; // prevent further processing of directives
+                        }
+
+                        directiveValue = directive.scope;
+
+                        if (directiveValue) {
+
+                            // skip the check for directives with async templates, we'll check the derived sync
+                            // directive when the template arrives
+                            if (!directive.templateUrl) {
+                                if (isObject(directiveValue)) {
+                                    // This directive is trying to add an isolated scope.
+                                    // Check that there is no scope of any kind already
+                                    assertNoDuplicate('new/isolated scope', newIsolateScopeDirective || newScopeDirective,
+                                        directive, $compileNode);
+                                    newIsolateScopeDirective = directive;
+                                } else {
+                                    // This directive is trying to add a child scope.
+                                    // Check that there is no isolated scope already
+                                    assertNoDuplicate('new/isolated scope', newIsolateScopeDirective, directive,
+                                        $compileNode);
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            newScopeDirective = newScopeDirective || directive;
+                        }
+
+                        directiveName = directive.name;
+
+                        // If we encounter a condition that can result in transclusion on the directive,
+                        // then scan ahead in the remaining directives for others that may cause a multiple
+                        // transclusion error to be thrown during the compilation process.  If a matching directive
+                        // is found, then we know that when we encounter a transcluded directive, we need to eagerly
+                        // compile the `transclude` function rather than doing it lazily in order to throw
+                        // exceptions at the correct time
+                        if (!didScanForMultipleTransclusion && ((directive.replace && (directive.templateUrl || directive.template)) ||
+                                (directive.transclude && !directive.$$tlb))) {
+                            var candidateDirective;
+
+                            for (var scanningIndex = i + 1;
+                                (candidateDirective = directives[scanningIndex++]);) {
+                                if ((candidateDirective.transclude && !candidateDirective.$$tlb) ||
+                                    (candidateDirective.replace && (candidateDirective.templateUrl || candidateDirective.template))) {
+                                    mightHaveMultipleTransclusionError = true;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            didScanForMultipleTransclusion = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!directive.templateUrl && directive.controller) {
+                            controllerDirectives = controllerDirectives || createMap();
+                            assertNoDuplicate('\'' + directiveName + '\' controller',
+                                controllerDirectives[directiveName], directive, $compileNode);
+                            controllerDirectives[directiveName] = directive;
+                        }
+
+                        directiveValue = directive.transclude;
+
+                        if (directiveValue) {
+                            hasTranscludeDirective = true;
+
+                            // Special case ngIf and ngRepeat so that we don't complain about duplicate transclusion.
+                            // This option should only be used by directives that know how to safely handle element transclusion,
+                            // where the transcluded nodes are added or replaced after linking.
+                            if (!directive.$$tlb) {
+                                assertNoDuplicate('transclusion', nonTlbTranscludeDirective, directive, $compileNode);
+                                nonTlbTranscludeDirective = directive;
+                            }
+
+                            if (directiveValue === 'element') {
+                                hasElementTranscludeDirective = true;
+                                terminalPriority = directive.priority;
+                                $template = $compileNode;
+                                $compileNode = templateAttrs.$$element =
+                                    jqLite(compile.$$createComment(directiveName, templateAttrs[directiveName]));
+                                compileNode = $compileNode[0];
+                                replaceWith(jqCollection, sliceArgs($template), compileNode);
+
+                                // Support: Chrome < 50
+                                // https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/14041
+
+                                // In the versions of V8 prior to Chrome 50, the document fragment that is created
+                                // in the `replaceWith` function is improperly garbage collected despite still
+                                // being referenced by the `parentNode` property of all of the child nodes.  By adding
+                                // a reference to the fragment via a different property, we can avoid that incorrect
+                                // behavior.
+                                // TODO: remove this line after Chrome 50 has been released
+                                $template[0].$$parentNode = $template[0].parentNode;
+
+                                childTranscludeFn = compilationGenerator(mightHaveMultipleTransclusionError, $template, transcludeFn, terminalPriority,
+                                    replaceDirective && replaceDirective.name, {
+                                        // Don't pass in:
+                                        // - controllerDirectives - otherwise we'll create duplicates controllers
+                                        // - newIsolateScopeDirective or templateDirective - combining templates with
+                                        //   element transclusion doesn't make sense.
+                                        //
+                                        // We need only nonTlbTranscludeDirective so that we prevent putting transclusion
+                                        // on the same element more than once.
+                                        nonTlbTranscludeDirective: nonTlbTranscludeDirective
+                                    });
+                            } else {
+
+                                var slots = createMap();
+
+                                if (!isObject(directiveValue)) {
+                                    $template = jqLite(jqLiteClone(compileNode)).contents();
+                                } else {
+
+                                    // We have transclusion slots,
+                                    // collect them up, compile them and store their transclusion functions
+                                    $template = [];
+
+                                    var slotMap = createMap();
+                                    var filledSlots = createMap();
+
+                                    // Parse the element selectors
+                                    forEach(directiveValue, function (elementSelector, slotName) {
+                                        // If an element selector starts with a ? then it is optional
+                                        var optional = (elementSelector.charAt(0) === '?');
+                                        elementSelector = optional ? elementSelector.substring(1) : elementSelector;
+
+                                        slotMap[elementSelector] = slotName;
+
+                                        // We explicitly assign `null` since this implies that a slot was defined but not filled.
+                                        // Later when calling boundTransclusion functions with a slot name we only error if the
+                                        // slot is `undefined`
+                                        slots[slotName] = null;
+
+                                        // filledSlots contains `true` for all slots that are either optional or have been
+                                        // filled. This is used to check that we have not missed any required slots
+                                        filledSlots[slotName] = optional;
+                                    });
+
+                                    // Add the matching elements into their slot
+                                    forEach($compileNode.contents(), function (node) {
+                                        var slotName = slotMap[directiveNormalize(nodeName_(node))];
+                                        if (slotName) {
+                                            filledSlots[slotName] = true;
+                                            slots[slotName] = slots[slotName] || [];
+                                            slots[slotName].push(node);
+                                        } else {
+                                            $template.push(node);
+                                        }
+                                    });
+
+                                    // Check for required slots that were not filled
+                                    forEach(filledSlots, function (filled, slotName) {
+                                        if (!filled) {
+                                            throw $compileMinErr('reqslot', 'Required transclusion slot `{0}` was not filled.', slotName);
+                                        }
+                                    });
+
+                                    for (var slotName in slots) {
+                                        if (slots[slotName]) {
+                                            // Only define a transclusion function if the slot was filled
+                                            slots[slotName] = compilationGenerator(mightHaveMultipleTransclusionError, slots[slotName], transcludeFn);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                $compileNode.empty(); // clear contents
+                                childTranscludeFn = compilationGenerator(mightHaveMultipleTransclusionError, $template, transcludeFn, undefined,
+                                    undefined, {
+                                        needsNewScope: directive.$$isolateScope || directive.$$newScope
+                                    });
+                                childTranscludeFn.$$slots = slots;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (directive.template) {
+                            hasTemplate = true;
+                            assertNoDuplicate('template', templateDirective, directive, $compileNode);
+                            templateDirective = directive;
+
+                            directiveValue = (isFunction(directive.template)) ?
+                                directive.template($compileNode, templateAttrs) :
+                                directive.template;
+
+                            directiveValue = denormalizeTemplate(directiveValue);
+
+                            if (directive.replace) {
+                                replaceDirective = directive;
+                                if (jqLiteIsTextNode(directiveValue)) {
+                                    $template = [];
+                                } else {
+                                    $template = removeComments(wrapTemplate(directive.templateNamespace, trim(directiveValue)));
+                                }
+                                compileNode = $template[0];
+
+                                if ($template.length !== 1 || compileNode.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT) {
+                                    throw $compileMinErr('tplrt',
+                                        'Template for directive \'{0}\' must have exactly one root element. {1}',
+                                        directiveName, '');
+                                }
+
+                                replaceWith(jqCollection, $compileNode, compileNode);
+
+                                var newTemplateAttrs = {
+                                    $attr: {}
+                                };
+
+                                // combine directives from the original node and from the template:
+                                // - take the array of directives for this element
+                                // - split it into two parts, those that already applied (processed) and those that weren't (unprocessed)
+                                // - collect directives from the template and sort them by priority
+                                // - combine directives as: processed + template + unprocessed
+                                var templateDirectives = collectDirectives(compileNode, [], newTemplateAttrs);
+                                var unprocessedDirectives = directives.splice(i + 1, directives.length - (i + 1));
+
+                                if (newIsolateScopeDirective || newScopeDirective) {
+                                    // The original directive caused the current element to be replaced but this element
+                                    // also needs to have a new scope, so we need to tell the template directives
+                                    // that they would need to get their scope from further up, if they require transclusion
+                                    markDirectiveScope(templateDirectives, newIsolateScopeDirective, newScopeDirective);
+                                }
+                                directives = directives.concat(templateDirectives).concat(unprocessedDirectives);
+                                mergeTemplateAttributes(templateAttrs, newTemplateAttrs);
+
+                                ii = directives.length;
+                            } else {
+                                $compileNode.html(directiveValue);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (directive.templateUrl) {
+                            hasTemplate = true;
+                            assertNoDuplicate('template', templateDirective, directive, $compileNode);
+                            templateDirective = directive;
+
+                            if (directive.replace) {
+                                replaceDirective = directive;
+                            }
+
+                            // eslint-disable-next-line no-func-assign
+                            nodeLinkFn = compileTemplateUrl(directives.splice(i, directives.length - i), $compileNode,
+                                templateAttrs, jqCollection, hasTranscludeDirective && childTranscludeFn, preLinkFns, postLinkFns, {
+                                    controllerDirectives: controllerDirectives,
+                                    newScopeDirective: (newScopeDirective !== directive) && newScopeDirective,
+                                    newIsolateScopeDirective: newIsolateScopeDirective,
+                                    templateDirective: templateDirective,
+                                    nonTlbTranscludeDirective: nonTlbTranscludeDirective
+                                });
+                            ii = directives.length;
+                        } else if (directive.compile) {
+                            try {
+                                linkFn = directive.compile($compileNode, templateAttrs, childTranscludeFn);
+                                var context = directive.$$originalDirective || directive;
+                                if (isFunction(linkFn)) {
+                                    addLinkFns(null, bind(context, linkFn), attrStart, attrEnd);
+                                } else if (linkFn) {
+                                    addLinkFns(bind(context, linkFn.pre), bind(context, linkFn.post), attrStart, attrEnd);
+                                }
+                            } catch (e) {
+                                $exceptionHandler(e, startingTag($compileNode));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (directive.terminal) {
+                            nodeLinkFn.terminal = true;
+                            terminalPriority = Math.max(terminalPriority, directive.priority);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+
+                    nodeLinkFn.scope = newScopeDirective && newScopeDirective.scope === true;
+                    nodeLinkFn.transcludeOnThisElement = hasTranscludeDirective;
+                    nodeLinkFn.templateOnThisElement = hasTemplate;
+                    nodeLinkFn.transclude = childTranscludeFn;
+
+                    previousCompileContext.hasElementTranscludeDirective = hasElementTranscludeDirective;
+
+                    // might be normal or delayed nodeLinkFn depending on if templateUrl is present
+                    return nodeLinkFn;
+
+                    ////////////////////
+
+                    function addLinkFns(pre, post, attrStart, attrEnd) {
+                        if (pre) {
+                            if (attrStart) pre = groupElementsLinkFnWrapper(pre, attrStart, attrEnd);
+                            pre.require = directive.require;
+                            pre.directiveName = directiveName;
+                            if (newIsolateScopeDirective === directive || directive.$$isolateScope) {
+                                pre = cloneAndAnnotateFn(pre, {
+                                    isolateScope: true
+                                });
+                            }
+                            preLinkFns.push(pre);
+                        }
+                        if (post) {
+                            if (attrStart) post = groupElementsLinkFnWrapper(post, attrStart, attrEnd);
+                            post.require = directive.require;
+                            post.directiveName = directiveName;
+                            if (newIsolateScopeDirective === directive || directive.$$isolateScope) {
+                                post = cloneAndAnnotateFn(post, {
+                                    isolateScope: true
+                                });
+                            }
+                            postLinkFns.push(post);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    function nodeLinkFn(childLinkFn, scope, linkNode, $rootElement, boundTranscludeFn) {
+                        var i, ii, linkFn, isolateScope, controllerScope, elementControllers, transcludeFn, $element,
+                            attrs, scopeBindingInfo;
+
+                        if (compileNode === linkNode) {
+                            attrs = templateAttrs;
+                            $element = templateAttrs.$$element;
+                        } else {
+                            $element = jqLite(linkNode);
+                            attrs = new Attributes($element, templateAttrs);
+                        }
+
+                        controllerScope = scope;
+                        if (newIsolateScopeDirective) {
+                            isolateScope = scope.$new(true);
+                        } else if (newScopeDirective) {
+                            controllerScope = scope.$parent;
+                        }
+
+                        if (boundTranscludeFn) {
+                            // track `boundTranscludeFn` so it can be unwrapped if `transcludeFn`
+                            // is later passed as `parentBoundTranscludeFn` to `publicLinkFn`
+                            transcludeFn = controllersBoundTransclude;
+                            transcludeFn.$$boundTransclude = boundTranscludeFn;
+                            // expose the slots on the `$transclude` function
+                            transcludeFn.isSlotFilled = function (slotName) {
+                                return !!boundTranscludeFn.$$slots[slotName];
+                            };
+                        }
+
+                        if (controllerDirectives) {
+                            elementControllers = setupControllers($element, attrs, transcludeFn, controllerDirectives, isolateScope, scope, newIsolateScopeDirective);
+                        }
+
+                        if (newIsolateScopeDirective) {
+                            // Initialize isolate scope bindings for new isolate scope directive.
+                            compile.$$addScopeInfo($element, isolateScope, true, !(templateDirective && (templateDirective === newIsolateScopeDirective ||
+                                templateDirective === newIsolateScopeDirective.$$originalDirective)));
+                            compile.$$addScopeClass($element, true);
+                            isolateScope.$$isolateBindings =
+                                newIsolateScopeDirective.$$isolateBindings;
+                            scopeBindingInfo = initializeDirectiveBindings(scope, attrs, isolateScope,
+                                isolateScope.$$isolateBindings,
+                                newIsolateScopeDirective);
+                            if (scopeBindingInfo.removeWatches) {
+                                isolateScope.$on('$destroy', scopeBindingInfo.removeWatches);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Initialize bindToController bindings
+                        for (var name in elementControllers) {
+                            var controllerDirective = controllerDirectives[name];
+                            var controller = elementControllers[name];
+                            var bindings = controllerDirective.$$bindings.bindToController;
+
+                            if (preAssignBindingsEnabled) {
+                                if (bindings) {
+                                    controller.bindingInfo =
+                                        initializeDirectiveBindings(controllerScope, attrs, controller.instance, bindings, controllerDirective);
+                                } else {
+                                    controller.bindingInfo = {};
+                                }
+
+                                var controllerResult = controller();
+                                if (controllerResult !== controller.instance) {
+                                    // If the controller constructor has a return value, overwrite the instance
+                                    // from setupControllers
+                                    controller.instance = controllerResult;
+                                    $element.data('$' + controllerDirective.name + 'Controller', controllerResult);
+                                    if (controller.bindingInfo.removeWatches) {
+                                        controller.bindingInfo.removeWatches();
+                                    }
+                                    controller.bindingInfo =
+                                        initializeDirectiveBindings(controllerScope, attrs, controller.instance, bindings, controllerDirective);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                controller.instance = controller();
+                                $element.data('$' + controllerDirective.name + 'Controller', controller.instance);
+                                controller.bindingInfo =
+                                    initializeDirectiveBindings(controllerScope, attrs, controller.instance, bindings, controllerDirective);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Bind the required controllers to the controller, if `require` is an object and `bindToController` is truthy
+                        forEach(controllerDirectives, function (controllerDirective, name) {
+                            var require = controllerDirective.require;
+                            if (controllerDirective.bindToController && !isArray(require) && isObject(require)) {
+                                extend(elementControllers[name].instance, getControllers(name, require, $element, elementControllers));
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        // Handle the init and destroy lifecycle hooks on all controllers that have them
+                        forEach(elementControllers, function (controller) {
+                            var controllerInstance = controller.instance;
+                            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onChanges)) {
+                                try {
+                                    controllerInstance.$onChanges(controller.bindingInfo.initialChanges);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onInit)) {
+                                try {
+                                    controllerInstance.$onInit();
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$doCheck)) {
+                                controllerScope.$watch(function () {
+                                    controllerInstance.$doCheck();
+                                });
+                                controllerInstance.$doCheck();
+                            }
+                            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onDestroy)) {
+                                controllerScope.$on('$destroy', function callOnDestroyHook() {
+                                    controllerInstance.$onDestroy();
+                                });
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        // PRELINKING
+                        for (i = 0, ii = preLinkFns.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            linkFn = preLinkFns[i];
+                            invokeLinkFn(linkFn,
+                                linkFn.isolateScope ? isolateScope : scope,
+                                $element,
+                                attrs,
+                                linkFn.require && getControllers(linkFn.directiveName, linkFn.require, $element, elementControllers),
+                                transcludeFn
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        // RECURSION
+                        // We only pass the isolate scope, if the isolate directive has a template,
+                        // otherwise the child elements do not belong to the isolate directive.
+                        var scopeToChild = scope;
+                        if (newIsolateScopeDirective && (newIsolateScopeDirective.template || newIsolateScopeDirective.templateUrl === null)) {
+                            scopeToChild = isolateScope;
+                        }
+                        if (childLinkFn) {
+                            childLinkFn(scopeToChild, linkNode.childNodes, undefined, boundTranscludeFn);
+                        }
+
+                        // POSTLINKING
+                        for (i = postLinkFns.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                            linkFn = postLinkFns[i];
+                            invokeLinkFn(linkFn,
+                                linkFn.isolateScope ? isolateScope : scope,
+                                $element,
+                                attrs,
+                                linkFn.require && getControllers(linkFn.directiveName, linkFn.require, $element, elementControllers),
+                                transcludeFn
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        // Trigger $postLink lifecycle hooks
+                        forEach(elementControllers, function (controller) {
+                            var controllerInstance = controller.instance;
+                            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$postLink)) {
+                                controllerInstance.$postLink();
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        // This is the function that is injected as `$transclude`.
+                        // Note: all arguments are optional!
+                        function controllersBoundTransclude(scope, cloneAttachFn, futureParentElement, slotName) {
+                            var transcludeControllers;
+                            // No scope passed in:
+                            if (!isScope(scope)) {
+                                slotName = futureParentElement;
+                                futureParentElement = cloneAttachFn;
+                                cloneAttachFn = scope;
+                                scope = undefined;
+                            }
+
+                            if (hasElementTranscludeDirective) {
+                                transcludeControllers = elementControllers;
+                            }
+                            if (!futureParentElement) {
+                                futureParentElement = hasElementTranscludeDirective ? $element.parent() : $element;
+                            }
+                            if (slotName) {
+                                // slotTranscludeFn can be one of three things:
+                                //  * a transclude function - a filled slot
+                                //  * `null` - an optional slot that was not filled
+                                //  * `undefined` - a slot that was not declared (i.e. invalid)
+                                var slotTranscludeFn = boundTranscludeFn.$$slots[slotName];
+                                if (slotTranscludeFn) {
+                                    return slotTranscludeFn(scope, cloneAttachFn, transcludeControllers, futureParentElement, scopeToChild);
+                                } else if (isUndefined(slotTranscludeFn)) {
+                                    throw $compileMinErr('noslot',
+                                        'No parent directive that requires a transclusion with slot name "{0}". ' +
+                                        'Element: {1}',
+                                        slotName, startingTag($element));
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                return boundTranscludeFn(scope, cloneAttachFn, transcludeControllers, futureParentElement, scopeToChild);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                function getControllers(directiveName, require, $element, elementControllers) {
+                    var value;
+
+                    if (isString(require)) {
+                        var match = require.match(REQUIRE_PREFIX_REGEXP);
+                        var name = require.substring(match[0].length);
+                        var inheritType = match[1] || match[3];
+                        var optional = match[2] === '?';
+
+                        //If only parents then start at the parent element
+                        if (inheritType === '^^') {
+                            $element = $element.parent();
+                            //Otherwise attempt getting the controller from elementControllers in case
+                            //the element is transcluded (and has no data) and to avoid .data if possible
+                        } else {
+                            value = elementControllers && elementControllers[name];
+                            value = value && value.instance;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!value) {
+                            var dataName = '$' + name + 'Controller';
+                            value = inheritType ? $element.inheritedData(dataName) : $element.data(dataName);
+                        }
+
+                        if (!value && !optional) {
+                            throw $compileMinErr('ctreq',
+                                'Controller \'{0}\', required by directive \'{1}\', can\'t be found!',
+                                name, directiveName);
+                        }
+                    } else if (isArray(require)) {
+                        value = [];
+                        for (var i = 0, ii = require.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            value[i] = getControllers(directiveName, require[i], $element, elementControllers);
+                        }
+                    } else if (isObject(require)) {
+                        value = {};
+                        forEach(require, function (controller, property) {
+                            value[property] = getControllers(directiveName, controller, $element, elementControllers);
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    return value || null;
+                }
+
+                function setupControllers($element, attrs, transcludeFn, controllerDirectives, isolateScope, scope, newIsolateScopeDirective) {
+                    var elementControllers = createMap();
+                    for (var controllerKey in controllerDirectives) {
+                        var directive = controllerDirectives[controllerKey];
+                        var locals = {
+                            $scope: directive === newIsolateScopeDirective || directive.$$isolateScope ? isolateScope : scope,
+                            $element: $element,
+                            $attrs: attrs,
+                            $transclude: transcludeFn
+                        };
+
+                        var controller = directive.controller;
+                        if (controller === '@') {
+                            controller = attrs[directive.name];
+                        }
+
+                        var controllerInstance = $controller(controller, locals, true, directive.controllerAs);
+
+                        // For directives with element transclusion the element is a comment.
+                        // In this case .data will not attach any data.
+                        // Instead, we save the controllers for the element in a local hash and attach to .data
+                        // later, once we have the actual element.
+                        elementControllers[directive.name] = controllerInstance;
+                        $element.data('$' + directive.name + 'Controller', controllerInstance.instance);
+                    }
+                    return elementControllers;
+                }
+
+                // Depending upon the context in which a directive finds itself it might need to have a new isolated
+                // or child scope created. For instance:
+                // * if the directive has been pulled into a template because another directive with a higher priority
+                // asked for element transclusion
+                // * if the directive itself asks for transclusion but it is at the root of a template and the original
+                // element was replaced. See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/12936
+                function markDirectiveScope(directives, isolateScope, newScope) {
+                    for (var j = 0, jj = directives.length; j < jj; j++) {
+                        directives[j] = inherit(directives[j], {
+                            $$isolateScope: isolateScope,
+                            $$newScope: newScope
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * looks up the directive and decorates it with exception handling and proper parameters. We
+                 * call this the boundDirective.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} name name of the directive to look up.
+                 * @param {string} location The directive must be found in specific format.
+                 *   String containing any of theses characters:
+                 *
+                 *   * `E`: element name
+                 *   * `A': attribute
+                 *   * `C`: class
+                 *   * `M`: comment
+                 * @returns {boolean} true if directive was added.
+                 */
+                function addDirective(tDirectives, name, location, maxPriority, ignoreDirective, startAttrName,
+                    endAttrName) {
+                    if (name === ignoreDirective) return null;
+                    var match = null;
+                    if (hasDirectives.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+                        for (var directive, directives = $injector.get(name + Suffix),
+                                i = 0, ii = directives.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            directive = directives[i];
+                            if ((isUndefined(maxPriority) || maxPriority > directive.priority) &&
+                                directive.restrict.indexOf(location) !== -1) {
+                                if (startAttrName) {
+                                    directive = inherit(directive, {
+                                        $$start: startAttrName,
+                                        $$end: endAttrName
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                if (!directive.$$bindings) {
+                                    var bindings = directive.$$bindings =
+                                        parseDirectiveBindings(directive, directive.name);
+                                    if (isObject(bindings.isolateScope)) {
+                                        directive.$$isolateBindings = bindings.isolateScope;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                tDirectives.push(directive);
+                                match = directive;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return match;
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * looks up the directive and returns true if it is a multi-element directive,
+                 * and therefore requires DOM nodes between -start and -end markers to be grouped
+                 * together.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} name name of the directive to look up.
+                 * @returns true if directive was registered as multi-element.
+                 */
+                function directiveIsMultiElement(name) {
+                    if (hasDirectives.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+                        for (var directive, directives = $injector.get(name + Suffix),
+                                i = 0, ii = directives.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            directive = directives[i];
+                            if (directive.multiElement) {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * When the element is replaced with HTML template then the new attributes
+                 * on the template need to be merged with the existing attributes in the DOM.
+                 * The desired effect is to have both of the attributes present.
+                 *
+                 * @param {object} dst destination attributes (original DOM)
+                 * @param {object} src source attributes (from the directive template)
+                 */
+                function mergeTemplateAttributes(dst, src) {
+                    var srcAttr = src.$attr,
+                        dstAttr = dst.$attr;
+
+                    // reapply the old attributes to the new element
+                    forEach(dst, function (value, key) {
+                        if (key.charAt(0) !== '$') {
+                            if (src[key] && src[key] !== value) {
+                                if (value.length) {
+                                    value += (key === 'style' ? ';' : ' ') + src[key];
+                                } else {
+                                    value = src[key];
+                                }
+                            }
+                            dst.$set(key, value, true, srcAttr[key]);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    // copy the new attributes on the old attrs object
+                    forEach(src, function (value, key) {
+                        // Check if we already set this attribute in the loop above.
+                        // `dst` will never contain hasOwnProperty as DOM parser won't let it.
+                        // You will get an "InvalidCharacterError: DOM Exception 5" error if you
+                        // have an attribute like "has-own-property" or "data-has-own-property", etc.
+                        if (!dst.hasOwnProperty(key) && key.charAt(0) !== '$') {
+                            dst[key] = value;
+
+                            if (key !== 'class' && key !== 'style') {
+                                dstAttr[key] = srcAttr[key];
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+
+                function compileTemplateUrl(directives, $compileNode, tAttrs,
+                    $rootElement, childTranscludeFn, preLinkFns, postLinkFns, previousCompileContext) {
+                    var linkQueue = [],
+                        afterTemplateNodeLinkFn,
+                        afterTemplateChildLinkFn,
+                        beforeTemplateCompileNode = $compileNode[0],
+                        origAsyncDirective = directives.shift(),
+                        derivedSyncDirective = inherit(origAsyncDirective, {
+                            templateUrl: null,
+                            transclude: null,
+                            replace: null,
+                            $$originalDirective: origAsyncDirective
+                        }),
+                        templateUrl = (isFunction(origAsyncDirective.templateUrl)) ?
+                        origAsyncDirective.templateUrl($compileNode, tAttrs) :
+                        origAsyncDirective.templateUrl,
+                        templateNamespace = origAsyncDirective.templateNamespace;
+
+                    $compileNode.empty();
+
+                    $templateRequest(templateUrl)
+                        .then(function (content) {
+                            var compileNode, tempTemplateAttrs, $template, childBoundTranscludeFn;
+
+                            content = denormalizeTemplate(content);
+
+                            if (origAsyncDirective.replace) {
+                                if (jqLiteIsTextNode(content)) {
+                                    $template = [];
+                                } else {
+                                    $template = removeComments(wrapTemplate(templateNamespace, trim(content)));
+                                }
+                                compileNode = $template[0];
+
+                                if ($template.length !== 1 || compileNode.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT) {
+                                    throw $compileMinErr('tplrt',
+                                        'Template for directive \'{0}\' must have exactly one root element. {1}',
+                                        origAsyncDirective.name, templateUrl);
+                                }
+
+                                tempTemplateAttrs = {
+                                    $attr: {}
+                                };
+                                replaceWith($rootElement, $compileNode, compileNode);
+                                var templateDirectives = collectDirectives(compileNode, [], tempTemplateAttrs);
+
+                                if (isObject(origAsyncDirective.scope)) {
+                                    // the original directive that caused the template to be loaded async required
+                                    // an isolate scope
+                                    markDirectiveScope(templateDirectives, true);
+                                }
+                                directives = templateDirectives.concat(directives);
+                                mergeTemplateAttributes(tAttrs, tempTemplateAttrs);
+                            } else {
+                                compileNode = beforeTemplateCompileNode;
+                                $compileNode.html(content);
+                            }
+
+                            directives.unshift(derivedSyncDirective);
+
+                            afterTemplateNodeLinkFn = applyDirectivesToNode(directives, compileNode, tAttrs,
+                                childTranscludeFn, $compileNode, origAsyncDirective, preLinkFns, postLinkFns,
+                                previousCompileContext);
+                            forEach($rootElement, function (node, i) {
+                                if (node === compileNode) {
+                                    $rootElement[i] = $compileNode[0];
+                                }
+                            });
+                            afterTemplateChildLinkFn = compileNodes($compileNode[0].childNodes, childTranscludeFn);
+
+                            while (linkQueue.length) {
+                                var scope = linkQueue.shift(),
+                                    beforeTemplateLinkNode = linkQueue.shift(),
+                                    linkRootElement = linkQueue.shift(),
+                                    boundTranscludeFn = linkQueue.shift(),
+                                    linkNode = $compileNode[0];
+
+                                if (scope.$$destroyed) continue;
+
+                                if (beforeTemplateLinkNode !== beforeTemplateCompileNode) {
+                                    var oldClasses = beforeTemplateLinkNode.className;
+
+                                    if (!(previousCompileContext.hasElementTranscludeDirective &&
+                                            origAsyncDirective.replace)) {
+                                        // it was cloned therefore we have to clone as well.
+                                        linkNode = jqLiteClone(compileNode);
+                                    }
+                                    replaceWith(linkRootElement, jqLite(beforeTemplateLinkNode), linkNode);
+
+                                    // Copy in CSS classes from original node
+                                    safeAddClass(jqLite(linkNode), oldClasses);
+                                }
+                                if (afterTemplateNodeLinkFn.transcludeOnThisElement) {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = createBoundTranscludeFn(scope, afterTemplateNodeLinkFn.transclude, boundTranscludeFn);
+                                } else {
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn = boundTranscludeFn;
+                                }
+                                afterTemplateNodeLinkFn(afterTemplateChildLinkFn, scope, linkNode, $rootElement,
+                                    childBoundTranscludeFn);
+                            }
+                            linkQueue = null;
+                        }).catch(function (error) {
+                            if (isError(error)) {
+                                $exceptionHandler(error);
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                    return function delayedNodeLinkFn(ignoreChildLinkFn, scope, node, rootElement, boundTranscludeFn) {
+                        var childBoundTranscludeFn = boundTranscludeFn;
+                        if (scope.$$destroyed) return;
+                        if (linkQueue) {
+                            linkQueue.push(scope,
+                                node,
+                                rootElement,
+                                childBoundTranscludeFn);
+                        } else {
+                            if (afterTemplateNodeLinkFn.transcludeOnThisElement) {
+                                childBoundTranscludeFn = createBoundTranscludeFn(scope, afterTemplateNodeLinkFn.transclude, boundTranscludeFn);
+                            }
+                            afterTemplateNodeLinkFn(afterTemplateChildLinkFn, scope, node, rootElement, childBoundTranscludeFn);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * Sorting function for bound directives.
+                 */
+                function byPriority(a, b) {
+                    var diff = b.priority - a.priority;
+                    if (diff !== 0) return diff;
+                    if (a.name !== b.name) return (a.name < b.name) ? -1 : 1;
+                    return a.index - b.index;
+                }
+
+                function assertNoDuplicate(what, previousDirective, directive, element) {
+
+                    function wrapModuleNameIfDefined(moduleName) {
+                        return moduleName ?
+                            (' (module: ' + moduleName + ')') :
+                            '';
+                    }
+
+                    if (previousDirective) {
+                        throw $compileMinErr('multidir', 'Multiple directives [{0}{1}, {2}{3}] asking for {4} on: {5}',
+                            previousDirective.name, wrapModuleNameIfDefined(previousDirective.$$moduleName),
+                            directive.name, wrapModuleNameIfDefined(directive.$$moduleName), what, startingTag(element));
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function addTextInterpolateDirective(directives, text) {
+                    var interpolateFn = $interpolate(text, true);
+                    if (interpolateFn) {
+                        directives.push({
+                            priority: 0,
+                            compile: function textInterpolateCompileFn(templateNode) {
+                                var templateNodeParent = templateNode.parent(),
+                                    hasCompileParent = !!templateNodeParent.length;
+
+                                // When transcluding a template that has bindings in the root
+                                // we don't have a parent and thus need to add the class during linking fn.
+                                if (hasCompileParent) compile.$$addBindingClass(templateNodeParent);
+
+                                return function textInterpolateLinkFn(scope, node) {
+                                    var parent = node.parent();
+                                    if (!hasCompileParent) compile.$$addBindingClass(parent);
+                                    compile.$$addBindingInfo(parent, interpolateFn.expressions);
+                                    scope.$watch(interpolateFn, function interpolateFnWatchAction(value) {
+                                        node[0].nodeValue = value;
+                                    });
+                                };
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function wrapTemplate(type, template) {
+                    type = lowercase(type || 'html');
+                    switch (type) {
+                        case 'svg':
+                        case 'math':
+                            var wrapper = window.document.createElement('div');
+                            wrapper.innerHTML = '<' + type + '>' + template + '</' + type + '>';
+                            return wrapper.childNodes[0].childNodes;
+                        default:
+                            return template;
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function getTrustedContext(node, attrNormalizedName) {
+                    if (attrNormalizedName === 'srcdoc') {
+                        return $sce.HTML;
+                    }
+                    var tag = nodeName_(node);
+                    // All tags with src attributes require a RESOURCE_URL value, except for
+                    // img and various html5 media tags.
+                    if (attrNormalizedName === 'src' || attrNormalizedName === 'ngSrc') {
+                        if (['img', 'video', 'audio', 'source', 'track'].indexOf(tag) === -1) {
+                            return $sce.RESOURCE_URL;
+                        }
+                        // maction[xlink:href] can source SVG.  It's not limited to <maction>.
+                    } else if (attrNormalizedName === 'xlinkHref' ||
+                        (tag === 'form' && attrNormalizedName === 'action') ||
+                        // links can be stylesheets or imports, which can run script in the current origin
+                        (tag === 'link' && attrNormalizedName === 'href')
+                    ) {
+                        return $sce.RESOURCE_URL;
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function addAttrInterpolateDirective(node, directives, value, name, isNgAttr) {
+                    var trustedContext = getTrustedContext(node, name);
+                    var mustHaveExpression = !isNgAttr;
+                    var allOrNothing = ALL_OR_NOTHING_ATTRS[name] || isNgAttr;
+
+                    var interpolateFn = $interpolate(value, mustHaveExpression, trustedContext, allOrNothing);
+
+                    // no interpolation found -> ignore
+                    if (!interpolateFn) return;
+
+                    if (name === 'multiple' && nodeName_(node) === 'select') {
+                        throw $compileMinErr('selmulti',
+                            'Binding to the \'multiple\' attribute is not supported. Element: {0}',
+                            startingTag(node));
+                    }
+
+                    if (EVENT_HANDLER_ATTR_REGEXP.test(name)) {
+                        throw $compileMinErr('nodomevents',
+                            'Interpolations for HTML DOM event attributes are disallowed.  Please use the ' +
+                            'ng- versions (such as ng-click instead of onclick) instead.');
+                    }
+
+                    directives.push({
+                        priority: 100,
+                        compile: function () {
+                            return {
+                                pre: function attrInterpolatePreLinkFn(scope, element, attr) {
+                                    var $$observers = (attr.$$observers || (attr.$$observers = createMap()));
+
+                                    // If the attribute has changed since last $interpolate()ed
+                                    var newValue = attr[name];
+                                    if (newValue !== value) {
+                                        // we need to interpolate again since the attribute value has been updated
+                                        // (e.g. by another directive's compile function)
+                                        // ensure unset/empty values make interpolateFn falsy
+                                        interpolateFn = newValue && $interpolate(newValue, true, trustedContext, allOrNothing);
+                                        value = newValue;
+                                    }
+
+                                    // if attribute was updated so that there is no interpolation going on we don't want to
+                                    // register any observers
+                                    if (!interpolateFn) return;
+
+                                    // initialize attr object so that it's ready in case we need the value for isolate
+                                    // scope initialization, otherwise the value would not be available from isolate
+                                    // directive's linking fn during linking phase
+                                    attr[name] = interpolateFn(scope);
+
+                                    ($$observers[name] || ($$observers[name] = [])).$$inter = true;
+                                    (attr.$$observers && attr.$$observers[name].$$scope || scope).
+                                    $watch(interpolateFn, function interpolateFnWatchAction(newValue, oldValue) {
+                                        //special case for class attribute addition + removal
+                                        //so that class changes can tap into the animation
+                                        //hooks provided by the $animate service. Be sure to
+                                        //skip animations when the first digest occurs (when
+                                        //both the new and the old values are the same) since
+                                        //the CSS classes are the non-interpolated values
+                                        if (name === 'class' && newValue !== oldValue) {
+                                            attr.$updateClass(newValue, oldValue);
+                                        } else {
+                                            attr.$set(name, newValue);
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                                }
+                            };
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * This is a special jqLite.replaceWith, which can replace items which
+                 * have no parents, provided that the containing jqLite collection is provided.
+                 *
+                 * @param {JqLite=} $rootElement The root of the compile tree. Used so that we can replace nodes
+                 *                               in the root of the tree.
+                 * @param {JqLite} elementsToRemove The jqLite element which we are going to replace. We keep
+                 *                                  the shell, but replace its DOM node reference.
+                 * @param {Node} newNode The new DOM node.
+                 */
+                function replaceWith($rootElement, elementsToRemove, newNode) {
+                    var firstElementToRemove = elementsToRemove[0],
+                        removeCount = elementsToRemove.length,
+                        parent = firstElementToRemove.parentNode,
+                        i, ii;
+
+                    if ($rootElement) {
+                        for (i = 0, ii = $rootElement.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            if ($rootElement[i] === firstElementToRemove) {
+                                $rootElement[i++] = newNode;
+                                for (var j = i, j2 = j + removeCount - 1,
+                                        jj = $rootElement.length; j < jj; j++, j2++) {
+                                    if (j2 < jj) {
+                                        $rootElement[j] = $rootElement[j2];
+                                    } else {
+                                        delete $rootElement[j];
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                $rootElement.length -= removeCount - 1;
+
+                                // If the replaced element is also the jQuery .context then replace it
+                                // .context is a deprecated jQuery api, so we should set it only when jQuery set it
+                                // http://api.jquery.com/context/
+                                if ($rootElement.context === firstElementToRemove) {
+                                    $rootElement.context = newNode;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (parent) {
+                        parent.replaceChild(newNode, firstElementToRemove);
+                    }
+
+                    // Append all the `elementsToRemove` to a fragment. This will...
+                    // - remove them from the DOM
+                    // - allow them to still be traversed with .nextSibling
+                    // - allow a single fragment.qSA to fetch all elements being removed
+                    var fragment = window.document.createDocumentFragment();
+                    for (i = 0; i < removeCount; i++) {
+                        fragment.appendChild(elementsToRemove[i]);
+                    }
+
+                    if (jqLite.hasData(firstElementToRemove)) {
+                        // Copy over user data (that includes AngularJS's $scope etc.). Don't copy private
+                        // data here because there's no public interface in jQuery to do that and copying over
+                        // event listeners (which is the main use of private data) wouldn't work anyway.
+                        jqLite.data(newNode, jqLite.data(firstElementToRemove));
+
+                        // Remove $destroy event listeners from `firstElementToRemove`
+                        jqLite(firstElementToRemove).off('$destroy');
+                    }
+
+                    // Cleanup any data/listeners on the elements and children.
+                    // This includes invoking the $destroy event on any elements with listeners.
+                    jqLite.cleanData(fragment.querySelectorAll('*'));
+
+                    // Update the jqLite collection to only contain the `newNode`
+                    for (i = 1; i < removeCount; i++) {
+                        delete elementsToRemove[i];
+                    }
+                    elementsToRemove[0] = newNode;
+                    elementsToRemove.length = 1;
+                }
+
+
+                function cloneAndAnnotateFn(fn, annotation) {
+                    return extend(function () {
+                        return fn.apply(null, arguments);
+                    }, fn, annotation);
+                }
+
+
+                function invokeLinkFn(linkFn, scope, $element, attrs, controllers, transcludeFn) {
+                    try {
+                        linkFn(scope, $element, attrs, controllers, transcludeFn);
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        $exceptionHandler(e, startingTag($element));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                function strictBindingsCheck(attrName, directiveName) {
+                    if (strictComponentBindingsEnabled) {
+                        throw $compileMinErr('missingattr',
+                            'Attribute \'{0}\' of \'{1}\' is non-optional and must be set!',
+                            attrName, directiveName);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Set up $watches for isolate scope and controller bindings.
+                function initializeDirectiveBindings(scope, attrs, destination, bindings, directive) {
+                    var removeWatchCollection = [];
+                    var initialChanges = {};
+                    var changes;
+
+                    forEach(bindings, function initializeBinding(definition, scopeName) {
+                        var attrName = definition.attrName,
+                            optional = definition.optional,
+                            mode = definition.mode, // @, =, <, or &
+                            lastValue,
+                            parentGet, parentSet, compare, removeWatch;
+
+                        switch (mode) {
+
+                            case '@':
+                                if (!optional && !hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, attrName)) {
+                                    strictBindingsCheck(attrName, directive.name);
+                                    destination[scopeName] = attrs[attrName] = undefined;
+
+                                }
+                                removeWatch = attrs.$observe(attrName, function (value) {
+                                    if (isString(value) || isBoolean(value)) {
+                                        var oldValue = destination[scopeName];
+                                        recordChanges(scopeName, value, oldValue);
+                                        destination[scopeName] = value;
+                                    }
+                                });
+                                attrs.$$observers[attrName].$$scope = scope;
+                                lastValue = attrs[attrName];
+                                if (isString(lastValue)) {
+                                    // If the attribute has been provided then we trigger an interpolation to ensure
+                                    // the value is there for use in the link fn
+                                    destination[scopeName] = $interpolate(lastValue)(scope);
+                                } else if (isBoolean(lastValue)) {
+                                    // If the attributes is one of the BOOLEAN_ATTR then AngularJS will have converted
+                                    // the value to boolean rather than a string, so we special case this situation
+                                    destination[scopeName] = lastValue;
+                                }
+                                initialChanges[scopeName] = new SimpleChange(_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE, destination[scopeName]);
+                                removeWatchCollection.push(removeWatch);
+                                break;
+
+                            case '=':
+                                if (!hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, attrName)) {
+                                    if (optional) break;
+                                    strictBindingsCheck(attrName, directive.name);
+                                    attrs[attrName] = undefined;
+                                }
+                                if (optional && !attrs[attrName]) break;
+
+                                parentGet = $parse(attrs[attrName]);
+                                if (parentGet.literal) {
+                                    compare = equals;
+                                } else {
+                                    compare = simpleCompare;
+                                }
+                                parentSet = parentGet.assign || function () {
+                                    // reset the change, or we will throw this exception on every $digest
+                                    lastValue = destination[scopeName] = parentGet(scope);
+                                    throw $compileMinErr('nonassign',
+                                        'Expression \'{0}\' in attribute \'{1}\' used with directive \'{2}\' is non-assignable!',
+                                        attrs[attrName], attrName, directive.name);
+                                };
+                                lastValue = destination[scopeName] = parentGet(scope);
+                                var parentValueWatch = function parentValueWatch(parentValue) {
+                                    if (!compare(parentValue, destination[scopeName])) {
+                                        // we are out of sync and need to copy
+                                        if (!compare(parentValue, lastValue)) {
+                                            // parent changed and it has precedence
+                                            destination[scopeName] = parentValue;
+                                        } else {
+                                            // if the parent can be assigned then do so
+                                            parentSet(scope, parentValue = destination[scopeName]);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    lastValue = parentValue;
+                                    return lastValue;
+                                };
+                                parentValueWatch.$stateful = true;
+                                if (definition.collection) {
+                                    removeWatch = scope.$watchCollection(attrs[attrName], parentValueWatch);
+                                } else {
+                                    removeWatch = scope.$watch($parse(attrs[attrName], parentValueWatch), null, parentGet.literal);
+                                }
+                                removeWatchCollection.push(removeWatch);
+                                break;
+
+                            case '<':
+                                if (!hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, attrName)) {
+                                    if (optional) break;
+                                    strictBindingsCheck(attrName, directive.name);
+                                    attrs[attrName] = undefined;
+                                }
+                                if (optional && !attrs[attrName]) break;
+
+                                parentGet = $parse(attrs[attrName]);
+                                var deepWatch = parentGet.literal;
+
+                                var initialValue = destination[scopeName] = parentGet(scope);
+                                initialChanges[scopeName] = new SimpleChange(_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE, destination[scopeName]);
+
+                                removeWatch = scope.$watch(parentGet, function parentValueWatchAction(newValue, oldValue) {
+                                    if (oldValue === newValue) {
+                                        if (oldValue === initialValue || (deepWatch && equals(oldValue, initialValue))) {
+                                            return;
+                                        }
+                                        oldValue = initialValue;
+                                    }
+                                    recordChanges(scopeName, newValue, oldValue);
+                                    destination[scopeName] = newValue;
+                                }, deepWatch);
+
+                                removeWatchCollection.push(removeWatch);
+                                break;
+
+                            case '&':
+                                if (!optional && !hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, attrName)) {
+                                    strictBindingsCheck(attrName, directive.name);
+                                }
+                                // Don't assign Object.prototype method to scope
+                                parentGet = attrs.hasOwnProperty(attrName) ? $parse(attrs[attrName]) : noop;
+
+                                // Don't assign noop to destination if expression is not valid
+                                if (parentGet === noop && optional) break;
+
+                                destination[scopeName] = function (locals) {
+                                    return parentGet(scope, locals);
+                                };
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    function recordChanges(key, currentValue, previousValue) {
+                        if (isFunction(destination.$onChanges) && !simpleCompare(currentValue, previousValue)) {
+                            // If we have not already scheduled the top level onChangesQueue handler then do so now
+                            if (!onChangesQueue) {
+                                scope.$$postDigest(flushOnChangesQueue);
+                                onChangesQueue = [];
+                            }
+                            // If we have not already queued a trigger of onChanges for this controller then do so now
+                            if (!changes) {
+                                changes = {};
+                                onChangesQueue.push(triggerOnChangesHook);
+                            }
+                            // If the has been a change on this property already then we need to reuse the previous value
+                            if (changes[key]) {
+                                previousValue = changes[key].previousValue;
+                            }
+                            // Store this change
+                            changes[key] = new SimpleChange(previousValue, currentValue);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    function triggerOnChangesHook() {
+                        destination.$onChanges(changes);
+                        // Now clear the changes so that we schedule onChanges when more changes arrive
+                        changes = undefined;
+                    }
+
+                    return {
+                        initialChanges: initialChanges,
+                        removeWatches: removeWatchCollection.length && function removeWatches() {
+                            for (var i = 0, ii = removeWatchCollection.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+                                removeWatchCollection[i]();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    function SimpleChange(previous, current) {
+        this.previousValue = previous;
+        this.currentValue = current;
+    }
+    SimpleChange.prototype.isFirstChange = function () {
+        return this.previousValue === _UNINITIALIZED_VALUE;
+    };
+
+
+    var PREFIX_REGEXP = /^((?:x|data)[:\-_])/i;
+    var SPECIAL_CHARS_REGEXP = /[:\-_]+(.)/g;
+
+    /**
+     * Converts all accepted directives format into proper directive name.
+     * @param name Name to normalize
+     */
+    function directiveNormalize(name) {
+        return name
+            .replace(PREFIX_REGEXP, '')
+            .replace(SPECIAL_CHARS_REGEXP, function (_, letter, offset) {
+                return offset ? letter.toUpperCase() : letter;
+            });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A shared object between directive compile / linking functions which contains normalized DOM
+     * element attributes. The values reflect current binding state `{{ }}`. The normalization is
+     * needed since all of these are treated as equivalent in AngularJS:
+     *
+     * ```
+     *    <span ng:bind="a" ng-bind="a" data-ng-bind="a" x-ng-bind="a">
+     * ```
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc property
+     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$attr
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A map of DOM element attribute names to the normalized name. This is
+     * needed to do reverse lookup from normalized name back to actual name.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $compile.directive.Attributes#$set
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Set DOM element attribute value.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string} name Normalized element attribute name of the property to modify. The name is
+     *          reverse-translated using the {@link ng.$compile.directive.Attributes#$attr $attr}
+     *          property to the original name.
+     * @param {string} value Value to set the attribute to. The value can be an interpolated string.
+     */
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * Closure compiler type information
+     */
+
+    function nodesetLinkingFn(
+        /* angular.Scope */
+        scope,
+        /* NodeList */
+        nodeList,
+        /* Element */
+        rootElement,
+        /* function(Function) */
+        boundTranscludeFn
+    ) {}
+
+    function directiveLinkingFn(
+        /* nodesetLinkingFn */
+        nodesetLinkingFn,
+        /* angular.Scope */
+        scope,
+        /* Node */
+        node,
+        /* Element */
+        rootElement,
+        /* function(Function) */
+        boundTranscludeFn
+    ) {}
+
+    function tokenDifference(str1, str2) {
+        var values = '',
+            tokens1 = str1.split(/\s+/),
+            tokens2 = str2.split(/\s+/);
+
+        outer:
+            for (var i = 0; i < tokens1.length; i++) {
+                var token = tokens1[i];
+                for (var j = 0; j < tokens2.length; j++) {
+                    if (token === tokens2[j]) continue outer;
+                }
+                values += (values.length > 0 ? ' ' : '') + token;
+            }
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    function removeComments(jqNodes) {
+        jqNodes = jqLite(jqNodes);
+        var i = jqNodes.length;
+
+        if (i <= 1) {
+            return jqNodes;
+        }
+
+        while (i--) {
+            var node = jqNodes[i];
+            if (node.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_COMMENT ||
+                (node.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_TEXT && node.nodeValue.trim() === '')) {
+                splice.call(jqNodes, i, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return jqNodes;
+    }
+
+    var $controllerMinErr = minErr('$controller');
+
+
+    var CNTRL_REG = /^(\S+)(\s+as\s+([\w$]+))?$/;
+
+    function identifierForController(controller, ident) {
+        if (ident && isString(ident)) return ident;
+        if (isString(controller)) {
+            var match = CNTRL_REG.exec(controller);
+            if (match) return match[3];
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $controllerProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The {@link ng.$controller $controller service} is used by AngularJS to create new
+     * controllers.
+     *
+     * This provider allows controller registration via the
+     * {@link ng.$controllerProvider#register register} method.
+     */
+    function $ControllerProvider() {
+        var controllers = {},
+            globals = false;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $controllerProvider#has
+         * @param {string} name Controller name to check.
+         */
+        this.has = function (name) {
+            return controllers.hasOwnProperty(name);
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $controllerProvider#register
+         * @param {string|Object} name Controller name, or an object map of controllers where the keys are
+         *    the names and the values are the constructors.
+         * @param {Function|Array} constructor Controller constructor fn (optionally decorated with DI
+         *    annotations in the array notation).
+         */
+        this.register = function (name, constructor) {
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'controller');
+            if (isObject(name)) {
+                extend(controllers, name);
+            } else {
+                controllers[name] = constructor;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $controllerProvider#allowGlobals
+         * @description If called, allows `$controller` to find controller constructors on `window`
+         *
+         * @deprecated
+         * sinceVersion="v1.3.0"
+         * removeVersion="v1.7.0"
+         * This method of finding controllers has been deprecated.
+         */
+        this.allowGlobals = function () {
+            globals = true;
+        };
+
+
+        this.$get = ['$injector', '$window', function ($injector, $window) {
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc service
+             * @name $controller
+             * @requires $injector
+             *
+             * @param {Function|string} constructor If called with a function then it's considered to be the
+             *    controller constructor function. Otherwise it's considered to be a string which is used
+             *    to retrieve the controller constructor using the following steps:
+             *
+             *    * check if a controller with given name is registered via `$controllerProvider`
+             *    * check if evaluating the string on the current scope returns a constructor
+             *    * if $controllerProvider#allowGlobals, check `window[constructor]` on the global
+             *      `window` object (deprecated, not recommended)
+             *
+             *    The string can use the `controller as property` syntax, where the controller instance is published
+             *    as the specified property on the `scope`; the `scope` must be injected into `locals` param for this
+             *    to work correctly.
+             *
+             * @param {Object} locals Injection locals for Controller.
+             * @return {Object} Instance of given controller.
+             *
+             * @description
+             * `$controller` service is responsible for instantiating controllers.
+             *
+             * It's just a simple call to {@link auto.$injector $injector}, but extracted into
+             * a service, so that one can override this service with [BC version](https://gist.github.com/1649788).
+             */
+            return function $controller(expression, locals, later, ident) {
+                // PRIVATE API:
+                //   param `later` --- indicates that the controller's constructor is invoked at a later time.
+                //                     If true, $controller will allocate the object with the correct
+                //                     prototype chain, but will not invoke the controller until a returned
+                //                     callback is invoked.
+                //   param `ident` --- An optional label which overrides the label parsed from the controller
+                //                     expression, if any.
+                var instance, match, constructor, identifier;
+                later = later === true;
+                if (ident && isString(ident)) {
+                    identifier = ident;
+                }
+
+                if (isString(expression)) {
+                    match = expression.match(CNTRL_REG);
+                    if (!match) {
+                        throw $controllerMinErr('ctrlfmt',
+                            'Badly formed controller string \'{0}\'. ' +
+                            'Must match `__name__ as __id__` or `__name__`.', expression);
+                    }
+                    constructor = match[1];
+                    identifier = identifier || match[3];
+                    expression = controllers.hasOwnProperty(constructor) ?
+                        controllers[constructor] :
+                        getter(locals.$scope, constructor, true) ||
+                        (globals ? getter($window, constructor, true) : undefined);
+
+                    if (!expression) {
+                        throw $controllerMinErr('ctrlreg',
+                            'The controller with the name \'{0}\' is not registered.', constructor);
+                    }
+
+                    assertArgFn(expression, constructor, true);
+                }
+
+                if (later) {
+                    // Instantiate controller later:
+                    // This machinery is used to create an instance of the object before calling the
+                    // controller's constructor itself.
+                    //
+                    // This allows properties to be added to the controller before the constructor is
+                    // invoked. Primarily, this is used for isolate scope bindings in $compile.
+                    //
+                    // This feature is not intended for use by applications, and is thus not documented
+                    // publicly.
+                    // Object creation: http://jsperf.com/create-constructor/2
+                    var controllerPrototype = (isArray(expression) ?
+                        expression[expression.length - 1] : expression).prototype;
+                    instance = Object.create(controllerPrototype || null);
+
+                    if (identifier) {
+                        addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);
+                    }
+
+                    return extend(function $controllerInit() {
+                        var result = $injector.invoke(expression, instance, locals, constructor);
+                        if (result !== instance && (isObject(result) || isFunction(result))) {
+                            instance = result;
+                            if (identifier) {
+                                // If result changed, re-assign controllerAs value to scope.
+                                addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return instance;
+                    }, {
+                        instance: instance,
+                        identifier: identifier
+                    });
+                }
+
+                instance = $injector.instantiate(expression, locals, constructor);
+
+                if (identifier) {
+                    addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);
+                }
+
+                return instance;
+            };
+
+            function addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, name) {
+                if (!(locals && isObject(locals.$scope))) {
+                    throw minErr('$controller')('noscp',
+                        'Cannot export controller \'{0}\' as \'{1}\'! No $scope object provided via `locals`.',
+                        name, identifier);
+                }
+
+                locals.$scope[identifier] = instance;
+            }
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $document
+     * @requires $window
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A {@link angular.element jQuery or jqLite} wrapper for the browser's `window.document` object.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="documentExample" name="document">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <p>$document title: <b ng-bind="title"></b></p>
+             <p>window.document title: <b ng-bind="windowTitle"></b></p>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('documentExample', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', '$document', function($scope, $document) {
+               $scope.title = $document[0].title;
+               $scope.windowTitle = angular.element(window.document)[0].title;
+             }]);
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    function $DocumentProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$window', function (window) {
+            return jqLite(window.document);
+        }];
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @this
+     * Listens for document visibility change and makes the current status accessible.
+     */
+    function $$IsDocumentHiddenProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$document', '$rootScope', function ($document, $rootScope) {
+            var doc = $document[0];
+            var hidden = doc && doc.hidden;
+
+            $document.on('visibilitychange', changeListener);
+
+            $rootScope.$on('$destroy', function () {
+                $document.off('visibilitychange', changeListener);
+            });
+
+            function changeListener() {
+                hidden = doc.hidden;
+            }
+
+            return function () {
+                return hidden;
+            };
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $exceptionHandler
+     * @requires ng.$log
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Any uncaught exception in AngularJS expressions is delegated to this service.
+     * The default implementation simply delegates to `$log.error` which logs it into
+     * the browser console.
+     *
+     * In unit tests, if `angular-mocks.js` is loaded, this service is overridden by
+     * {@link ngMock.$exceptionHandler mock $exceptionHandler} which aids in testing.
+     *
+     * ## Example:
+     *
+     * The example below will overwrite the default `$exceptionHandler` in order to (a) log uncaught
+     * errors to the backend for later inspection by the developers and (b) to use `$log.warn()` instead
+     * of `$log.error()`.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   angular.
+     *     module('exceptionOverwrite', []).
+     *     factory('$exceptionHandler', ['$log', 'logErrorsToBackend', function($log, logErrorsToBackend) {
+     *       return function myExceptionHandler(exception, cause) {
+     *         logErrorsToBackend(exception, cause);
+     *         $log.warn(exception, cause);
+     *       };
+     *     }]);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * <hr />
+     * Note, that code executed in event-listeners (even those registered using jqLite's `on`/`bind`
+     * methods) does not delegate exceptions to the {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler}
+     * (unless executed during a digest).
+     *
+     * If you wish, you can manually delegate exceptions, e.g.
+     * `try { ... } catch(e) { $exceptionHandler(e); }`
+     *
+     * @param {Error} exception Exception associated with the error.
+     * @param {string=} cause Optional information about the context in which
+     *       the error was thrown.
+     *
+     */
+    function $ExceptionHandlerProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$log', function ($log) {
+            return function (exception, cause) {
+                $log.error.apply($log, arguments);
+            };
+        }];
+    }
+
+    var $$ForceReflowProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = ['$document', function ($document) {
+            return function (domNode) {
+                //the line below will force the browser to perform a repaint so
+                //that all the animated elements within the animation frame will
+                //be properly updated and drawn on screen. This is required to
+                //ensure that the preparation animation is properly flushed so that
+                //the active state picks up from there. DO NOT REMOVE THIS LINE.
+                //DO NOT OPTIMIZE THIS LINE. THE MINIFIER WILL REMOVE IT OTHERWISE WHICH
+                //WILL RESULT IN AN UNPREDICTABLE BUG THAT IS VERY HARD TO TRACK DOWN AND
+                //WILL TAKE YEARS AWAY FROM YOUR LIFE.
+                if (domNode) {
+                    if (!domNode.nodeType && domNode instanceof jqLite) {
+                        domNode = domNode[0];
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    domNode = $document[0].body;
+                }
+                return domNode.offsetWidth + 1;
+            };
+        }];
+    };
+
+    var APPLICATION_JSON = 'application/json';
+    var CONTENT_TYPE_APPLICATION_JSON = {
+        'Content-Type': APPLICATION_JSON + ';charset=utf-8'
+    };
+    var JSON_START = /^\[|^\{(?!\{)/;
+    var JSON_ENDS = {
+        '[': /]$/,
+        '{': /}$/
+    };
+    var JSON_PROTECTION_PREFIX = /^\)]\}',?\n/;
+    var $httpMinErr = minErr('$http');
+
+    function serializeValue(v) {
+        if (isObject(v)) {
+            return isDate(v) ? v.toISOString() : toJson(v);
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $HttpParamSerializerProvider() {
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc service
+         * @name $httpParamSerializer
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Default {@link $http `$http`} params serializer that converts objects to strings
+         * according to the following rules:
+         *
+         * * `{'foo': 'bar'}` results in `foo=bar`
+         * * `{'foo': Date.now()}` results in `foo=2015-04-01T09%3A50%3A49.262Z` (`toISOString()` and encoded representation of a Date object)
+         * * `{'foo': ['bar', 'baz']}` results in `foo=bar&foo=baz` (repeated key for each array element)
+         * * `{'foo': {'bar':'baz'}}` results in `foo=%7B%22bar%22%3A%22baz%22%7D` (stringified and encoded representation of an object)
+         *
+         * Note that serializer will sort the request parameters alphabetically.
+         * */
+
+        this.$get = function () {
+            return function ngParamSerializer(params) {
+                if (!params) return '';
+                var parts = [];
+                forEachSorted(params, function (value, key) {
+                    if (value === null || isUndefined(value) || isFunction(value)) return;
+                    if (isArray(value)) {
+                        forEach(value, function (v) {
+                            parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key) + '=' + encodeUriQuery(serializeValue(v)));
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key) + '=' + encodeUriQuery(serializeValue(value)));
+                    }
+                });
+
+                return parts.join('&');
+            };
+        };
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $HttpParamSerializerJQLikeProvider() {
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc service
+         * @name $httpParamSerializerJQLike
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Alternative {@link $http `$http`} params serializer that follows
+         * jQuery's [`param()`](http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/) method logic.
+         * The serializer will also sort the params alphabetically.
+         *
+         * To use it for serializing `$http` request parameters, set it as the `paramSerializer` property:
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * $http({
+         *   url: myUrl,
+         *   method: 'GET',
+         *   params: myParams,
+         *   paramSerializer: '$httpParamSerializerJQLike'
+         * });
+         * ```
+         *
+         * It is also possible to set it as the default `paramSerializer` in the
+         * {@link $httpProvider#defaults `$httpProvider`}.
+         *
+         * Additionally, you can inject the serializer and use it explicitly, for example to serialize
+         * form data for submission:
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * .controller(function($http, $httpParamSerializerJQLike) {
+         *   //...
+         *
+         *   $http({
+         *     url: myUrl,
+         *     method: 'POST',
+         *     data: $httpParamSerializerJQLike(myData),
+         *     headers: {
+         *       'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+         *     }
+         *   });
+         *
+         * });
+         * ```
+         *
+         * */
+        this.$get = function () {
+            return function jQueryLikeParamSerializer(params) {
+                if (!params) return '';
+                var parts = [];
+                serialize(params, '', true);
+                return parts.join('&');
+
+                function serialize(toSerialize, prefix, topLevel) {
+                    if (toSerialize === null || isUndefined(toSerialize)) return;
+                    if (isArray(toSerialize)) {
+                        forEach(toSerialize, function (value, index) {
+                            serialize(value, prefix + '[' + (isObject(value) ? index : '') + ']');
+                        });
+                    } else if (isObject(toSerialize) && !isDate(toSerialize)) {
+                        forEachSorted(toSerialize, function (value, key) {
+                            serialize(value, prefix +
+                                (topLevel ? '' : '[') +
+                                key +
+                                (topLevel ? '' : ']'));
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        parts.push(encodeUriQuery(prefix) + '=' + encodeUriQuery(serializeValue(toSerialize)));
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        };
+    }
+
+    function defaultHttpResponseTransform(data, headers) {
+        if (isString(data)) {
+            // Strip json vulnerability protection prefix and trim whitespace
+            var tempData = data.replace(JSON_PROTECTION_PREFIX, '').trim();
+
+            if (tempData) {
+                var contentType = headers('Content-Type');
+                var hasJsonContentType = contentType && (contentType.indexOf(APPLICATION_JSON) === 0);
+
+                if (hasJsonContentType || isJsonLike(tempData)) {
+                    try {
+                        data = fromJson(tempData);
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        if (!hasJsonContentType) {
+                            return data;
+                        }
+                        throw $httpMinErr('baddata', 'Data must be a valid JSON object. Received: "{0}". ' +
+                            'Parse error: "{1}"', data, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    function isJsonLike(str) {
+        var jsonStart = str.match(JSON_START);
+        return jsonStart && JSON_ENDS[jsonStart[0]].test(str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse headers into key value object
+     *
+     * @param {string} headers Raw headers as a string
+     * @returns {Object} Parsed headers as key value object
+     */
+    function parseHeaders(headers) {
+        var parsed = createMap(),
+            i;
+
+        function fillInParsed(key, val) {
+            if (key) {
+                parsed[key] = parsed[key] ? parsed[key] + ', ' + val : val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isString(headers)) {
+            forEach(headers.split('\n'), function (line) {
+                i = line.indexOf(':');
+                fillInParsed(lowercase(trim(line.substr(0, i))), trim(line.substr(i + 1)));
+            });
+        } else if (isObject(headers)) {
+            forEach(headers, function (headerVal, headerKey) {
+                fillInParsed(lowercase(headerKey), trim(headerVal));
+            });
+        }
+
+        return parsed;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a function that provides access to parsed headers.
+     *
+     * Headers are lazy parsed when first requested.
+     * @see parseHeaders
+     *
+     * @param {(string|Object)} headers Headers to provide access to.
+     * @returns {function(string=)} Returns a getter function which if called with:
+     *
+     *   - if called with an argument returns a single header value or null
+     *   - if called with no arguments returns an object containing all headers.
+     */
+    function headersGetter(headers) {
+        var headersObj;
+
+        return function (name) {
+            if (!headersObj) headersObj = parseHeaders(headers);
+
+            if (name) {
+                var value = headersObj[lowercase(name)];
+                if (value === undefined) {
+                    value = null;
+                }
+                return value;
+            }
+
+            return headersObj;
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Chain all given functions
+     *
+     * This function is used for both request and response transforming
+     *
+     * @param {*} data Data to transform.
+     * @param {function(string=)} headers HTTP headers getter fn.
+     * @param {number} status HTTP status code of the response.
+     * @param {(Function|Array.<Function>)} fns Function or an array of functions.
+     * @returns {*} Transformed data.
+     */
+    function transformData(data, headers, status, fns) {
+        if (isFunction(fns)) {
+            return fns(data, headers, status);
+        }
+
+        forEach(fns, function (fn) {
+            data = fn(data, headers, status);
+        });
+
+        return data;
+    }
+
+
+    function isSuccess(status) {
+        return 200 <= status && status < 300;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $httpProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Use `$httpProvider` to change the default behavior of the {@link ng.$http $http} service.
+     * */
+    function $HttpProvider() {
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc property
+         * @name $httpProvider#defaults
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Object containing default values for all {@link ng.$http $http} requests.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.cache`** - {boolean|Object} - A boolean value or object created with
+         * {@link ng.$cacheFactory `$cacheFactory`} to enable or disable caching of HTTP responses
+         * by default. See {@link $http#caching $http Caching} for more information.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.headers`** - {Object} - Default headers for all $http requests.
+         * Refer to {@link ng.$http#setting-http-headers $http} for documentation on
+         * setting default headers.
+         *     - **`defaults.headers.common`**
+         *     - **`defaults.headers.post`**
+         *     - **`defaults.headers.put`**
+         *     - **`defaults.headers.patch`**
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.jsonpCallbackParam`** - `{string}` - the name of the query parameter that passes the name of the
+         * callback in a JSONP request. The value of this parameter will be replaced with the expression generated by the
+         * {@link $jsonpCallbacks} service. Defaults to `'callback'`.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.paramSerializer`** - `{string|function(Object<string,string>):string}` - A function
+         *  used to the prepare string representation of request parameters (specified as an object).
+         *  If specified as string, it is interpreted as a function registered with the {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+         *  Defaults to {@link ng.$httpParamSerializer $httpParamSerializer}.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.transformRequest`** -
+         * `{Array<function(data, headersGetter)>|function(data, headersGetter)}` -
+         * An array of functions (or a single function) which are applied to the request data.
+         * By default, this is an array with one request transformation function:
+         *
+         *   - If the `data` property of the request configuration object contains an object, serialize it
+         *     into JSON format.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.transformResponse`** -
+         * `{Array<function(data, headersGetter, status)>|function(data, headersGetter, status)}` -
+         * An array of functions (or a single function) which are applied to the response data. By default,
+         * this is an array which applies one response transformation function that does two things:
+         *
+         *  - If XSRF prefix is detected, strip it
+         *    (see {@link ng.$http#security-considerations Security Considerations in the $http docs}).
+         *  - If the `Content-Type` is `application/json` or the response looks like JSON,
+         *    deserialize it using a JSON parser.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.xsrfCookieName`** - {string} - Name of cookie containing the XSRF token.
+         * Defaults value is `'XSRF-TOKEN'`.
+         *
+         * - **`defaults.xsrfHeaderName`** - {string} - Name of HTTP header to populate with the
+         * XSRF token. Defaults value is `'X-XSRF-TOKEN'`.
+         *
+         **/
+        var defaults = this.defaults = {
+            // transform incoming response data
+            transformResponse: [defaultHttpResponseTransform],
+
+            // transform outgoing request data
+            transformRequest: [function (d) {
+                return isObject(d) && !isFile(d) && !isBlob(d) && !isFormData(d) ? toJson(d) : d;
+            }],
+
+            // default headers
+            headers: {
+                common: {
+                    'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'
+                },
+                post: shallowCopy(CONTENT_TYPE_APPLICATION_JSON),
+                put: shallowCopy(CONTENT_TYPE_APPLICATION_JSON),
+                patch: shallowCopy(CONTENT_TYPE_APPLICATION_JSON)
+            },
+
+            xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN',
+            xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN',
+
+            paramSerializer: '$httpParamSerializer',
+
+            jsonpCallbackParam: 'callback'
+        };
+
+        var useApplyAsync = false;
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $httpProvider#useApplyAsync
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Configure $http service to combine processing of multiple http responses received at around
+         * the same time via {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$applyAsync $rootScope.$applyAsync}. This can result in
+         * significant performance improvement for bigger applications that make many HTTP requests
+         * concurrently (common during application bootstrap).
+         *
+         * Defaults to false. If no value is specified, returns the current configured value.
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} value If true, when requests are loaded, they will schedule a deferred
+         *    "apply" on the next tick, giving time for subsequent requests in a roughly ~10ms window
+         *    to load and share the same digest cycle.
+         *
+         * @returns {boolean|Object} If a value is specified, returns the $httpProvider for chaining.
+         *    otherwise, returns the current configured value.
+         **/
+        this.useApplyAsync = function (value) {
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                useApplyAsync = !!value;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return useApplyAsync;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc property
+         * @name $httpProvider#interceptors
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Array containing service factories for all synchronous or asynchronous {@link ng.$http $http}
+         * pre-processing of request or postprocessing of responses.
+         *
+         * These service factories are ordered by request, i.e. they are applied in the same order as the
+         * array, on request, but reverse order, on response.
+         *
+         * {@link ng.$http#interceptors Interceptors detailed info}
+         **/
+        var interceptorFactories = this.interceptors = [];
+
+        this.$get = ['$browser', '$httpBackend', '$$cookieReader', '$cacheFactory', '$rootScope', '$q', '$injector', '$sce',
+            function ($browser, $httpBackend, $$cookieReader, $cacheFactory, $rootScope, $q, $injector, $sce) {
+
+                var defaultCache = $cacheFactory('$http');
+
+                /**
+                 * Make sure that default param serializer is exposed as a function
+                 */
+                defaults.paramSerializer = isString(defaults.paramSerializer) ?
+                    $injector.get(defaults.paramSerializer) : defaults.paramSerializer;
+
+                /**
+                 * Interceptors stored in reverse order. Inner interceptors before outer interceptors.
+                 * The reversal is needed so that we can build up the interception chain around the
+                 * server request.
+                 */
+                var reversedInterceptors = [];
+
+                forEach(interceptorFactories, function (interceptorFactory) {
+                    reversedInterceptors.unshift(isString(interceptorFactory) ?
+                        $injector.get(interceptorFactory) : $injector.invoke(interceptorFactory));
+                });
+
+                /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @kind function
+     * @name $http
+     * @requires ng.$httpBackend
+     * @requires $cacheFactory
+     * @requires $rootScope
+     * @requires $q
+     * @requires $injector
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `$http` service is a core AngularJS service that facilitates communication with the remote
+     * HTTP servers via the browser's [XMLHttpRequest](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/xmlhttprequest)
+     * object or via [JSONP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSONP).
+     *
+     * For unit testing applications that use `$http` service, see
+     * {@link ngMock.$httpBackend $httpBackend mock}.
+     *
+     * For a higher level of abstraction, please check out the {@link ngResource.$resource
+     * $resource} service.
+     *
+     * The $http API is based on the {@link ng.$q deferred/promise APIs} exposed by
+     * the $q service. While for simple usage patterns this doesn't matter much, for advanced usage
+     * it is important to familiarize yourself with these APIs and the guarantees they provide.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## General usage
+     * The `$http` service is a function which takes a single argument — a {@link $http#usage configuration object} —
+     * that is used to generate an HTTP request and returns  a {@link ng.$q promise}.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // Simple GET request example:
+     *   $http({
+     *     method: 'GET',
+     *     url: '/someUrl'
+     *   }).then(function successCallback(response) {
+     *       // this callback will be called asynchronously
+     *       // when the response is available
+     *     }, function errorCallback(response) {
+     *       // called asynchronously if an error occurs
+     *       // or server returns response with an error status.
+     *     });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The response object has these properties:
+     *
+     *   - **data** – `{string|Object}` – The response body transformed with the transform
+     *     functions.
+     *   - **status** – `{number}` – HTTP status code of the response.
+     *   - **headers** – `{function([headerName])}` – Header getter function.
+     *   - **config** – `{Object}` – The configuration object that was used to generate the request.
+     *   - **statusText** – `{string}` – HTTP status text of the response.
+     *   - **xhrStatus** – `{string}` – Status of the XMLHttpRequest (`complete`, `error`, `timeout` or `abort`).
+     *
+     * A response status code between 200 and 299 is considered a success status and will result in
+     * the success callback being called. Any response status code outside of that range is
+     * considered an error status and will result in the error callback being called.
+     * Also, status codes less than -1 are normalized to zero. -1 usually means the request was
+     * aborted, e.g. using a `config.timeout`.
+     * Note that if the response is a redirect, XMLHttpRequest will transparently follow it, meaning
+     * that the outcome (success or error) will be determined by the final response status code.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Shortcut methods
+     *
+     * Shortcut methods are also available. All shortcut methods require passing in the URL, and
+     * request data must be passed in for POST/PUT requests. An optional config can be passed as the
+     * last argument.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   $http.get('/someUrl', config).then(successCallback, errorCallback);
+     *   $http.post('/someUrl', data, config).then(successCallback, errorCallback);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Complete list of shortcut methods:
+     *
+     * - {@link ng.$http#get $http.get}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#head $http.head}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#post $http.post}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#put $http.put}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#delete $http.delete}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#jsonp $http.jsonp}
+     * - {@link ng.$http#patch $http.patch}
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Writing Unit Tests that use $http
+     * When unit testing (using {@link ngMock ngMock}), it is necessary to call
+     * {@link ngMock.$httpBackend#flush $httpBackend.flush()} to flush each pending
+     * request using trained responses.
+     *
+     * ```
+     * $httpBackend.expectGET(...);
+     * $http.get(...);
+     * $httpBackend.flush();
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ## Setting HTTP Headers
+     *
+     * The $http service will automatically add certain HTTP headers to all requests. These defaults
+     * can be fully configured by accessing the `$httpProvider.defaults.headers` configuration
+     * object, which currently contains this default configuration:
+     *
+     * - `$httpProvider.defaults.headers.common` (headers that are common for all requests):
+     *   - <code>Accept: application/json, text/plain, \*&#65279;/&#65279;\*</code>
+     * - `$httpProvider.defaults.headers.post`: (header defaults for POST requests)
+     *   - `Content-Type: application/json`
+     * - `$httpProvider.defaults.headers.put` (header defaults for PUT requests)
+     *   - `Content-Type: application/json`
+     *
+     * To add or overwrite these defaults, simply add or remove a property from these configuration
+     * objects. To add headers for an HTTP method other than POST or PUT, simply add a new object
+     * with the lowercased HTTP method name as the key, e.g.
+     * `$httpProvider.defaults.headers.get = { 'My-Header' : 'value' }`.
+     *
+     * The defaults can also be set at runtime via the `$http.defaults` object in the same
+     * fashion. For example:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * module.run(function($http) {
+     *   $http.defaults.headers.common.Authorization = 'Basic YmVlcDpib29w';
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * In addition, you can supply a `headers` property in the config object passed when
+     * calling `$http(config)`, which overrides the defaults without changing them globally.
+     *
+     * To explicitly remove a header automatically added via $httpProvider.defaults.headers on a per request basis,
+     * Use the `headers` property, setting the desired header to `undefined`. For example:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var req = {
+     *  method: 'POST',
+     *  url: 'http://example.com',
+     *  headers: {
+     *    'Content-Type': undefined
+     *  },
+     *  data: { test: 'test' }
+     * }
+     *
+     * $http(req).then(function(){...}, function(){...});
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ## Transforming Requests and Responses
+     *
+     * Both requests and responses can be transformed using transformation functions: `transformRequest`
+     * and `transformResponse`. These properties can be a single function that returns
+     * the transformed value (`function(data, headersGetter, status)`) or an array of such transformation functions,
+     * which allows you to `push` or `unshift` a new transformation function into the transformation chain.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** AngularJS does not make a copy of the `data` parameter before it is passed into the `transformRequest` pipeline.
+     * That means changes to the properties of `data` are not local to the transform function (since Javascript passes objects by reference).
+     * For example, when calling `$http.get(url, $scope.myObject)`, modifications to the object's properties in a transformRequest
+     * function will be reflected on the scope and in any templates where the object is data-bound.
+     * To prevent this, transform functions should have no side-effects.
+     * If you need to modify properties, it is recommended to make a copy of the data, or create new object to return.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * ### Default Transformations
+     *
+     * The `$httpProvider` provider and `$http` service expose `defaults.transformRequest` and
+     * `defaults.transformResponse` properties. If a request does not provide its own transformations
+     * then these will be applied.
+     *
+     * You can augment or replace the default transformations by modifying these properties by adding to or
+     * replacing the array.
+     *
+     * AngularJS provides the following default transformations:
+     *
+     * Request transformations (`$httpProvider.defaults.transformRequest` and `$http.defaults.transformRequest`) is
+     * an array with one function that does the following:
+     *
+     * - If the `data` property of the request configuration object contains an object, serialize it
+     *   into JSON format.
+     *
+     * Response transformations (`$httpProvider.defaults.transformResponse` and `$http.defaults.transformResponse`) is
+     * an array with one function that does the following:
+     *
+     *  - If XSRF prefix is detected, strip it (see Security Considerations section below).
+     *  - If the `Content-Type` is `application/json` or the response looks like JSON,
+   *      deserialize it using a JSON parser.
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Overriding the Default Transformations Per Request
+     *
+     * If you wish to override the request/response transformations only for a single request then provide
+     * `transformRequest` and/or `transformResponse` properties on the configuration object passed
+     * into `$http`.
+     *
+     * Note that if you provide these properties on the config object the default transformations will be
+     * overwritten. If you wish to augment the default transformations then you must include them in your
+     * local transformation array.
+     *
+     * The following code demonstrates adding a new response transformation to be run after the default response
+     * transformations have been run.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * function appendTransform(defaults, transform) {
+     *
+     *   // We can't guarantee that the default transformation is an array
+     *   defaults = angular.isArray(defaults) ? defaults : [defaults];
+     *
+     *   // Append the new transformation to the defaults
+     *   return defaults.concat(transform);
+     * }
+     *
+     * $http({
+     *   url: '...',
+     *   method: 'GET',
+     *   transformResponse: appendTransform($http.defaults.transformResponse, function(value) {
+     *     return doTransform(value);
+     *   })
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Caching
+     *
+     * {@link ng.$http `$http`} responses are not cached by default. To enable caching, you must
+     * set the config.cache value or the default cache value to TRUE or to a cache object (created
+     * with {@link ng.$cacheFactory `$cacheFactory`}). If defined, the value of config.cache takes
+     * precedence over the default cache value.
+     *
+     * In order to:
+     *   * cache all responses - set the default cache value to TRUE or to a cache object
+     *   * cache a specific response - set config.cache value to TRUE or to a cache object
+     *
+     * If caching is enabled, but neither the default cache nor config.cache are set to a cache object,
+     * then the default `$cacheFactory("$http")` object is used.
+     *
+     * The default cache value can be set by updating the
+     * {@link ng.$http#defaults `$http.defaults.cache`} property or the
+     * {@link $httpProvider#defaults `$httpProvider.defaults.cache`} property.
+     *
+     * When caching is enabled, {@link ng.$http `$http`} stores the response from the server using
+     * the relevant cache object. The next time the same request is made, the response is returned
+     * from the cache without sending a request to the server.
+     *
+     * Take note that:
+     *
+     *   * Only GET and JSONP requests are cached.
+     *   * The cache key is the request URL including search parameters; headers are not considered.
+     *   * Cached responses are returned asynchronously, in the same way as responses from the server.
+     *   * If multiple identical requests are made using the same cache, which is not yet populated,
+     *     one request will be made to the server and remaining requests will return the same response.
+     *   * A cache-control header on the response does not affect if or how responses are cached.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Interceptors
+     *
+     * Before you start creating interceptors, be sure to understand the
+     * {@link ng.$q $q and deferred/promise APIs}.
+     *
+     * For purposes of global error handling, authentication, or any kind of synchronous or
+     * asynchronous pre-processing of request or postprocessing of responses, it is desirable to be
+     * able to intercept requests before they are handed to the server and
+     * responses before they are handed over to the application code that
+     * initiated these requests. The interceptors leverage the {@link ng.$q
+     * promise APIs} to fulfill this need for both synchronous and asynchronous pre-processing.
+     *
+     * The interceptors are service factories that are registered with the `$httpProvider` by
+     * adding them to the `$httpProvider.interceptors` array. The factory is called and
+     * injected with dependencies (if specified) and returns the interceptor.
+     *
+     * There are two kinds of interceptors (and two kinds of rejection interceptors):
+     *
+     *   * `request`: interceptors get called with a http {@link $http#usage config} object. The function is free to
+     *     modify the `config` object or create a new one. The function needs to return the `config`
+     *     object directly, or a promise containing the `config` or a new `config` object.
+     *   * `requestError`: interceptor gets called when a previous interceptor threw an error or
+     *     resolved with a rejection.
+     *   * `response`: interceptors get called with http `response` object. The function is free to
+     *     modify the `response` object or create a new one. The function needs to return the `response`
+     *     object directly, or as a promise containing the `response` or a new `response` object.
+     *   * `responseError`: interceptor gets called when a previous interceptor threw an error or
+     *     resolved with a rejection.
+     *
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // register the interceptor as a service
+     *   $provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor', function($q, dependency1, dependency2) {
+     *     return {
+     *       // optional method
+     *       'request': function(config) {
+     *         // do something on success
+     *         return config;
+     *       },
+     *
+     *       // optional method
+     *      'requestError': function(rejection) {
+     *         // do something on error
+     *         if (canRecover(rejection)) {
+     *           return responseOrNewPromise
+     *         }
+     *         return $q.reject(rejection);
+     *       },
+     *
+     *
+     *
+     *       // optional method
+     *       'response': function(response) {
+     *         // do something on success
+     *         return response;
+     *       },
+     *
+     *       // optional method
+     *      'responseError': function(rejection) {
+     *         // do something on error
+     *         if (canRecover(rejection)) {
+     *           return responseOrNewPromise
+     *         }
+     *         return $q.reject(rejection);
+     *       }
+     *     };
+     *   });
+     *
+     *   $httpProvider.interceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');
+     *
+     *
+     *   // alternatively, register the interceptor via an anonymous factory
+     *   $httpProvider.interceptors.push(function($q, dependency1, dependency2) {
+     *     return {
+     *      'request': function(config) {
+     *          // same as above
+     *       },
+     *
+     *       'response': function(response) {
+     *          // same as above
+     *       }
+     *     };
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ## Security Considerations
+     *
+     * When designing web applications, consider security threats from:
+     *
+     * - [JSON vulnerability](http://haacked.com/archive/2008/11/20/anatomy-of-a-subtle-json-vulnerability.aspx)
+     * - [XSRF](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery)
+     *
+     * Both server and the client must cooperate in order to eliminate these threats. AngularJS comes
+     * pre-configured with strategies that address these issues, but for this to work backend server
+     * cooperation is required.
+     *
+     * ### JSON Vulnerability Protection
+     *
+     * A [JSON vulnerability](http://haacked.com/archive/2008/11/20/anatomy-of-a-subtle-json-vulnerability.aspx)
+     * allows third party website to turn your JSON resource URL into
+     * [JSONP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSONP) request under some conditions. To
+     * counter this your server can prefix all JSON requests with following string `")]}',\n"`.
+     * AngularJS will automatically strip the prefix before processing it as JSON.
+     *
+     * For example if your server needs to return:
+     * ```js
+     * ['one','two']
+     * ```
+     *
+     * which is vulnerable to attack, your server can return:
+     * ```js
+     * )]}',
+     * ['one','two']
+     * ```
+     *
+     * AngularJS will strip the prefix, before processing the JSON.
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Cross Site Request Forgery (XSRF) Protection
+     *
+     * [XSRF](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery) is an attack technique by
+     * which the attacker can trick an authenticated user into unknowingly executing actions on your
+     * website. AngularJS provides a mechanism to counter XSRF. When performing XHR requests, the
+     * $http service reads a token from a cookie (by default, `XSRF-TOKEN`) and sets it as an HTTP
+     * header (`X-XSRF-TOKEN`). Since only JavaScript that runs on your domain could read the
+     * cookie, your server can be assured that the XHR came from JavaScript running on your domain.
+     * The header will not be set for cross-domain requests.
+     *
+     * To take advantage of this, your server needs to set a token in a JavaScript readable session
+     * cookie called `XSRF-TOKEN` on the first HTTP GET request. On subsequent XHR requests the
+     * server can verify that the cookie matches `X-XSRF-TOKEN` HTTP header, and therefore be sure
+     * that only JavaScript running on your domain could have sent the request. The token must be
+     * unique for each user and must be verifiable by the server (to prevent the JavaScript from
+     * making up its own tokens). We recommend that the token is a digest of your site's
+     * authentication cookie with a [salt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography&#41;)
+     * for added security.
+     *
+     * The name of the headers can be specified using the xsrfHeaderName and xsrfCookieName
+     * properties of either $httpProvider.defaults at config-time, $http.defaults at run-time,
+     * or the per-request config object.
+     *
+     * In order to prevent collisions in environments where multiple AngularJS apps share the
+     * same domain or subdomain, we recommend that each application uses unique cookie name.
+     *
+     * @param {object} config Object describing the request to be made and how it should be
+     *    processed. The object has following properties:
+     *
+     *    - **method** – `{string}` – HTTP method (e.g. 'GET', 'POST', etc)
+     *    - **url** – `{string|TrustedObject}` – Absolute or relative URL of the resource that is being requested;
+     *      or an object created by a call to `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.
+     *    - **params** – `{Object.<string|Object>}` – Map of strings or objects which will be serialized
+     *      with the `paramSerializer` and appended as GET parameters.
+     *    - **data** – `{string|Object}` – Data to be sent as the request message data.
+     *    - **headers** – `{Object}` – Map of strings or functions which return strings representing
+     *      HTTP headers to send to the server. If the return value of a function is null, the
+     *      header will not be sent. Functions accept a config object as an argument.
+     *    - **eventHandlers** - `{Object}` - Event listeners to be bound to the XMLHttpRequest object.
+     *      To bind events to the XMLHttpRequest upload object, use `uploadEventHandlers`.
+     *      The handler will be called in the context of a `$apply` block.
+     *    - **uploadEventHandlers** - `{Object}` - Event listeners to be bound to the XMLHttpRequest upload
+     *      object. To bind events to the XMLHttpRequest object, use `eventHandlers`.
+     *      The handler will be called in the context of a `$apply` block.
+     *    - **xsrfHeaderName** – `{string}` – Name of HTTP header to populate with the XSRF token.
+     *    - **xsrfCookieName** – `{string}` – Name of cookie containing the XSRF token.
+     *    - **transformRequest** –
+     *      `{function(data, headersGetter)|Array.<function(data, headersGetter)>}` –
+     *      transform function or an array of such functions. The transform function takes the http
+     *      request body and headers and returns its transformed (typically serialized) version.
+     *      See {@link ng.$http#overriding-the-default-transformations-per-request
+     *      Overriding the Default Transformations}
+     *    - **transformResponse** –
+     *      `{function(data, headersGetter, status)|Array.<function(data, headersGetter, status)>}` –
+     *      transform function or an array of such functions. The transform function takes the http
+     *      response body, headers and status and returns its transformed (typically deserialized) version.
+     *      See {@link ng.$http#overriding-the-default-transformations-per-request
+     *      Overriding the Default Transformations}
+     *    - **paramSerializer** - `{string|function(Object<string,string>):string}` - A function used to
+     *      prepare the string representation of request parameters (specified as an object).
+     *      If specified as string, it is interpreted as function registered with the
+     *      {@link $injector $injector}, which means you can create your own serializer
+     *      by registering it as a {@link auto.$provide#service service}.
+     *      The default serializer is the {@link $httpParamSerializer $httpParamSerializer};
+     *      alternatively, you can use the {@link $httpParamSerializerJQLike $httpParamSerializerJQLike}
+     *    - **cache** – `{boolean|Object}` – A boolean value or object created with
+     *      {@link ng.$cacheFactory `$cacheFactory`} to enable or disable caching of the HTTP response.
+     *      See {@link $http#caching $http Caching} for more information.
+     *    - **timeout** – `{number|Promise}` – timeout in milliseconds, or {@link ng.$q promise}
+     *      that should abort the request when resolved.
+     *    - **withCredentials** - `{boolean}` - whether to set the `withCredentials` flag on the
+     *      XHR object. See [requests with credentials](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS#Requests_with_credentials)
+     *      for more information.
+     *    - **responseType** - `{string}` - see
+     *      [XMLHttpRequest.responseType](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest#xmlhttprequest-responsetype).
+     *
+     * @returns {HttpPromise} Returns a {@link ng.$q `Promise}` that will be resolved to a response object
+     *                        when the request succeeds or fails.
+     *
+     *
+     * @property {Array.<Object>} pendingRequests Array of config objects for currently pending
+     *   requests. This is primarily meant to be used for debugging purposes.
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+<example module="httpExample" name="http-service">
+<file name="index.html">
+  <div ng-controller="FetchController">
+    <select ng-model="method" aria-label="Request method">
+      <option>GET</option>
+      <option>JSONP</option>
+    </select>
+    <input type="text" ng-model="url" size="80" aria-label="URL" />
+    <button id="fetchbtn" ng-click="fetch()">fetch</button><br>
+    <button id="samplegetbtn" ng-click="updateModel('GET', 'http-hello.html')">Sample GET</button>
+    <button id="samplejsonpbtn"
+      ng-click="updateModel('JSONP',
+                    'https://angularjs.org/greet.php?name=Super%20Hero')">
+      Sample JSONP
+    </button>
+    <button id="invalidjsonpbtn"
+      ng-click="updateModel('JSONP', 'https://angularjs.org/doesntexist')">
+        Invalid JSONP
+      </button>
+    <pre>http status code: {{status}}</pre>
+    <pre>http response data: {{data}}</pre>
+  </div>
+</file>
+<file name="script.js">
+  angular.module('httpExample', [])
+    .config(['$sceDelegateProvider', function($sceDelegateProvider) {
+      // We must whitelist the JSONP endpoint that we are using to show that we trust it
+      $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist([
+        'self',
+        'https://angularjs.org/**'
+      ]);
+    }])
+    .controller('FetchController', ['$scope', '$http', '$templateCache',
+      function($scope, $http, $templateCache) {
+        $scope.method = 'GET';
+        $scope.url = 'http-hello.html';
+
+        $scope.fetch = function() {
+          $scope.code = null;
+          $scope.response = null;
+
+          $http({method: $scope.method, url: $scope.url, cache: $templateCache}).
+            then(function(response) {
+              $scope.status = response.status;
+              $scope.data = response.data;
+            }, function(response) {
+              $scope.data = response.data || 'Request failed';
+              $scope.status = response.status;
+          });
+        };
+
+        $scope.updateModel = function(method, url) {
+          $scope.method = method;
+          $scope.url = url;
+        };
+      }]);
+</file>
+<file name="http-hello.html">
+  Hello, $http!
+</file>
+<file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+  var status = element(by.binding('status'));
+  var data = element(by.binding('data'));
+  var fetchBtn = element(by.id('fetchbtn'));
+  var sampleGetBtn = element(by.id('samplegetbtn'));
+  var invalidJsonpBtn = element(by.id('invalidjsonpbtn'));
+
+  it('should make an xhr GET request', function() {
+    sampleGetBtn.click();
+    fetchBtn.click();
+    expect(status.getText()).toMatch('200');
+    expect(data.getText()).toMatch(/Hello, \$http!/);
+  });
+
+// Commented out due to flakes. See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/9185
+// it('should make a JSONP request to angularjs.org', function() {
+//   var sampleJsonpBtn = element(by.id('samplejsonpbtn'));
+//   sampleJsonpBtn.click();
+//   fetchBtn.click();
+//   expect(status.getText()).toMatch('200');
+//   expect(data.getText()).toMatch(/Super Hero!/);
+// });
+
+  it('should make JSONP request to invalid URL and invoke the error handler',
+      function() {
+    invalidJsonpBtn.click();
+    fetchBtn.click();
+    expect(status.getText()).toMatch('0');
+    expect(data.getText()).toMatch('Request failed');
+  });
+</file>
+</example>
+     */
+                function $http(requestConfig) {
+
+                    if (!isObject(requestConfig)) {
+                        throw minErr('$http')('badreq', 'Http request configuration must be an object.  Received: {0}', requestConfig);
+                    }
+
+                    if (!isString($sce.valueOf(requestConfig.url))) {
+                        throw minErr('$http')('badreq', 'Http request configuration url must be a string or a $sce trusted object.  Received: {0}', requestConfig.url);
+                    }
+
+                    var config = extend({
+                        method: 'get',
+                        transformRequest: defaults.transformRequest,
+                        transformResponse: defaults.transformResponse,
+                        paramSerializer: defaults.paramSerializer,
+                        jsonpCallbackParam: defaults.jsonpCallbackParam
+                    }, requestConfig);
+
+                    config.headers = mergeHeaders(requestConfig);
+                    config.method = uppercase(config.method);
+                    config.paramSerializer = isString(config.paramSerializer) ?
+                        $injector.get(config.paramSerializer) : config.paramSerializer;
+
+                    $browser.$$incOutstandingRequestCount();
+
+                    var requestInterceptors = [];
+                    var responseInterceptors = [];
+                    var promise = $q.resolve(config);
+
+                    // apply interceptors
+                    forEach(reversedInterceptors, function (interceptor) {
+                        if (interceptor.request || interceptor.requestError) {
+                            requestInterceptors.unshift(interceptor.request, interceptor.requestError);
+                        }
+                        if (interceptor.response || interceptor.responseError) {
+                            responseInterceptors.push(interceptor.response, interceptor.responseError);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    promise = chainInterceptors(promise, requestInterceptors);
+                    promise = promise.then(serverRequest);
+                    promise = chainInterceptors(promise, responseInterceptors);
+                    promise = promise.finally(completeOutstandingRequest);
+
+                    return promise;
+
+
+                    function chainInterceptors(promise, interceptors) {
+                        for (var i = 0, ii = interceptors.length; i < ii;) {
+                            var thenFn = interceptors[i++];
+                            var rejectFn = interceptors[i++];
+
+                            promise = promise.then(thenFn, rejectFn);
+                        }
+
+                        interceptors.length = 0;
+
+                        return promise;
+                    }
+
+                    function completeOutstandingRequest() {
+                        $browser.$$completeOutstandingRequest(noop);
+                    }
+
+                    function executeHeaderFns(headers, config) {
+                        var headerContent, processedHeaders = {};
+
+                        forEach(headers, function (headerFn, header) {
+                            if (isFunction(headerFn)) {
+                                headerContent = headerFn(config);
+                                if (headerContent != null) {
+                                    processedHeaders[header] = headerContent;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                processedHeaders[header] = headerFn;
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        return processedHeaders;
+                    }
+
+                    function mergeHeaders(config) {
+                        var defHeaders = defaults.headers,
+                            reqHeaders = extend({}, config.headers),
+                            defHeaderName, lowercaseDefHeaderName, reqHeaderName;
+
+                        defHeaders = extend({}, defHeaders.common, defHeaders[lowercase(config.method)]);
+
+                        // using for-in instead of forEach to avoid unnecessary iteration after header has been found
+                        defaultHeadersIteration:
+                            for (defHeaderName in defHeaders) {
+                                lowercaseDefHeaderName = lowercase(defHeaderName);
+
+                                for (reqHeaderName in reqHeaders) {
+                                    if (lowercase(reqHeaderName) === lowercaseDefHeaderName) {
+                                        continue defaultHeadersIteration;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                reqHeaders[defHeaderName] = defHeaders[defHeaderName];
+                            }
+
+                        // execute if header value is a function for merged headers
+                        return executeHeaderFns(reqHeaders, shallowCopy(config));
+                    }
+
+                    function serverRequest(config) {
+                        var headers = config.headers;
+                        var reqData = transformData(config.data, headersGetter(headers), undefined, config.transformRequest);
+
+                        // strip content-type if data is undefined
+                        if (isUndefined(reqData)) {
+                            forEach(headers, function (value, header) {
+                                if (lowercase(header) === 'content-type') {
+                                    delete headers[header];
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+
+                        if (isUndefined(config.withCredentials) && !isUndefined(defaults.withCredentials)) {
+                            config.withCredentials = defaults.withCredentials;
+                        }
+
+                        // send request
+                        return sendReq(config, reqData).then(transformResponse, transformResponse);
+                    }
+
+                    function transformResponse(response) {
+                        // make a copy since the response must be cacheable
+                        var resp = extend({}, response);
+                        resp.data = transformData(response.data, response.headers, response.status,
+                            config.transformResponse);
+                        return (isSuccess(response.status)) ?
+                            resp :
+                            $q.reject(resp);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $http.pendingRequests = [];
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#get
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `GET` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string|TrustedObject} url Absolute or relative URL of the resource that is being requested;
+                 *                                   or an object created by a call to `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#delete
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `DELETE` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string|TrustedObject} url Absolute or relative URL of the resource that is being requested;
+                 *                                   or an object created by a call to `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#head
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `HEAD` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string|TrustedObject} url Absolute or relative URL of the resource that is being requested;
+                 *                                   or an object created by a call to `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#jsonp
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `JSONP` request.
+                 *
+                 * Note that, since JSONP requests are sensitive because the response is given full access to the browser,
+                 * the url must be declared, via {@link $sce} as a trusted resource URL.
+                 * You can trust a URL by adding it to the whitelist via
+                 * {@link $sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist  `$sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist`} or
+                 * by explicitly trusting the URL via {@link $sce#trustAsResourceUrl `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`}.
+                 *
+                 * You should avoid generating the URL for the JSONP request from user provided data.
+                 * Provide additional query parameters via `params` property of the `config` parameter, rather than
+                 * modifying the URL itself.
+                 *
+                 * JSONP requests must specify a callback to be used in the response from the server. This callback
+                 * is passed as a query parameter in the request. You must specify the name of this parameter by
+                 * setting the `jsonpCallbackParam` property on the request config object.
+                 *
+                 * ```
+                 * $http.jsonp('some/trusted/url', {jsonpCallbackParam: 'callback'})
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * You can also specify a default callback parameter name in `$http.defaults.jsonpCallbackParam`.
+                 * Initially this is set to `'callback'`.
+                 *
+                 * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+                 * You can no longer use the `JSON_CALLBACK` string as a placeholder for specifying where the callback
+                 * parameter value should go.
+                 * </div>
+                 *
+                 * If you would like to customise where and how the callbacks are stored then try overriding
+                 * or decorating the {@link $jsonpCallbacks} service.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string|TrustedObject} url Absolute or relative URL of the resource that is being requested;
+                 *                                   or an object created by a call to `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+                createShortMethods('get', 'delete', 'head', 'jsonp');
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#post
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `POST` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} url Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
+                 * @param {*} data Request content
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#put
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `PUT` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} url Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
+                 * @param {*} data Request content
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $http#patch
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut method to perform `PATCH` request.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} url Relative or absolute URL specifying the destination of the request
+                 * @param {*} data Request content
+                 * @param {Object=} config Optional configuration object. See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http#usage
+                 * @returns {HttpPromise} Future object
+                 */
+                createShortMethodsWithData('post', 'put', 'patch');
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc property
+                 * @name $http#defaults
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Runtime equivalent of the `$httpProvider.defaults` property. Allows configuration of
+                 * default headers, withCredentials as well as request and response transformations.
+                 *
+                 * See "Setting HTTP Headers" and "Transforming Requests and Responses" sections above.
+                 */
+                $http.defaults = defaults;
+
+
+                return $http;
+
+
+                function createShortMethods(names) {
+                    forEach(arguments, function (name) {
+                        $http[name] = function (url, config) {
+                            return $http(extend({}, config || {}, {
+                                method: name,
+                                url: url
+                            }));
+                        };
+                    });
+                }
+
+
+                function createShortMethodsWithData(name) {
+                    forEach(arguments, function (name) {
+                        $http[name] = function (url, data, config) {
+                            return $http(extend({}, config || {}, {
+                                method: name,
+                                url: url,
+                                data: data
+                            }));
+                        };
+                    });
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * Makes the request.
+                 *
+                 * !!! ACCESSES CLOSURE VARS:
+                 * $httpBackend, defaults, $log, $rootScope, defaultCache, $http.pendingRequests
+                 */
+                function sendReq(config, reqData) {
+                    var deferred = $q.defer(),
+                        promise = deferred.promise,
+                        cache,
+                        cachedResp,
+                        reqHeaders = config.headers,
+                        isJsonp = lowercase(config.method) === 'jsonp',
+                        url = config.url;
+
+                    if (isJsonp) {
+                        // JSONP is a pretty sensitive operation where we're allowing a script to have full access to
+                        // our DOM and JS space.  So we require that the URL satisfies SCE.RESOURCE_URL.
+                        url = $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl(url);
+                    } else if (!isString(url)) {
+                        // If it is not a string then the URL must be a $sce trusted object
+                        url = $sce.valueOf(url);
+                    }
+
+                    url = buildUrl(url, config.paramSerializer(config.params));
+
+                    if (isJsonp) {
+                        // Check the url and add the JSONP callback placeholder
+                        url = sanitizeJsonpCallbackParam(url, config.jsonpCallbackParam);
+                    }
+
+                    $http.pendingRequests.push(config);
+                    promise.then(removePendingReq, removePendingReq);
+
+                    if ((config.cache || defaults.cache) && config.cache !== false &&
+                        (config.method === 'GET' || config.method === 'JSONP')) {
+                        cache = isObject(config.cache) ? config.cache :
+                            isObject( /** @type {?} */ (defaults).cache) ?
+                            /** @type {?} */ (defaults).cache :
+                            defaultCache;
+                    }
+
+                    if (cache) {
+                        cachedResp = cache.get(url);
+                        if (isDefined(cachedResp)) {
+                            if (isPromiseLike(cachedResp)) {
+                                // cached request has already been sent, but there is no response yet
+                                cachedResp.then(resolvePromiseWithResult, resolvePromiseWithResult);
+                            } else {
+                                // serving from cache
+                                if (isArray(cachedResp)) {
+                                    resolvePromise(cachedResp[1], cachedResp[0], shallowCopy(cachedResp[2]), cachedResp[3], cachedResp[4]);
+                                } else {
+                                    resolvePromise(cachedResp, 200, {}, 'OK', 'complete');
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // put the promise for the non-transformed response into cache as a placeholder
+                            cache.put(url, promise);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+
+                    // if we won't have the response in cache, set the xsrf headers and
+                    // send the request to the backend
+                    if (isUndefined(cachedResp)) {
+                        var xsrfValue = urlIsSameOrigin(config.url) ?
+                            $$cookieReader()[config.xsrfCookieName || defaults.xsrfCookieName] :
+                            undefined;
+                        if (xsrfValue) {
+                            reqHeaders[(config.xsrfHeaderName || defaults.xsrfHeaderName)] = xsrfValue;
+                        }
+
+                        $httpBackend(config.method, url, reqData, done, reqHeaders, config.timeout,
+                            config.withCredentials, config.responseType,
+                            createApplyHandlers(config.eventHandlers),
+                            createApplyHandlers(config.uploadEventHandlers));
+                    }
+
+                    return promise;
+
+                    function createApplyHandlers(eventHandlers) {
+                        if (eventHandlers) {
+                            var applyHandlers = {};
+                            forEach(eventHandlers, function (eventHandler, key) {
+                                applyHandlers[key] = function (event) {
+                                    if (useApplyAsync) {
+                                        $rootScope.$applyAsync(callEventHandler);
+                                    } else if ($rootScope.$$phase) {
+                                        callEventHandler();
+                                    } else {
+                                        $rootScope.$apply(callEventHandler);
+                                    }
+
+                                    function callEventHandler() {
+                                        eventHandler(event);
+                                    }
+                                };
+                            });
+                            return applyHandlers;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * Callback registered to $httpBackend():
+                     *  - caches the response if desired
+                     *  - resolves the raw $http promise
+                     *  - calls $apply
+                     */
+                    function done(status, response, headersString, statusText, xhrStatus) {
+                        if (cache) {
+                            if (isSuccess(status)) {
+                                cache.put(url, [status, response, parseHeaders(headersString), statusText, xhrStatus]);
+                            } else {
+                                // remove promise from the cache
+                                cache.remove(url);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        function resolveHttpPromise() {
+                            resolvePromise(response, status, headersString, statusText, xhrStatus);
+                        }
+
+                        if (useApplyAsync) {
+                            $rootScope.$applyAsync(resolveHttpPromise);
+                        } else {
+                            resolveHttpPromise();
+                            if (!$rootScope.$$phase) $rootScope.$apply();
+                        }
+                    }
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * Resolves the raw $http promise.
+                     */
+                    function resolvePromise(response, status, headers, statusText, xhrStatus) {
+                        //status: HTTP response status code, 0, -1 (aborted by timeout / promise)
+                        status = status >= -1 ? status : 0;
+
+                        (isSuccess(status) ? deferred.resolve : deferred.reject)({
+                            data: response,
+                            status: status,
+                            headers: headersGetter(headers),
+                            config: config,
+                            statusText: statusText,
+                            xhrStatus: xhrStatus
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    function resolvePromiseWithResult(result) {
+                        resolvePromise(result.data, result.status, shallowCopy(result.headers()), result.statusText, result.xhrStatus);
+                    }
+
+                    function removePendingReq() {
+                        var idx = $http.pendingRequests.indexOf(config);
+                        if (idx !== -1) $http.pendingRequests.splice(idx, 1);
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                function buildUrl(url, serializedParams) {
+                    if (serializedParams.length > 0) {
+                        url += ((url.indexOf('?') === -1) ? '?' : '&') + serializedParams;
+                    }
+                    return url;
+                }
+
+                function sanitizeJsonpCallbackParam(url, cbKey) {
+                    var parts = url.split('?');
+                    if (parts.length > 2) {
+                        // Throw if the url contains more than one `?` query indicator
+                        throw $httpMinErr('badjsonp', 'Illegal use more than one "?", in url, "{1}"', url);
+                    }
+                    var params = parseKeyValue(parts[1]);
+                    forEach(params, function (value, key) {
+                        if (value === 'JSON_CALLBACK') {
+                            // Throw if the url already contains a reference to JSON_CALLBACK
+                            throw $httpMinErr('badjsonp', 'Illegal use of JSON_CALLBACK in url, "{0}"', url);
+                        }
+                        if (key === cbKey) {
+                            // Throw if the callback param was already provided
+                            throw $httpMinErr('badjsonp', 'Illegal use of callback param, "{0}", in url, "{1}"', cbKey, url);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    // Add in the JSON_CALLBACK callback param value
+                    url += ((url.indexOf('?') === -1) ? '?' : '&') + cbKey + '=JSON_CALLBACK';
+
+                    return url;
+                }
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $xhrFactory
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Factory function used to create XMLHttpRequest objects.
+     *
+     * Replace or decorate this service to create your own custom XMLHttpRequest objects.
+     *
+     * ```
+     * angular.module('myApp', [])
+     * .factory('$xhrFactory', function() {
+     *   return function createXhr(method, url) {
+     *     return new window.XMLHttpRequest({mozSystem: true});
+     *   };
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param {string} method HTTP method of the request (GET, POST, PUT, ..)
+     * @param {string} url URL of the request.
+     */
+    function $xhrFactoryProvider() {
+        this.$get = function () {
+            return function createXhr() {
+                return new window.XMLHttpRequest();
+            };
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $httpBackend
+     * @requires $jsonpCallbacks
+     * @requires $document
+     * @requires $xhrFactory
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * HTTP backend used by the {@link ng.$http service} that delegates to
+     * XMLHttpRequest object or JSONP and deals with browser incompatibilities.
+     *
+     * You should never need to use this service directly, instead use the higher-level abstractions:
+     * {@link ng.$http $http} or {@link ngResource.$resource $resource}.
+     *
+     * During testing this implementation is swapped with {@link ngMock.$httpBackend mock
+     * $httpBackend} which can be trained with responses.
+     */
+    function $HttpBackendProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$browser', '$jsonpCallbacks', '$document', '$xhrFactory', function ($browser, $jsonpCallbacks, $document, $xhrFactory) {
+            return createHttpBackend($browser, $xhrFactory, $browser.defer, $jsonpCallbacks, $document[0]);
+        }];
+    }
+
+    function createHttpBackend($browser, createXhr, $browserDefer, callbacks, rawDocument) {
+        // TODO(vojta): fix the signature
+        return function (method, url, post, callback, headers, timeout, withCredentials, responseType, eventHandlers, uploadEventHandlers) {
+            url = url || $browser.url();
+
+            if (lowercase(method) === 'jsonp') {
+                var callbackPath = callbacks.createCallback(url);
+                var jsonpDone = jsonpReq(url, callbackPath, function (status, text) {
+                    // jsonpReq only ever sets status to 200 (OK), 404 (ERROR) or -1 (WAITING)
+                    var response = (status === 200) && callbacks.getResponse(callbackPath);
+                    completeRequest(callback, status, response, '', text, 'complete');
+                    callbacks.removeCallback(callbackPath);
+                });
+            } else {
+
+                var xhr = createXhr(method, url);
+
+                xhr.open(method, url, true);
+                forEach(headers, function (value, key) {
+                    if (isDefined(value)) {
+                        xhr.setRequestHeader(key, value);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                xhr.onload = function requestLoaded() {
+                    var statusText = xhr.statusText || '';
+
+                    // responseText is the old-school way of retrieving response (supported by IE9)
+                    // response/responseType properties were introduced in XHR Level2 spec (supported by IE10)
+                    var response = ('response' in xhr) ? xhr.response : xhr.responseText;
+
+                    // normalize IE9 bug (http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/1450)
+                    var status = xhr.status === 1223 ? 204 : xhr.status;
+
+                    // fix status code when it is 0 (0 status is undocumented).
+                    // Occurs when accessing file resources or on Android 4.1 stock browser
+                    // while retrieving files from application cache.
+                    if (status === 0) {
+                        status = response ? 200 : urlResolve(url).protocol === 'file' ? 404 : 0;
+                    }
+
+                    completeRequest(callback,
+                        status,
+                        response,
+                        xhr.getAllResponseHeaders(),
+                        statusText,
+                        'complete');
+                };
+
+                var requestError = function () {
+                    // The response is always empty
+                    // See https://xhr.spec.whatwg.org/#request-error-steps and https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-network-error
+                    completeRequest(callback, -1, null, null, '', 'error');
+                };
+
+                var requestAborted = function () {
+                    completeRequest(callback, -1, null, null, '', 'abort');
+                };
+
+                var requestTimeout = function () {
+                    // The response is always empty
+                    // See https://xhr.spec.whatwg.org/#request-error-steps and https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-network-error
+                    completeRequest(callback, -1, null, null, '', 'timeout');
+                };
+
+                xhr.onerror = requestError;
+                xhr.onabort = requestAborted;
+                xhr.ontimeout = requestTimeout;
+
+                forEach(eventHandlers, function (value, key) {
+                    xhr.addEventListener(key, value);
+                });
+
+                forEach(uploadEventHandlers, function (value, key) {
+                    xhr.upload.addEventListener(key, value);
+                });
+
+                if (withCredentials) {
+                    xhr.withCredentials = true;
+                }
+
+                if (responseType) {
+                    try {
+                        xhr.responseType = responseType;
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        // WebKit added support for the json responseType value on 09/03/2013
+                        // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=73648. Versions of Safari prior to 7 are
+                        // known to throw when setting the value "json" as the response type. Other older
+                        // browsers implementing the responseType
+                        //
+                        // The json response type can be ignored if not supported, because JSON payloads are
+                        // parsed on the client-side regardless.
+                        if (responseType !== 'json') {
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                xhr.send(isUndefined(post) ? null : post);
+            }
+
+            if (timeout > 0) {
+                var timeoutId = $browserDefer(timeoutRequest, timeout);
+            } else if (isPromiseLike(timeout)) {
+                timeout.then(timeoutRequest);
+            }
+
+
+            function timeoutRequest() {
+                if (jsonpDone) {
+                    jsonpDone();
+                }
+                if (xhr) {
+                    xhr.abort();
+                }
+            }
+
+            function completeRequest(callback, status, response, headersString, statusText, xhrStatus) {
+                // cancel timeout and subsequent timeout promise resolution
+                if (isDefined(timeoutId)) {
+                    $browserDefer.cancel(timeoutId);
+                }
+                jsonpDone = xhr = null;
+
+                callback(status, response, headersString, statusText, xhrStatus);
+            }
+        };
+
+        function jsonpReq(url, callbackPath, done) {
+            url = url.replace('JSON_CALLBACK', callbackPath);
+            // we can't use jQuery/jqLite here because jQuery does crazy stuff with script elements, e.g.:
+            // - fetches local scripts via XHR and evals them
+            // - adds and immediately removes script elements from the document
+            var script = rawDocument.createElement('script'),
+                callback = null;
+            script.type = 'text/javascript';
+            script.src = url;
+            script.async = true;
+
+            callback = function (event) {
+                script.removeEventListener('load', callback);
+                script.removeEventListener('error', callback);
+                rawDocument.body.removeChild(script);
+                script = null;
+                var status = -1;
+                var text = 'unknown';
+
+                if (event) {
+                    if (event.type === 'load' && !callbacks.wasCalled(callbackPath)) {
+                        event = {
+                            type: 'error'
+                        };
+                    }
+                    text = event.type;
+                    status = event.type === 'error' ? 404 : 200;
+                }
+
+                if (done) {
+                    done(status, text);
+                }
+            };
+
+            script.addEventListener('load', callback);
+            script.addEventListener('error', callback);
+            rawDocument.body.appendChild(script);
+            return callback;
+        }
+    }
+
+    var $interpolateMinErr = angular.$interpolateMinErr = minErr('$interpolate');
+    $interpolateMinErr.throwNoconcat = function (text) {
+        throw $interpolateMinErr('noconcat',
+            'Error while interpolating: {0}\nStrict Contextual Escaping disallows ' +
+            'interpolations that concatenate multiple expressions when a trusted value is ' +
+            'required.  See http://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng.$sce', text);
+    };
+
+    $interpolateMinErr.interr = function (text, err) {
+        return $interpolateMinErr('interr', 'Can\'t interpolate: {0}\n{1}', text, err.toString());
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $interpolateProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Used for configuring the interpolation markup. Defaults to `{{` and `}}`.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+     * This feature is sometimes used to mix different markup languages, e.g. to wrap an AngularJS
+     * template within a Python Jinja template (or any other template language). Mixing templating
+     * languages is **very dangerous**. The embedding template language will not safely escape AngularJS
+     * expressions, so any user-controlled values in the template will cause Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
+     * security bugs!
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+    <example name="custom-interpolation-markup" module="customInterpolationApp">
+    <file name="index.html">
+    <script>
+      var customInterpolationApp = angular.module('customInterpolationApp', []);
+
+      customInterpolationApp.config(function($interpolateProvider) {
+        $interpolateProvider.startSymbol('//');
+        $interpolateProvider.endSymbol('//');
+      });
+
+
+      customInterpolationApp.controller('DemoController', function() {
+          this.label = "This binding is brought you by // interpolation symbols.";
+      });
+    </script>
+    <div ng-controller="DemoController as demo">
+        //demo.label//
+    </div>
+    </file>
+    <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+      it('should interpolate binding with custom symbols', function() {
+        expect(element(by.binding('demo.label')).getText()).toBe('This binding is brought you by // interpolation symbols.');
+      });
+    </file>
+    </example>
+     */
+    function $InterpolateProvider() {
+        var startSymbol = '{{';
+        var endSymbol = '}}';
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $interpolateProvider#startSymbol
+         * @description
+         * Symbol to denote start of expression in the interpolated string. Defaults to `{{`.
+         *
+         * @param {string=} value new value to set the starting symbol to.
+         * @returns {string|self} Returns the symbol when used as getter and self if used as setter.
+         */
+        this.startSymbol = function (value) {
+            if (value) {
+                startSymbol = value;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return startSymbol;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $interpolateProvider#endSymbol
+         * @description
+         * Symbol to denote the end of expression in the interpolated string. Defaults to `}}`.
+         *
+         * @param {string=} value new value to set the ending symbol to.
+         * @returns {string|self} Returns the symbol when used as getter and self if used as setter.
+         */
+        this.endSymbol = function (value) {
+            if (value) {
+                endSymbol = value;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return endSymbol;
+            }
+        };
+
+
+        this.$get = ['$parse', '$exceptionHandler', '$sce', function ($parse, $exceptionHandler, $sce) {
+            var startSymbolLength = startSymbol.length,
+                endSymbolLength = endSymbol.length,
+                escapedStartRegexp = new RegExp(startSymbol.replace(/./g, escape), 'g'),
+                escapedEndRegexp = new RegExp(endSymbol.replace(/./g, escape), 'g');
+
+            function escape(ch) {
+                return '\\\\\\' + ch;
+            }
+
+            function unescapeText(text) {
+                return text.replace(escapedStartRegexp, startSymbol).
+                replace(escapedEndRegexp, endSymbol);
+            }
+
+            // TODO: this is the same as the constantWatchDelegate in parse.js
+            function constantWatchDelegate(scope, listener, objectEquality, constantInterp) {
+                var unwatch = scope.$watch(function constantInterpolateWatch(scope) {
+                    unwatch();
+                    return constantInterp(scope);
+                }, listener, objectEquality);
+                return unwatch;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc service
+             * @name $interpolate
+             * @kind function
+             *
+             * @requires $parse
+             * @requires $sce
+             *
+             * @description
+             *
+             * Compiles a string with markup into an interpolation function. This service is used by the
+             * HTML {@link ng.$compile $compile} service for data binding. See
+             * {@link ng.$interpolateProvider $interpolateProvider} for configuring the
+             * interpolation markup.
+             *
+             *
+             * ```js
+             *   var $interpolate = ...; // injected
+             *   var exp = $interpolate('Hello {{name | uppercase}}!');
+             *   expect(exp({name:'AngularJS'})).toEqual('Hello ANGULAR!');
+             * ```
+             *
+             * `$interpolate` takes an optional fourth argument, `allOrNothing`. If `allOrNothing` is
+             * `true`, the interpolation function will return `undefined` unless all embedded expressions
+             * evaluate to a value other than `undefined`.
+             *
+             * ```js
+             *   var $interpolate = ...; // injected
+             *   var context = {greeting: 'Hello', name: undefined };
+             *
+             *   // default "forgiving" mode
+             *   var exp = $interpolate('{{greeting}} {{name}}!');
+             *   expect(exp(context)).toEqual('Hello !');
+             *
+             *   // "allOrNothing" mode
+             *   exp = $interpolate('{{greeting}} {{name}}!', false, null, true);
+             *   expect(exp(context)).toBeUndefined();
+             *   context.name = 'AngularJS';
+             *   expect(exp(context)).toEqual('Hello AngularJS!');
+             * ```
+             *
+             * `allOrNothing` is useful for interpolating URLs. `ngSrc` and `ngSrcset` use this behavior.
+             *
+             * #### Escaped Interpolation
+             * $interpolate provides a mechanism for escaping interpolation markers. Start and end markers
+             * can be escaped by preceding each of their characters with a REVERSE SOLIDUS U+005C (backslash).
+             * It will be rendered as a regular start/end marker, and will not be interpreted as an expression
+             * or binding.
+             *
+             * This enables web-servers to prevent script injection attacks and defacing attacks, to some
+             * degree, while also enabling code examples to work without relying on the
+             * {@link ng.directive:ngNonBindable ngNonBindable} directive.
+             *
+             * **For security purposes, it is strongly encouraged that web servers escape user-supplied data,
+             * replacing angle brackets (&lt;, &gt;) with &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; respectively, and replacing all
+             * interpolation start/end markers with their escaped counterparts.**
+             *
+             * Escaped interpolation markers are only replaced with the actual interpolation markers in rendered
+             * output when the $interpolate service processes the text. So, for HTML elements interpolated
+             * by {@link ng.$compile $compile}, or otherwise interpolated with the `mustHaveExpression` parameter
+             * set to `true`, the interpolated text must contain an unescaped interpolation expression. As such,
+             * this is typically useful only when user-data is used in rendering a template from the server, or
+             * when otherwise untrusted data is used by a directive.
+             *
+             * <example name="interpolation">
+             *  <file name="index.html">
+             *    <div ng-init="username='A user'">
+             *      <p ng-init="apptitle='Escaping demo'">{{apptitle}}: \{\{ username = "defaced value"; \}\}
+             *        </p>
+             *      <p><strong>{{username}}</strong> attempts to inject code which will deface the
+             *        application, but fails to accomplish their task, because the server has correctly
+             *        escaped the interpolation start/end markers with REVERSE SOLIDUS U+005C (backslash)
+             *        characters.</p>
+             *      <p>Instead, the result of the attempted script injection is visible, and can be removed
+             *        from the database by an administrator.</p>
+             *    </div>
+             *  </file>
+             * </example>
+             *
+             * @knownIssue
+             * It is currently not possible for an interpolated expression to contain the interpolation end
+             * symbol. For example, `{{ '}}' }}` will be incorrectly interpreted as `{{ ' }}` + `' }}`, i.e.
+             * an interpolated expression consisting of a single-quote (`'`) and the `' }}` string.
+             *
+             * @knownIssue
+             * All directives and components must use the standard `{{` `}}` interpolation symbols
+             * in their templates. If you change the application interpolation symbols the {@link $compile}
+             * service will attempt to denormalize the standard symbols to the custom symbols.
+             * The denormalization process is not clever enough to know not to replace instances of the standard
+             * symbols where they would not normally be treated as interpolation symbols. For example in the following
+             * code snippet the closing braces of the literal object will get incorrectly denormalized:
+             *
+             * ```
+             * <div data-context='{"context":{"id":3,"type":"page"}}">
+             * ```
+             *
+             * The workaround is to ensure that such instances are separated by whitespace:
+             * ```
+             * <div data-context='{"context":{"id":3,"type":"page"} }">
+             * ```
+             *
+             * See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/pull/14610#issuecomment-219401099 for more information.
+             *
+             * @param {string} text The text with markup to interpolate.
+             * @param {boolean=} mustHaveExpression if set to true then the interpolation string must have
+             *    embedded expression in order to return an interpolation function. Strings with no
+             *    embedded expression will return null for the interpolation function.
+             * @param {string=} trustedContext when provided, the returned function passes the interpolated
+             *    result through {@link ng.$sce#getTrusted $sce.getTrusted(interpolatedResult,
+             *    trustedContext)} before returning it.  Refer to the {@link ng.$sce $sce} service that
+             *    provides Strict Contextual Escaping for details.
+             * @param {boolean=} allOrNothing if `true`, then the returned function returns undefined
+             *    unless all embedded expressions evaluate to a value other than `undefined`.
+             * @returns {function(context)} an interpolation function which is used to compute the
+             *    interpolated string. The function has these parameters:
+             *
+             * - `context`: evaluation context for all expressions embedded in the interpolated text
+             */
+            function $interpolate(text, mustHaveExpression, trustedContext, allOrNothing) {
+                // Provide a quick exit and simplified result function for text with no interpolation
+                if (!text.length || text.indexOf(startSymbol) === -1) {
+                    var constantInterp;
+                    if (!mustHaveExpression) {
+                        var unescapedText = unescapeText(text);
+                        constantInterp = valueFn(unescapedText);
+                        constantInterp.exp = text;
+                        constantInterp.expressions = [];
+                        constantInterp.$$watchDelegate = constantWatchDelegate;
+                    }
+                    return constantInterp;
+                }
+
+                allOrNothing = !!allOrNothing;
+                var startIndex,
+                    endIndex,
+                    index = 0,
+                    expressions = [],
+                    parseFns = [],
+                    textLength = text.length,
+                    exp,
+                    concat = [],
+                    expressionPositions = [];
+
+                while (index < textLength) {
+                    if (((startIndex = text.indexOf(startSymbol, index)) !== -1) &&
+                        ((endIndex = text.indexOf(endSymbol, startIndex + startSymbolLength)) !== -1)) {
+                        if (index !== startIndex) {
+                            concat.push(unescapeText(text.substring(index, startIndex)));
+                        }
+                        exp = text.substring(startIndex + startSymbolLength, endIndex);
+                        expressions.push(exp);
+                        parseFns.push($parse(exp, parseStringifyInterceptor));
+                        index = endIndex + endSymbolLength;
+                        expressionPositions.push(concat.length);
+                        concat.push('');
+                    } else {
+                        // we did not find an interpolation, so we have to add the remainder to the separators array
+                        if (index !== textLength) {
+                            concat.push(unescapeText(text.substring(index)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Concatenating expressions makes it hard to reason about whether some combination of
+                // concatenated values are unsafe to use and could easily lead to XSS.  By requiring that a
+                // single expression be used for iframe[src], object[src], etc., we ensure that the value
+                // that's used is assigned or constructed by some JS code somewhere that is more testable or
+                // make it obvious that you bound the value to some user controlled value.  This helps reduce
+                // the load when auditing for XSS issues.
+                if (trustedContext && concat.length > 1) {
+                    $interpolateMinErr.throwNoconcat(text);
+                }
+
+                if (!mustHaveExpression || expressions.length) {
+                    var compute = function (values) {
+                        for (var i = 0, ii = expressions.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            if (allOrNothing && isUndefined(values[i])) return;
+                            concat[expressionPositions[i]] = values[i];
+                        }
+                        return concat.join('');
+                    };
+
+                    var getValue = function (value) {
+                        return trustedContext ?
+                            $sce.getTrusted(trustedContext, value) :
+                            $sce.valueOf(value);
+                    };
+
+                    return extend(function interpolationFn(context) {
+                        var i = 0;
+                        var ii = expressions.length;
+                        var values = new Array(ii);
+
+                        try {
+                            for (; i < ii; i++) {
+                                values[i] = parseFns[i](context);
+                            }
+
+                            return compute(values);
+                        } catch (err) {
+                            $exceptionHandler($interpolateMinErr.interr(text, err));
+                        }
+
+                    }, {
+                        // all of these properties are undocumented for now
+                        exp: text, //just for compatibility with regular watchers created via $watch
+                        expressions: expressions,
+                        $$watchDelegate: function (scope, listener) {
+                            var lastValue;
+                            return scope.$watchGroup(parseFns, /** @this */ function interpolateFnWatcher(values, oldValues) {
+                                var currValue = compute(values);
+                                listener.call(this, currValue, values !== oldValues ? lastValue : currValue, scope);
+                                lastValue = currValue;
+                            });
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                function parseStringifyInterceptor(value) {
+                    try {
+                        value = getValue(value);
+                        return allOrNothing && !isDefined(value) ? value : stringify(value);
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        $exceptionHandler($interpolateMinErr.interr(text, err));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $interpolate#startSymbol
+             * @description
+             * Symbol to denote the start of expression in the interpolated string. Defaults to `{{`.
+             *
+             * Use {@link ng.$interpolateProvider#startSymbol `$interpolateProvider.startSymbol`} to change
+             * the symbol.
+             *
+             * @returns {string} start symbol.
+             */
+            $interpolate.startSymbol = function () {
+                return startSymbol;
+            };
+
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $interpolate#endSymbol
+             * @description
+             * Symbol to denote the end of expression in the interpolated string. Defaults to `}}`.
+             *
+             * Use {@link ng.$interpolateProvider#endSymbol `$interpolateProvider.endSymbol`} to change
+             * the symbol.
+             *
+             * @returns {string} end symbol.
+             */
+            $interpolate.endSymbol = function () {
+                return endSymbol;
+            };
+
+            return $interpolate;
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $IntervalProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$window', '$q', '$$q', '$browser',
+            function ($rootScope, $window, $q, $$q, $browser) {
+                var intervals = {};
+
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc service
+                 * @name $interval
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * AngularJS's wrapper for `window.setInterval`. The `fn` function is executed every `delay`
+                 * milliseconds.
+                 *
+                 * The return value of registering an interval function is a promise. This promise will be
+                 * notified upon each tick of the interval, and will be resolved after `count` iterations, or
+                 * run indefinitely if `count` is not defined. The value of the notification will be the
+                 * number of iterations that have run.
+                 * To cancel an interval, call `$interval.cancel(promise)`.
+                 *
+                 * In tests you can use {@link ngMock.$interval#flush `$interval.flush(millis)`} to
+                 * move forward by `millis` milliseconds and trigger any functions scheduled to run in that
+                 * time.
+                 *
+                 * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+                 * **Note**: Intervals created by this service must be explicitly destroyed when you are finished
+                 * with them.  In particular they are not automatically destroyed when a controller's scope or a
+                 * directive's element are destroyed.
+                 * You should take this into consideration and make sure to always cancel the interval at the
+                 * appropriate moment.  See the example below for more details on how and when to do this.
+                 * </div>
+                 *
+                 * @param {function()} fn A function that should be called repeatedly. If no additional arguments
+                 *   are passed (see below), the function is called with the current iteration count.
+                 * @param {number} delay Number of milliseconds between each function call.
+                 * @param {number=} [count=0] Number of times to repeat. If not set, or 0, will repeat
+                 *   indefinitely.
+                 * @param {boolean=} [invokeApply=true] If set to `false` skips model dirty checking, otherwise
+                 *   will invoke `fn` within the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$apply $apply} block.
+                 * @param {...*=} Pass additional parameters to the executed function.
+                 * @returns {promise} A promise which will be notified on each iteration. It will resolve once all iterations of the interval complete.
+                 *
+                 * @example
+                 * <example module="intervalExample" name="interval-service">
+                 * <file name="index.html">
+                 *   <script>
+                 *     angular.module('intervalExample', [])
+                 *       .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', '$interval',
+                 *         function($scope, $interval) {
+                 *           $scope.format = 'M/d/yy h:mm:ss a';
+                 *           $scope.blood_1 = 100;
+                 *           $scope.blood_2 = 120;
+                 *
+                 *           var stop;
+                 *           $scope.fight = function() {
+                 *             // Don't start a new fight if we are already fighting
+                 *             if ( angular.isDefined(stop) ) return;
+                 *
+                 *             stop = $interval(function() {
+                 *               if ($scope.blood_1 > 0 && $scope.blood_2 > 0) {
+                 *                 $scope.blood_1 = $scope.blood_1 - 3;
+                 *                 $scope.blood_2 = $scope.blood_2 - 4;
+                 *               } else {
+                 *                 $scope.stopFight();
+                 *               }
+                 *             }, 100);
+                 *           };
+                 *
+                 *           $scope.stopFight = function() {
+                 *             if (angular.isDefined(stop)) {
+                 *               $interval.cancel(stop);
+                 *               stop = undefined;
+                 *             }
+                 *           };
+                 *
+                 *           $scope.resetFight = function() {
+                 *             $scope.blood_1 = 100;
+                 *             $scope.blood_2 = 120;
+                 *           };
+                 *
+                 *           $scope.$on('$destroy', function() {
+                 *             // Make sure that the interval is destroyed too
+                 *             $scope.stopFight();
+                 *           });
+                 *         }])
+                 *       // Register the 'myCurrentTime' directive factory method.
+                 *       // We inject $interval and dateFilter service since the factory method is DI.
+                 *       .directive('myCurrentTime', ['$interval', 'dateFilter',
+                 *         function($interval, dateFilter) {
+                 *           // return the directive link function. (compile function not needed)
+                 *           return function(scope, element, attrs) {
+                 *             var format,  // date format
+                 *                 stopTime; // so that we can cancel the time updates
+                 *
+                 *             // used to update the UI
+                 *             function updateTime() {
+                 *               element.text(dateFilter(new Date(), format));
+                 *             }
+                 *
+                 *             // watch the expression, and update the UI on change.
+                 *             scope.$watch(attrs.myCurrentTime, function(value) {
+                 *               format = value;
+                 *               updateTime();
+                 *             });
+                 *
+                 *             stopTime = $interval(updateTime, 1000);
+                 *
+                 *             // listen on DOM destroy (removal) event, and cancel the next UI update
+                 *             // to prevent updating time after the DOM element was removed.
+                 *             element.on('$destroy', function() {
+                 *               $interval.cancel(stopTime);
+                 *             });
+                 *           }
+                 *         }]);
+                 *   </script>
+                 *
+                 *   <div>
+                 *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 *       <label>Date format: <input ng-model="format"></label> <hr/>
+                 *       Current time is: <span my-current-time="format"></span>
+                 *       <hr/>
+                 *       Blood 1 : <font color='red'>{{blood_1}}</font>
+                 *       Blood 2 : <font color='red'>{{blood_2}}</font>
+                 *       <button type="button" data-ng-click="fight()">Fight</button>
+                 *       <button type="button" data-ng-click="stopFight()">StopFight</button>
+                 *       <button type="button" data-ng-click="resetFight()">resetFight</button>
+                 *     </div>
+                 *   </div>
+                 *
+                 * </file>
+                 * </example>
+                 */
+                function interval(fn, delay, count, invokeApply) {
+                    var hasParams = arguments.length > 4,
+                        args = hasParams ? sliceArgs(arguments, 4) : [],
+                        setInterval = $window.setInterval,
+                        clearInterval = $window.clearInterval,
+                        iteration = 0,
+                        skipApply = (isDefined(invokeApply) && !invokeApply),
+                        deferred = (skipApply ? $$q : $q).defer(),
+                        promise = deferred.promise;
+
+                    count = isDefined(count) ? count : 0;
+
+                    promise.$$intervalId = setInterval(function tick() {
+                        if (skipApply) {
+                            $browser.defer(callback);
+                        } else {
+                            $rootScope.$evalAsync(callback);
+                        }
+                        deferred.notify(iteration++);
+
+                        if (count > 0 && iteration >= count) {
+                            deferred.resolve(iteration);
+                            clearInterval(promise.$$intervalId);
+                            delete intervals[promise.$$intervalId];
+                        }
+
+                        if (!skipApply) $rootScope.$apply();
+
+                    }, delay);
+
+                    intervals[promise.$$intervalId] = deferred;
+
+                    return promise;
+
+                    function callback() {
+                        if (!hasParams) {
+                            fn(iteration);
+                        } else {
+                            fn.apply(null, args);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $interval#cancel
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Cancels a task associated with the `promise`.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Promise=} promise returned by the `$interval` function.
+                 * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the task was successfully canceled.
+                 */
+                interval.cancel = function (promise) {
+                    if (promise && promise.$$intervalId in intervals) {
+                        // Interval cancels should not report as unhandled promise.
+                        markQExceptionHandled(intervals[promise.$$intervalId].promise);
+                        intervals[promise.$$intervalId].reject('canceled');
+                        $window.clearInterval(promise.$$intervalId);
+                        delete intervals[promise.$$intervalId];
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                };
+
+                return interval;
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $jsonpCallbacks
+     * @requires $window
+     * @description
+     * This service handles the lifecycle of callbacks to handle JSONP requests.
+     * Override this service if you wish to customise where the callbacks are stored and
+     * how they vary compared to the requested url.
+     */
+    var $jsonpCallbacksProvider = /** @this */ function () {
+        this.$get = function () {
+            var callbacks = angular.callbacks;
+            var callbackMap = {};
+
+            function createCallback(callbackId) {
+                var callback = function (data) {
+                    callback.data = data;
+                    callback.called = true;
+                };
+                callback.id = callbackId;
+                return callback;
+            }
+
+            return {
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $jsonpCallbacks#createCallback
+                 * @param {string} url the url of the JSONP request
+                 * @returns {string} the callback path to send to the server as part of the JSONP request
+                 * @description
+                 * {@link $httpBackend} calls this method to create a callback and get hold of the path to the callback
+                 * to pass to the server, which will be used to call the callback with its payload in the JSONP response.
+                 */
+                createCallback: function (url) {
+                    var callbackId = '_' + (callbacks.$$counter++).toString(36);
+                    var callbackPath = 'angular.callbacks.' + callbackId;
+                    var callback = createCallback(callbackId);
+                    callbackMap[callbackPath] = callbacks[callbackId] = callback;
+                    return callbackPath;
+                },
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $jsonpCallbacks#wasCalled
+                 * @param {string} callbackPath the path to the callback that was sent in the JSONP request
+                 * @returns {boolean} whether the callback has been called, as a result of the JSONP response
+                 * @description
+                 * {@link $httpBackend} calls this method to find out whether the JSONP response actually called the
+                 * callback that was passed in the request.
+                 */
+                wasCalled: function (callbackPath) {
+                    return callbackMap[callbackPath].called;
+                },
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $jsonpCallbacks#getResponse
+                 * @param {string} callbackPath the path to the callback that was sent in the JSONP request
+                 * @returns {*} the data received from the response via the registered callback
+                 * @description
+                 * {@link $httpBackend} calls this method to get hold of the data that was provided to the callback
+                 * in the JSONP response.
+                 */
+                getResponse: function (callbackPath) {
+                    return callbackMap[callbackPath].data;
+                },
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $jsonpCallbacks#removeCallback
+                 * @param {string} callbackPath the path to the callback that was sent in the JSONP request
+                 * @description
+                 * {@link $httpBackend} calls this method to remove the callback after the JSONP request has
+                 * completed or timed-out.
+                 */
+                removeCallback: function (callbackPath) {
+                    var callback = callbackMap[callbackPath];
+                    delete callbacks[callback.id];
+                    delete callbackMap[callbackPath];
+                }
+            };
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $locale
+     *
+     * @description
+     * $locale service provides localization rules for various AngularJS components. As of right now the
+     * only public api is:
+     *
+     * * `id` – `{string}` – locale id formatted as `languageId-countryId` (e.g. `en-us`)
+     */
+
+    var PATH_MATCH = /^([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?$/,
+        DEFAULT_PORTS = {
+            'http': 80,
+            'https': 443,
+            'ftp': 21
+        };
+    var $locationMinErr = minErr('$location');
+
+
+    /**
+     * Encode path using encodeUriSegment, ignoring forward slashes
+     *
+     * @param {string} path Path to encode
+     * @returns {string}
+     */
+    function encodePath(path) {
+        var segments = path.split('/'),
+            i = segments.length;
+
+        while (i--) {
+            // decode forward slashes to prevent them from being double encoded
+            segments[i] = encodeUriSegment(segments[i].replace(/%2F/g, '/'));
+        }
+
+        return segments.join('/');
+    }
+
+    function decodePath(path, html5Mode) {
+        var segments = path.split('/'),
+            i = segments.length;
+
+        while (i--) {
+            segments[i] = decodeURIComponent(segments[i]);
+            if (html5Mode) {
+                // encode forward slashes to prevent them from being mistaken for path separators
+                segments[i] = segments[i].replace(/\//g, '%2F');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return segments.join('/');
+    }
+
+    function parseAbsoluteUrl(absoluteUrl, locationObj) {
+        var parsedUrl = urlResolve(absoluteUrl);
+
+        locationObj.$$protocol = parsedUrl.protocol;
+        locationObj.$$host = parsedUrl.hostname;
+        locationObj.$$port = toInt(parsedUrl.port) || DEFAULT_PORTS[parsedUrl.protocol] || null;
+    }
+
+    var DOUBLE_SLASH_REGEX = /^\s*[\\/]{2,}/;
+
+    function parseAppUrl(url, locationObj, html5Mode) {
+
+        if (DOUBLE_SLASH_REGEX.test(url)) {
+            throw $locationMinErr('badpath', 'Invalid url "{0}".', url);
+        }
+
+        var prefixed = (url.charAt(0) !== '/');
+        if (prefixed) {
+            url = '/' + url;
+        }
+        var match = urlResolve(url);
+        var path = prefixed && match.pathname.charAt(0) === '/' ? match.pathname.substring(1) : match.pathname;
+        locationObj.$$path = decodePath(path, html5Mode);
+        locationObj.$$search = parseKeyValue(match.search);
+        locationObj.$$hash = decodeURIComponent(match.hash);
+
+        // make sure path starts with '/';
+        if (locationObj.$$path && locationObj.$$path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
+            locationObj.$$path = '/' + locationObj.$$path;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function startsWith(str, search) {
+        return str.slice(0, search.length) === search;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {string} base
+     * @param {string} url
+     * @returns {string} returns text from `url` after `base` or `undefined` if it does not begin with
+     *                   the expected string.
+     */
+    function stripBaseUrl(base, url) {
+        if (startsWith(url, base)) {
+            return url.substr(base.length);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function stripHash(url) {
+        var index = url.indexOf('#');
+        return index === -1 ? url : url.substr(0, index);
+    }
+
+    function trimEmptyHash(url) {
+        return url.replace(/(#.+)|#$/, '$1');
+    }
+
+
+    function stripFile(url) {
+        return url.substr(0, stripHash(url).lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
+    }
+
+    /* return the server only (scheme://host:port) */
+    function serverBase(url) {
+        return url.substring(0, url.indexOf('/', url.indexOf('//') + 2));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * LocationHtml5Url represents a URL
+     * This object is exposed as $location service when HTML5 mode is enabled and supported
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {string} appBase application base URL
+     * @param {string} appBaseNoFile application base URL stripped of any filename
+     * @param {string} basePrefix URL path prefix
+     */
+    function LocationHtml5Url(appBase, appBaseNoFile, basePrefix) {
+        this.$$html5 = true;
+        basePrefix = basePrefix || '';
+        parseAbsoluteUrl(appBase, this);
+
+
+        /**
+         * Parse given HTML5 (regular) URL string into properties
+         * @param {string} url HTML5 URL
+         * @private
+         */
+        this.$$parse = function (url) {
+            var pathUrl = stripBaseUrl(appBaseNoFile, url);
+            if (!isString(pathUrl)) {
+                throw $locationMinErr('ipthprfx', 'Invalid url "{0}", missing path prefix "{1}".', url,
+                    appBaseNoFile);
+            }
+
+            parseAppUrl(pathUrl, this, true);
+
+            if (!this.$$path) {
+                this.$$path = '/';
+            }
+
+            this.$$compose();
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Compose url and update `absUrl` property
+         * @private
+         */
+        this.$$compose = function () {
+            var search = toKeyValue(this.$$search),
+                hash = this.$$hash ? '#' + encodeUriSegment(this.$$hash) : '';
+
+            this.$$url = encodePath(this.$$path) + (search ? '?' + search : '') + hash;
+            this.$$absUrl = appBaseNoFile + this.$$url.substr(1); // first char is always '/'
+
+            this.$$urlUpdatedByLocation = true;
+        };
+
+        this.$$parseLinkUrl = function (url, relHref) {
+            if (relHref && relHref[0] === '#') {
+                // special case for links to hash fragments:
+                // keep the old url and only replace the hash fragment
+                this.hash(relHref.slice(1));
+                return true;
+            }
+            var appUrl, prevAppUrl;
+            var rewrittenUrl;
+
+
+            if (isDefined(appUrl = stripBaseUrl(appBase, url))) {
+                prevAppUrl = appUrl;
+                if (basePrefix && isDefined(appUrl = stripBaseUrl(basePrefix, appUrl))) {
+                    rewrittenUrl = appBaseNoFile + (stripBaseUrl('/', appUrl) || appUrl);
+                } else {
+                    rewrittenUrl = appBase + prevAppUrl;
+                }
+            } else if (isDefined(appUrl = stripBaseUrl(appBaseNoFile, url))) {
+                rewrittenUrl = appBaseNoFile + appUrl;
+            } else if (appBaseNoFile === url + '/') {
+                rewrittenUrl = appBaseNoFile;
+            }
+            if (rewrittenUrl) {
+                this.$$parse(rewrittenUrl);
+            }
+            return !!rewrittenUrl;
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * LocationHashbangUrl represents URL
+     * This object is exposed as $location service when developer doesn't opt into html5 mode.
+     * It also serves as the base class for html5 mode fallback on legacy browsers.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {string} appBase application base URL
+     * @param {string} appBaseNoFile application base URL stripped of any filename
+     * @param {string} hashPrefix hashbang prefix
+     */
+    function LocationHashbangUrl(appBase, appBaseNoFile, hashPrefix) {
+
+        parseAbsoluteUrl(appBase, this);
+
+
+        /**
+         * Parse given hashbang URL into properties
+         * @param {string} url Hashbang URL
+         * @private
+         */
+        this.$$parse = function (url) {
+            var withoutBaseUrl = stripBaseUrl(appBase, url) || stripBaseUrl(appBaseNoFile, url);
+            var withoutHashUrl;
+
+            if (!isUndefined(withoutBaseUrl) && withoutBaseUrl.charAt(0) === '#') {
+
+                // The rest of the URL starts with a hash so we have
+                // got either a hashbang path or a plain hash fragment
+                withoutHashUrl = stripBaseUrl(hashPrefix, withoutBaseUrl);
+                if (isUndefined(withoutHashUrl)) {
+                    // There was no hashbang prefix so we just have a hash fragment
+                    withoutHashUrl = withoutBaseUrl;
+                }
+
+            } else {
+                // There was no hashbang path nor hash fragment:
+                // If we are in HTML5 mode we use what is left as the path;
+                // Otherwise we ignore what is left
+                if (this.$$html5) {
+                    withoutHashUrl = withoutBaseUrl;
+                } else {
+                    withoutHashUrl = '';
+                    if (isUndefined(withoutBaseUrl)) {
+                        appBase = url;
+                        /** @type {?} */
+                        (this).replace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            parseAppUrl(withoutHashUrl, this, false);
+
+            this.$$path = removeWindowsDriveName(this.$$path, withoutHashUrl, appBase);
+
+            this.$$compose();
+
+            /*
+             * In Windows, on an anchor node on documents loaded from
+             * the filesystem, the browser will return a pathname
+             * prefixed with the drive name ('/C:/path') when a
+             * pathname without a drive is set:
+             *  * a.setAttribute('href', '/foo')
+             *   * a.pathname === '/C:/foo' //true
+             *
+             * Inside of AngularJS, we're always using pathnames that
+             * do not include drive names for routing.
+             */
+            function removeWindowsDriveName(path, url, base) {
+                /*
+                Matches paths for file protocol on windows,
+                such as /C:/foo/bar, and captures only /foo/bar.
+                */
+                var windowsFilePathExp = /^\/[A-Z]:(\/.*)/;
+
+                var firstPathSegmentMatch;
+
+                //Get the relative path from the input URL.
+                if (startsWith(url, base)) {
+                    url = url.replace(base, '');
+                }
+
+                // The input URL intentionally contains a first path segment that ends with a colon.
+                if (windowsFilePathExp.exec(url)) {
+                    return path;
+                }
+
+                firstPathSegmentMatch = windowsFilePathExp.exec(path);
+                return firstPathSegmentMatch ? firstPathSegmentMatch[1] : path;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Compose hashbang URL and update `absUrl` property
+         * @private
+         */
+        this.$$compose = function () {
+            var search = toKeyValue(this.$$search),
+                hash = this.$$hash ? '#' + encodeUriSegment(this.$$hash) : '';
+
+            this.$$url = encodePath(this.$$path) + (search ? '?' + search : '') + hash;
+            this.$$absUrl = appBase + (this.$$url ? hashPrefix + this.$$url : '');
+
+            this.$$urlUpdatedByLocation = true;
+        };
+
+        this.$$parseLinkUrl = function (url, relHref) {
+            if (stripHash(appBase) === stripHash(url)) {
+                this.$$parse(url);
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * LocationHashbangUrl represents URL
+     * This object is exposed as $location service when html5 history api is enabled but the browser
+     * does not support it.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {string} appBase application base URL
+     * @param {string} appBaseNoFile application base URL stripped of any filename
+     * @param {string} hashPrefix hashbang prefix
+     */
+    function LocationHashbangInHtml5Url(appBase, appBaseNoFile, hashPrefix) {
+        this.$$html5 = true;
+        LocationHashbangUrl.apply(this, arguments);
+
+        this.$$parseLinkUrl = function (url, relHref) {
+            if (relHref && relHref[0] === '#') {
+                // special case for links to hash fragments:
+                // keep the old url and only replace the hash fragment
+                this.hash(relHref.slice(1));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            var rewrittenUrl;
+            var appUrl;
+
+            if (appBase === stripHash(url)) {
+                rewrittenUrl = url;
+            } else if ((appUrl = stripBaseUrl(appBaseNoFile, url))) {
+                rewrittenUrl = appBase + hashPrefix + appUrl;
+            } else if (appBaseNoFile === url + '/') {
+                rewrittenUrl = appBaseNoFile;
+            }
+            if (rewrittenUrl) {
+                this.$$parse(rewrittenUrl);
+            }
+            return !!rewrittenUrl;
+        };
+
+        this.$$compose = function () {
+            var search = toKeyValue(this.$$search),
+                hash = this.$$hash ? '#' + encodeUriSegment(this.$$hash) : '';
+
+            this.$$url = encodePath(this.$$path) + (search ? '?' + search : '') + hash;
+            // include hashPrefix in $$absUrl when $$url is empty so IE9 does not reload page because of removal of '#'
+            this.$$absUrl = appBase + hashPrefix + this.$$url;
+
+            this.$$urlUpdatedByLocation = true;
+        };
+
+    }
+
+
+    var locationPrototype = {
+
+        /**
+         * Ensure absolute URL is initialized.
+         * @private
+         */
+        $$absUrl: '',
+
+        /**
+         * Are we in html5 mode?
+         * @private
+         */
+        $$html5: false,
+
+        /**
+         * Has any change been replacing?
+         * @private
+         */
+        $$replace: false,
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#absUrl
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter only.
+         *
+         * Return full URL representation with all segments encoded according to rules specified in
+         * [RFC 3986](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt).
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var absUrl = $location.absUrl();
+         * // => "http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @return {string} full URL
+         */
+        absUrl: locationGetter('$$absUrl'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#url
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter / setter.
+         *
+         * Return URL (e.g. `/path?a=b#hash`) when called without any parameter.
+         *
+         * Change path, search and hash, when called with parameter and return `$location`.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var url = $location.url();
+         * // => "/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {string=} url New URL without base prefix (e.g. `/path?a=b#hash`)
+         * @return {string} url
+         */
+        url: function (url) {
+            if (isUndefined(url)) {
+                return this.$$url;
+            }
+
+            var match = PATH_MATCH.exec(url);
+            if (match[1] || url === '') this.path(decodeURIComponent(match[1]));
+            if (match[2] || match[1] || url === '') this.search(match[3] || '');
+            this.hash(match[5] || '');
+
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#protocol
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter only.
+         *
+         * Return protocol of current URL.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var protocol = $location.protocol();
+         * // => "http"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @return {string} protocol of current URL
+         */
+        protocol: locationGetter('$$protocol'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#host
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter only.
+         *
+         * Return host of current URL.
+         *
+         * Note: compared to the non-AngularJS version `location.host` which returns `hostname:port`, this returns the `hostname` portion only.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var host = $location.host();
+         * // => "example.com"
+         *
+         * // given URL http://user:password@example.com:8080/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * host = $location.host();
+         * // => "example.com"
+         * host = location.host;
+         * // => "example.com:8080"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @return {string} host of current URL.
+         */
+        host: locationGetter('$$host'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#port
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter only.
+         *
+         * Return port of current URL.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var port = $location.port();
+         * // => 80
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @return {Number} port
+         */
+        port: locationGetter('$$port'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#path
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter / setter.
+         *
+         * Return path of current URL when called without any parameter.
+         *
+         * Change path when called with parameter and return `$location`.
+         *
+         * Note: Path should always begin with forward slash (/), this method will add the forward slash
+         * if it is missing.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var path = $location.path();
+         * // => "/some/path"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {(string|number)=} path New path
+         * @return {(string|object)} path if called with no parameters, or `$location` if called with a parameter
+         */
+        path: locationGetterSetter('$$path', function (path) {
+            path = path !== null ? path.toString() : '';
+            return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path : '/' + path;
+        }),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#search
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter / setter.
+         *
+         * Return search part (as object) of current URL when called without any parameter.
+         *
+         * Change search part when called with parameter and return `$location`.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo
+         * var searchObject = $location.search();
+         * // => {foo: 'bar', baz: 'xoxo'}
+         *
+         * // set foo to 'yipee'
+         * $location.search('foo', 'yipee');
+         * // $location.search() => {foo: 'yipee', baz: 'xoxo'}
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {string|Object.<string>|Object.<Array.<string>>} search New search params - string or
+         * hash object.
+         *
+         * When called with a single argument the method acts as a setter, setting the `search` component
+         * of `$location` to the specified value.
+         *
+         * If the argument is a hash object containing an array of values, these values will be encoded
+         * as duplicate search parameters in the URL.
+         *
+         * @param {(string|Number|Array<string>|boolean)=} paramValue If `search` is a string or number, then `paramValue`
+         * will override only a single search property.
+         *
+         * If `paramValue` is an array, it will override the property of the `search` component of
+         * `$location` specified via the first argument.
+         *
+         * If `paramValue` is `null`, the property specified via the first argument will be deleted.
+         *
+         * If `paramValue` is `true`, the property specified via the first argument will be added with no
+         * value nor trailing equal sign.
+         *
+         * @return {Object} If called with no arguments returns the parsed `search` object. If called with
+         * one or more arguments returns `$location` object itself.
+         */
+        search: function (search, paramValue) {
+            switch (arguments.length) {
+                case 0:
+                    return this.$$search;
+                case 1:
+                    if (isString(search) || isNumber(search)) {
+                        search = search.toString();
+                        this.$$search = parseKeyValue(search);
+                    } else if (isObject(search)) {
+                        search = copy(search, {});
+                        // remove object undefined or null properties
+                        forEach(search, function (value, key) {
+                            if (value == null) delete search[key];
+                        });
+
+                        this.$$search = search;
+                    } else {
+                        throw $locationMinErr('isrcharg',
+                            'The first argument of the `$location#search()` call must be a string or an object.');
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (isUndefined(paramValue) || paramValue === null) {
+                        delete this.$$search[search];
+                    } else {
+                        this.$$search[search] = paramValue;
+                    }
+            }
+
+            this.$$compose();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#hash
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter / setter.
+         *
+         * Returns the hash fragment when called without any parameters.
+         *
+         * Changes the hash fragment when called with a parameter and returns `$location`.
+         *
+         *
+         * ```js
+         * // given URL http://example.com/#/some/path?foo=bar&baz=xoxo#hashValue
+         * var hash = $location.hash();
+         * // => "hashValue"
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {(string|number)=} hash New hash fragment
+         * @return {string} hash
+         */
+        hash: locationGetterSetter('$$hash', function (hash) {
+            return hash !== null ? hash.toString() : '';
+        }),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#replace
+         *
+         * @description
+         * If called, all changes to $location during the current `$digest` will replace the current history
+         * record, instead of adding a new one.
+         */
+        replace: function () {
+            this.$$replace = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+    };
+
+    forEach([LocationHashbangInHtml5Url, LocationHashbangUrl, LocationHtml5Url], function (Location) {
+        Location.prototype = Object.create(locationPrototype);
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $location#state
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This method is getter / setter.
+         *
+         * Return the history state object when called without any parameter.
+         *
+         * Change the history state object when called with one parameter and return `$location`.
+         * The state object is later passed to `pushState` or `replaceState`.
+         *
+         * NOTE: This method is supported only in HTML5 mode and only in browsers supporting
+         * the HTML5 History API (i.e. methods `pushState` and `replaceState`). If you need to support
+         * older browsers (like IE9 or Android < 4.0), don't use this method.
+         *
+         * @param {object=} state State object for pushState or replaceState
+         * @return {object} state
+         */
+        Location.prototype.state = function (state) {
+            if (!arguments.length) {
+                return this.$$state;
+            }
+
+            if (Location !== LocationHtml5Url || !this.$$html5) {
+                throw $locationMinErr('nostate', 'History API state support is available only ' +
+                    'in HTML5 mode and only in browsers supporting HTML5 History API');
+            }
+            // The user might modify `stateObject` after invoking `$location.state(stateObject)`
+            // but we're changing the $$state reference to $browser.state() during the $digest
+            // so the modification window is narrow.
+            this.$$state = isUndefined(state) ? null : state;
+            this.$$urlUpdatedByLocation = true;
+
+            return this;
+        };
+    });
+
+
+    function locationGetter(property) {
+        return /** @this */ function () {
+            return this[property];
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    function locationGetterSetter(property, preprocess) {
+        return /** @this */ function (value) {
+            if (isUndefined(value)) {
+                return this[property];
+            }
+
+            this[property] = preprocess(value);
+            this.$$compose();
+
+            return this;
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $location
+     *
+     * @requires $rootElement
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The $location service parses the URL in the browser address bar (based on the
+     * [window.location](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/window.location)) and makes the URL
+     * available to your application. Changes to the URL in the address bar are reflected into
+     * $location service and changes to $location are reflected into the browser address bar.
+     *
+     * **The $location service:**
+     *
+     * - Exposes the current URL in the browser address bar, so you can
+     *   - Watch and observe the URL.
+     *   - Change the URL.
+     * - Synchronizes the URL with the browser when the user
+     *   - Changes the address bar.
+     *   - Clicks the back or forward button (or clicks a History link).
+     *   - Clicks on a link.
+     * - Represents the URL object as a set of methods (protocol, host, port, path, search, hash).
+     *
+     * For more information see {@link guide/$location Developer Guide: Using $location}
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $locationProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Use the `$locationProvider` to configure how the application deep linking paths are stored.
+     */
+    function $LocationProvider() {
+        var hashPrefix = '!',
+            html5Mode = {
+                enabled: false,
+                requireBase: true,
+                rewriteLinks: true
+            };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $locationProvider#hashPrefix
+         * @description
+         * The default value for the prefix is `'!'`.
+         * @param {string=} prefix Prefix for hash part (containing path and search)
+         * @returns {*} current value if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         */
+        this.hashPrefix = function (prefix) {
+            if (isDefined(prefix)) {
+                hashPrefix = prefix;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return hashPrefix;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $locationProvider#html5Mode
+         * @description
+         * @param {(boolean|Object)=} mode If boolean, sets `html5Mode.enabled` to value.
+         *   If object, sets `enabled`, `requireBase` and `rewriteLinks` to respective values. Supported
+         *   properties:
+         *   - **enabled** – `{boolean}` – (default: false) If true, will rely on `history.pushState` to
+         *     change urls where supported. Will fall back to hash-prefixed paths in browsers that do not
+         *     support `pushState`.
+         *   - **requireBase** - `{boolean}` - (default: `true`) When html5Mode is enabled, specifies
+         *     whether or not a <base> tag is required to be present. If `enabled` and `requireBase` are
+         *     true, and a base tag is not present, an error will be thrown when `$location` is injected.
+         *     See the {@link guide/$location $location guide for more information}
+         *   - **rewriteLinks** - `{boolean|string}` - (default: `true`) When html5Mode is enabled,
+         *     enables/disables URL rewriting for relative links. If set to a string, URL rewriting will
+         *     only happen on links with an attribute that matches the given string. For example, if set
+         *     to `'internal-link'`, then the URL will only be rewritten for `<a internal-link>` links.
+         *     Note that [attribute name normalization](guide/directive#normalization) does not apply
+         *     here, so `'internalLink'` will **not** match `'internal-link'`.
+         *
+         * @returns {Object} html5Mode object if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         */
+        this.html5Mode = function (mode) {
+            if (isBoolean(mode)) {
+                html5Mode.enabled = mode;
+                return this;
+            } else if (isObject(mode)) {
+
+                if (isBoolean(mode.enabled)) {
+                    html5Mode.enabled = mode.enabled;
+                }
+
+                if (isBoolean(mode.requireBase)) {
+                    html5Mode.requireBase = mode.requireBase;
+                }
+
+                if (isBoolean(mode.rewriteLinks) || isString(mode.rewriteLinks)) {
+                    html5Mode.rewriteLinks = mode.rewriteLinks;
+                }
+
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return html5Mode;
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc event
+         * @name $location#$locationChangeStart
+         * @eventType broadcast on root scope
+         * @description
+         * Broadcasted before a URL will change.
+         *
+         * This change can be prevented by calling
+         * `preventDefault` method of the event. See {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on} for more
+         * details about event object. Upon successful change
+         * {@link ng.$location#$locationChangeSuccess $locationChangeSuccess} is fired.
+         *
+         * The `newState` and `oldState` parameters may be defined only in HTML5 mode and when
+         * the browser supports the HTML5 History API.
+         *
+         * @param {Object} angularEvent Synthetic event object.
+         * @param {string} newUrl New URL
+         * @param {string=} oldUrl URL that was before it was changed.
+         * @param {string=} newState New history state object
+         * @param {string=} oldState History state object that was before it was changed.
+         */
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc event
+         * @name $location#$locationChangeSuccess
+         * @eventType broadcast on root scope
+         * @description
+         * Broadcasted after a URL was changed.
+         *
+         * The `newState` and `oldState` parameters may be defined only in HTML5 mode and when
+         * the browser supports the HTML5 History API.
+         *
+         * @param {Object} angularEvent Synthetic event object.
+         * @param {string} newUrl New URL
+         * @param {string=} oldUrl URL that was before it was changed.
+         * @param {string=} newState New history state object
+         * @param {string=} oldState History state object that was before it was changed.
+         */
+
+        this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$browser', '$sniffer', '$rootElement', '$window',
+            function ($rootScope, $browser, $sniffer, $rootElement, $window) {
+                var $location,
+                    LocationMode,
+                    baseHref = $browser.baseHref(), // if base[href] is undefined, it defaults to ''
+                    initialUrl = $browser.url(),
+                    appBase;
+
+                if (html5Mode.enabled) {
+                    if (!baseHref && html5Mode.requireBase) {
+                        throw $locationMinErr('nobase',
+                            '$location in HTML5 mode requires a <base> tag to be present!');
+                    }
+                    appBase = serverBase(initialUrl) + (baseHref || '/');
+                    LocationMode = $sniffer.history ? LocationHtml5Url : LocationHashbangInHtml5Url;
+                } else {
+                    appBase = stripHash(initialUrl);
+                    LocationMode = LocationHashbangUrl;
+                }
+                var appBaseNoFile = stripFile(appBase);
+
+                $location = new LocationMode(appBase, appBaseNoFile, '#' + hashPrefix);
+                $location.$$parseLinkUrl(initialUrl, initialUrl);
+
+                $location.$$state = $browser.state();
+
+                var IGNORE_URI_REGEXP = /^\s*(javascript|mailto):/i;
+
+                function setBrowserUrlWithFallback(url, replace, state) {
+                    var oldUrl = $location.url();
+                    var oldState = $location.$$state;
+                    try {
+                        $browser.url(url, replace, state);
+
+                        // Make sure $location.state() returns referentially identical (not just deeply equal)
+                        // state object; this makes possible quick checking if the state changed in the digest
+                        // loop. Checking deep equality would be too expensive.
+                        $location.$$state = $browser.state();
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        // Restore old values if pushState fails
+                        $location.url(oldUrl);
+                        $location.$$state = oldState;
+
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $rootElement.on('click', function (event) {
+                    var rewriteLinks = html5Mode.rewriteLinks;
+                    // TODO(vojta): rewrite link when opening in new tab/window (in legacy browser)
+                    // currently we open nice url link and redirect then
+
+                    if (!rewriteLinks || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey || event.shiftKey || event.which === 2 || event.button === 2) return;
+
+                    var elm = jqLite(event.target);
+
+                    // traverse the DOM up to find first A tag
+                    while (nodeName_(elm[0]) !== 'a') {
+                        // ignore rewriting if no A tag (reached root element, or no parent - removed from document)
+                        if (elm[0] === $rootElement[0] || !(elm = elm.parent())[0]) return;
+                    }
+
+                    if (isString(rewriteLinks) && isUndefined(elm.attr(rewriteLinks))) return;
+
+                    var absHref = elm.prop('href');
+                    // get the actual href attribute - see
+                    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dd347148(v=vs.85).aspx
+                    var relHref = elm.attr('href') || elm.attr('xlink:href');
+
+                    if (isObject(absHref) && absHref.toString() === '[object SVGAnimatedString]') {
+                        // SVGAnimatedString.animVal should be identical to SVGAnimatedString.baseVal, unless during
+                        // an animation.
+                        absHref = urlResolve(absHref.animVal).href;
+                    }
+
+                    // Ignore when url is started with javascript: or mailto:
+                    if (IGNORE_URI_REGEXP.test(absHref)) return;
+
+                    if (absHref && !elm.attr('target') && !event.isDefaultPrevented()) {
+                        if ($location.$$parseLinkUrl(absHref, relHref)) {
+                            // We do a preventDefault for all urls that are part of the AngularJS application,
+                            // in html5mode and also without, so that we are able to abort navigation without
+                            // getting double entries in the location history.
+                            event.preventDefault();
+                            // update location manually
+                            if ($location.absUrl() !== $browser.url()) {
+                                $rootScope.$apply();
+                                // hack to work around FF6 bug 684208 when scenario runner clicks on links
+                                $window.angular['ff-684208-preventDefault'] = true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+
+
+                // rewrite hashbang url <> html5 url
+                if (trimEmptyHash($location.absUrl()) !== trimEmptyHash(initialUrl)) {
+                    $browser.url($location.absUrl(), true);
+                }
+
+                var initializing = true;
+
+                // update $location when $browser url changes
+                $browser.onUrlChange(function (newUrl, newState) {
+
+                    if (!startsWith(newUrl, appBaseNoFile)) {
+                        // If we are navigating outside of the app then force a reload
+                        $window.location.href = newUrl;
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    $rootScope.$evalAsync(function () {
+                        var oldUrl = $location.absUrl();
+                        var oldState = $location.$$state;
+                        var defaultPrevented;
+                        newUrl = trimEmptyHash(newUrl);
+                        $location.$$parse(newUrl);
+                        $location.$$state = newState;
+
+                        defaultPrevented = $rootScope.$broadcast('$locationChangeStart', newUrl, oldUrl,
+                            newState, oldState).defaultPrevented;
+
+                        // if the location was changed by a `$locationChangeStart` handler then stop
+                        // processing this location change
+                        if ($location.absUrl() !== newUrl) return;
+
+                        if (defaultPrevented) {
+                            $location.$$parse(oldUrl);
+                            $location.$$state = oldState;
+                            setBrowserUrlWithFallback(oldUrl, false, oldState);
+                        } else {
+                            initializing = false;
+                            afterLocationChange(oldUrl, oldState);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    if (!$rootScope.$$phase) $rootScope.$digest();
+                });
+
+                // update browser
+                $rootScope.$watch(function $locationWatch() {
+                    if (initializing || $location.$$urlUpdatedByLocation) {
+                        $location.$$urlUpdatedByLocation = false;
+
+                        var oldUrl = trimEmptyHash($browser.url());
+                        var newUrl = trimEmptyHash($location.absUrl());
+                        var oldState = $browser.state();
+                        var currentReplace = $location.$$replace;
+                        var urlOrStateChanged = oldUrl !== newUrl ||
+                            ($location.$$html5 && $sniffer.history && oldState !== $location.$$state);
+
+                        if (initializing || urlOrStateChanged) {
+                            initializing = false;
+
+                            $rootScope.$evalAsync(function () {
+                                var newUrl = $location.absUrl();
+                                var defaultPrevented = $rootScope.$broadcast('$locationChangeStart', newUrl, oldUrl,
+                                    $location.$$state, oldState).defaultPrevented;
+
+                                // if the location was changed by a `$locationChangeStart` handler then stop
+                                // processing this location change
+                                if ($location.absUrl() !== newUrl) return;
+
+                                if (defaultPrevented) {
+                                    $location.$$parse(oldUrl);
+                                    $location.$$state = oldState;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (urlOrStateChanged) {
+                                        setBrowserUrlWithFallback(newUrl, currentReplace,
+                                            oldState === $location.$$state ? null : $location.$$state);
+                                    }
+                                    afterLocationChange(oldUrl, oldState);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    $location.$$replace = false;
+
+                    // we don't need to return anything because $evalAsync will make the digest loop dirty when
+                    // there is a change
+                });
+
+                return $location;
+
+                function afterLocationChange(oldUrl, oldState) {
+                    $rootScope.$broadcast('$locationChangeSuccess', $location.absUrl(), oldUrl,
+                        $location.$$state, oldState);
+                }
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $log
+     * @requires $window
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Simple service for logging. Default implementation safely writes the message
+     * into the browser's console (if present).
+     *
+     * The main purpose of this service is to simplify debugging and troubleshooting.
+     *
+     * To reveal the location of the calls to `$log` in the JavaScript console,
+     * you can "blackbox" the AngularJS source in your browser:
+     *
+     * [Mozilla description of blackboxing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Debugger/How_to/Black_box_a_source).
+     * [Chrome description of blackboxing](https://developer.chrome.com/devtools/docs/blackboxing).
+     *
+     * Note: Not all browsers support blackboxing.
+     *
+     * The default is to log `debug` messages. You can use
+     * {@link ng.$logProvider ng.$logProvider#debugEnabled} to change this.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="logExample" name="log-service">
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('logExample', [])
+             .controller('LogController', ['$scope', '$log', function($scope, $log) {
+               $scope.$log = $log;
+               $scope.message = 'Hello World!';
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="LogController">
+             <p>Reload this page with open console, enter text and hit the log button...</p>
+             <label>Message:
+             <input type="text" ng-model="message" /></label>
+             <button ng-click="$log.log(message)">log</button>
+             <button ng-click="$log.warn(message)">warn</button>
+             <button ng-click="$log.info(message)">info</button>
+             <button ng-click="$log.error(message)">error</button>
+             <button ng-click="$log.debug(message)">debug</button>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $logProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Use the `$logProvider` to configure how the application logs messages
+     */
+    function $LogProvider() {
+        var debug = true,
+            self = this;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $logProvider#debugEnabled
+         * @description
+         * @param {boolean=} flag enable or disable debug level messages
+         * @returns {*} current value if used as getter or itself (chaining) if used as setter
+         */
+        this.debugEnabled = function (flag) {
+            if (isDefined(flag)) {
+                debug = flag;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return debug;
+            }
+        };
+
+        this.$get = ['$window', function ($window) {
+            // Support: IE 9-11, Edge 12-14+
+            // IE/Edge display errors in such a way that it requires the user to click in 4 places
+            // to see the stack trace. There is no way to feature-detect it so there's a chance
+            // of the user agent sniffing to go wrong but since it's only about logging, this shouldn't
+            // break apps. Other browsers display errors in a sensible way and some of them map stack
+            // traces along source maps if available so it makes sense to let browsers display it
+            // as they want.
+            var formatStackTrace = msie || /\bEdge\//.test($window.navigator && $window.navigator.userAgent);
+
+            return {
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $log#log
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Write a log message
+                 */
+                log: consoleLog('log'),
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $log#info
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Write an information message
+                 */
+                info: consoleLog('info'),
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $log#warn
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Write a warning message
+                 */
+                warn: consoleLog('warn'),
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $log#error
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Write an error message
+                 */
+                error: consoleLog('error'),
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $log#debug
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Write a debug message
+                 */
+                debug: (function () {
+                    var fn = consoleLog('debug');
+
+                    return function () {
+                        if (debug) {
+                            fn.apply(self, arguments);
+                        }
+                    };
+                })()
+            };
+
+            function formatError(arg) {
+                if (isError(arg)) {
+                    if (arg.stack && formatStackTrace) {
+                        arg = (arg.message && arg.stack.indexOf(arg.message) === -1) ?
+                            'Error: ' + arg.message + '\n' + arg.stack :
+                            arg.stack;
+                    } else if (arg.sourceURL) {
+                        arg = arg.message + '\n' + arg.sourceURL + ':' + arg.line;
+                    }
+                }
+                return arg;
+            }
+
+            function consoleLog(type) {
+                var console = $window.console || {},
+                    logFn = console[type] || console.log || noop;
+
+                return function () {
+                    var args = [];
+                    forEach(arguments, function (arg) {
+                        args.push(formatError(arg));
+                    });
+                    // Support: IE 9 only
+                    // console methods don't inherit from Function.prototype in IE 9 so we can't
+                    // call `logFn.apply(console, args)` directly.
+                    return Function.prototype.apply.call(logFn, console, args);
+                };
+            }
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
+     *     Any commits to this file should be reviewed with security in mind.  *
+     *   Changes to this file can potentially create security vulnerabilities. *
+     *          An approval from 2 Core members with history of modifying      *
+     *                         this file is required.                          *
+     *                                                                         *
+     *  Does the change somehow allow for arbitrary javascript to be executed? *
+     *    Or allows for someone to change the prototype of built-in objects?   *
+     *     Or gives undesired access to variables likes document or window?    *
+     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+
+    var $parseMinErr = minErr('$parse');
+
+    var objectValueOf = {}.constructor.prototype.valueOf;
+
+    // Sandboxing AngularJS Expressions
+    // ------------------------------
+    // AngularJS expressions are no longer sandboxed. So it is now even easier to access arbitrary JS code by
+    // various means such as obtaining a reference to native JS functions like the Function constructor.
+    //
+    // As an example, consider the following AngularJS expression:
+    //
+    //   {}.toString.constructor('alert("evil JS code")')
+    //
+    // It is important to realize that if you create an expression from a string that contains user provided
+    // content then it is possible that your application contains a security vulnerability to an XSS style attack.
+    //
+    // See https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/security
+
+
+    function getStringValue(name) {
+        // Property names must be strings. This means that non-string objects cannot be used
+        // as keys in an object. Any non-string object, including a number, is typecasted
+        // into a string via the toString method.
+        // -- MDN, https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Property_accessors#Property_names
+        //
+        // So, to ensure that we are checking the same `name` that JavaScript would use, we cast it
+        // to a string. It's not always possible. If `name` is an object and its `toString` method is
+        // 'broken' (doesn't return a string, isn't a function, etc.), an error will be thrown:
+        //
+        // TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value
+        //
+        // For performance reasons, we don't catch this error here and allow it to propagate up the call
+        // stack. Note that you'll get the same error in JavaScript if you try to access a property using
+        // such a 'broken' object as a key.
+        return name + '';
+    }
+
+
+    var OPERATORS = createMap();
+    forEach('+ - * / % === !== == != < > <= >= && || ! = |'.split(' '), function (operator) {
+        OPERATORS[operator] = true;
+    });
+    var ESCAPE = {
+        'n': '\n',
+        'f': '\f',
+        'r': '\r',
+        't': '\t',
+        'v': '\v',
+        '\'': '\'',
+        '"': '"'
+    };
+
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////
+
+
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     */
+    var Lexer = function Lexer(options) {
+        this.options = options;
+    };
+
+    Lexer.prototype = {
+        constructor: Lexer,
+
+        lex: function (text) {
+            this.text = text;
+            this.index = 0;
+            this.tokens = [];
+
+            while (this.index < this.text.length) {
+                var ch = this.text.charAt(this.index);
+                if (ch === '"' || ch === '\'') {
+                    this.readString(ch);
+                } else if (this.isNumber(ch) || ch === '.' && this.isNumber(this.peek())) {
+                    this.readNumber();
+                } else if (this.isIdentifierStart(this.peekMultichar())) {
+                    this.readIdent();
+                } else if (this.is(ch, '(){}[].,;:?')) {
+                    this.tokens.push({
+                        index: this.index,
+                        text: ch
+                    });
+                    this.index++;
+                } else if (this.isWhitespace(ch)) {
+                    this.index++;
+                } else {
+                    var ch2 = ch + this.peek();
+                    var ch3 = ch2 + this.peek(2);
+                    var op1 = OPERATORS[ch];
+                    var op2 = OPERATORS[ch2];
+                    var op3 = OPERATORS[ch3];
+                    if (op1 || op2 || op3) {
+                        var token = op3 ? ch3 : (op2 ? ch2 : ch);
+                        this.tokens.push({
+                            index: this.index,
+                            text: token,
+                            operator: true
+                        });
+                        this.index += token.length;
+                    } else {
+                        this.throwError('Unexpected next character ', this.index, this.index + 1);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return this.tokens;
+        },
+
+        is: function (ch, chars) {
+            return chars.indexOf(ch) !== -1;
+        },
+
+        peek: function (i) {
+            var num = i || 1;
+            return (this.index + num < this.text.length) ? this.text.charAt(this.index + num) : false;
+        },
+
+        isNumber: function (ch) {
+            return ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') && typeof ch === 'string';
+        },
+
+        isWhitespace: function (ch) {
+            // IE treats non-breaking space as \u00A0
+            return (ch === ' ' || ch === '\r' || ch === '\t' ||
+                ch === '\n' || ch === '\v' || ch === '\u00A0');
+        },
+
+        isIdentifierStart: function (ch) {
+            return this.options.isIdentifierStart ?
+                this.options.isIdentifierStart(ch, this.codePointAt(ch)) :
+                this.isValidIdentifierStart(ch);
+        },
+
+        isValidIdentifierStart: function (ch) {
+            return ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z' ||
+                'A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z' ||
+                '_' === ch || ch === '$');
+        },
+
+        isIdentifierContinue: function (ch) {
+            return this.options.isIdentifierContinue ?
+                this.options.isIdentifierContinue(ch, this.codePointAt(ch)) :
+                this.isValidIdentifierContinue(ch);
+        },
+
+        isValidIdentifierContinue: function (ch, cp) {
+            return this.isValidIdentifierStart(ch, cp) || this.isNumber(ch);
+        },
+
+        codePointAt: function (ch) {
+            if (ch.length === 1) return ch.charCodeAt(0);
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
+            return (ch.charCodeAt(0) << 10) + ch.charCodeAt(1) - 0x35FDC00;
+        },
+
+        peekMultichar: function () {
+            var ch = this.text.charAt(this.index);
+            var peek = this.peek();
+            if (!peek) {
+                return ch;
+            }
+            var cp1 = ch.charCodeAt(0);
+            var cp2 = peek.charCodeAt(0);
+            if (cp1 >= 0xD800 && cp1 <= 0xDBFF && cp2 >= 0xDC00 && cp2 <= 0xDFFF) {
+                return ch + peek;
+            }
+            return ch;
+        },
+
+        isExpOperator: function (ch) {
+            return (ch === '-' || ch === '+' || this.isNumber(ch));
+        },
+
+        throwError: function (error, start, end) {
+            end = end || this.index;
+            var colStr = (isDefined(start) ?
+                's ' + start + '-' + this.index + ' [' + this.text.substring(start, end) + ']' :
+                ' ' + end);
+            throw $parseMinErr('lexerr', 'Lexer Error: {0} at column{1} in expression [{2}].',
+                error, colStr, this.text);
+        },
+
+        readNumber: function () {
+            var number = '';
+            var start = this.index;
+            while (this.index < this.text.length) {
+                var ch = lowercase(this.text.charAt(this.index));
+                if (ch === '.' || this.isNumber(ch)) {
+                    number += ch;
+                } else {
+                    var peekCh = this.peek();
+                    if (ch === 'e' && this.isExpOperator(peekCh)) {
+                        number += ch;
+                    } else if (this.isExpOperator(ch) &&
+                        peekCh && this.isNumber(peekCh) &&
+                        number.charAt(number.length - 1) === 'e') {
+                        number += ch;
+                    } else if (this.isExpOperator(ch) &&
+                        (!peekCh || !this.isNumber(peekCh)) &&
+                        number.charAt(number.length - 1) === 'e') {
+                        this.throwError('Invalid exponent');
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.index++;
+            }
+            this.tokens.push({
+                index: start,
+                text: number,
+                constant: true,
+                value: Number(number)
+            });
+        },
+
+        readIdent: function () {
+            var start = this.index;
+            this.index += this.peekMultichar().length;
+            while (this.index < this.text.length) {
+                var ch = this.peekMultichar();
+                if (!this.isIdentifierContinue(ch)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                this.index += ch.length;
+            }
+            this.tokens.push({
+                index: start,
+                text: this.text.slice(start, this.index),
+                identifier: true
+            });
+        },
+
+        readString: function (quote) {
+            var start = this.index;
+            this.index++;
+            var string = '';
+            var rawString = quote;
+            var escape = false;
+            while (this.index < this.text.length) {
+                var ch = this.text.charAt(this.index);
+                rawString += ch;
+                if (escape) {
+                    if (ch === 'u') {
+                        var hex = this.text.substring(this.index + 1, this.index + 5);
+                        if (!hex.match(/[\da-f]{4}/i)) {
+                            this.throwError('Invalid unicode escape [\\u' + hex + ']');
+                        }
+                        this.index += 4;
+                        string += String.fromCharCode(parseInt(hex, 16));
+                    } else {
+                        var rep = ESCAPE[ch];
+                        string = string + (rep || ch);
+                    }
+                    escape = false;
+                } else if (ch === '\\') {
+                    escape = true;
+                } else if (ch === quote) {
+                    this.index++;
+                    this.tokens.push({
+                        index: start,
+                        text: rawString,
+                        constant: true,
+                        value: string
+                    });
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    string += ch;
+                }
+                this.index++;
+            }
+            this.throwError('Unterminated quote', start);
+        }
+    };
+
+    var AST = function AST(lexer, options) {
+        this.lexer = lexer;
+        this.options = options;
+    };
+
+    AST.Program = 'Program';
+    AST.ExpressionStatement = 'ExpressionStatement';
+    AST.AssignmentExpression = 'AssignmentExpression';
+    AST.ConditionalExpression = 'ConditionalExpression';
+    AST.LogicalExpression = 'LogicalExpression';
+    AST.BinaryExpression = 'BinaryExpression';
+    AST.UnaryExpression = 'UnaryExpression';
+    AST.CallExpression = 'CallExpression';
+    AST.MemberExpression = 'MemberExpression';
+    AST.Identifier = 'Identifier';
+    AST.Literal = 'Literal';
+    AST.ArrayExpression = 'ArrayExpression';
+    AST.Property = 'Property';
+    AST.ObjectExpression = 'ObjectExpression';
+    AST.ThisExpression = 'ThisExpression';
+    AST.LocalsExpression = 'LocalsExpression';
+
+    // Internal use only
+    AST.NGValueParameter = 'NGValueParameter';
+
+    AST.prototype = {
+        ast: function (text) {
+            this.text = text;
+            this.tokens = this.lexer.lex(text);
+
+            var value = this.program();
+
+            if (this.tokens.length !== 0) {
+                this.throwError('is an unexpected token', this.tokens[0]);
+            }
+
+            return value;
+        },
+
+        program: function () {
+            var body = [];
+            while (true) {
+                if (this.tokens.length > 0 && !this.peek('}', ')', ';', ']'))
+                    body.push(this.expressionStatement());
+                if (!this.expect(';')) {
+                    return {
+                        type: AST.Program,
+                        body: body
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        expressionStatement: function () {
+            return {
+                type: AST.ExpressionStatement,
+                expression: this.filterChain()
+            };
+        },
+
+        filterChain: function () {
+            var left = this.expression();
+            while (this.expect('|')) {
+                left = this.filter(left);
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        expression: function () {
+            return this.assignment();
+        },
+
+        assignment: function () {
+            var result = this.ternary();
+            if (this.expect('=')) {
+                if (!isAssignable(result)) {
+                    throw $parseMinErr('lval', 'Trying to assign a value to a non l-value');
+                }
+
+                result = {
+                    type: AST.AssignmentExpression,
+                    left: result,
+                    right: this.assignment(),
+                    operator: '='
+                };
+            }
+            return result;
+        },
+
+        ternary: function () {
+            var test = this.logicalOR();
+            var alternate;
+            var consequent;
+            if (this.expect('?')) {
+                alternate = this.expression();
+                if (this.consume(':')) {
+                    consequent = this.expression();
+                    return {
+                        type: AST.ConditionalExpression,
+                        test: test,
+                        alternate: alternate,
+                        consequent: consequent
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            return test;
+        },
+
+        logicalOR: function () {
+            var left = this.logicalAND();
+            while (this.expect('||')) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.LogicalExpression,
+                    operator: '||',
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.logicalAND()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        logicalAND: function () {
+            var left = this.equality();
+            while (this.expect('&&')) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.LogicalExpression,
+                    operator: '&&',
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.equality()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        equality: function () {
+            var left = this.relational();
+            var token;
+            while ((token = this.expect('==', '!=', '===', '!=='))) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.BinaryExpression,
+                    operator: token.text,
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.relational()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        relational: function () {
+            var left = this.additive();
+            var token;
+            while ((token = this.expect('<', '>', '<=', '>='))) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.BinaryExpression,
+                    operator: token.text,
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.additive()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        additive: function () {
+            var left = this.multiplicative();
+            var token;
+            while ((token = this.expect('+', '-'))) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.BinaryExpression,
+                    operator: token.text,
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.multiplicative()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        multiplicative: function () {
+            var left = this.unary();
+            var token;
+            while ((token = this.expect('*', '/', '%'))) {
+                left = {
+                    type: AST.BinaryExpression,
+                    operator: token.text,
+                    left: left,
+                    right: this.unary()
+                };
+            }
+            return left;
+        },
+
+        unary: function () {
+            var token;
+            if ((token = this.expect('+', '-', '!'))) {
+                return {
+                    type: AST.UnaryExpression,
+                    operator: token.text,
+                    prefix: true,
+                    argument: this.unary()
+                };
+            } else {
+                return this.primary();
+            }
+        },
+
+        primary: function () {
+            var primary;
+            if (this.expect('(')) {
+                primary = this.filterChain();
+                this.consume(')');
+            } else if (this.expect('[')) {
+                primary = this.arrayDeclaration();
+            } else if (this.expect('{')) {
+                primary = this.object();
+            } else if (this.selfReferential.hasOwnProperty(this.peek().text)) {
+                primary = copy(this.selfReferential[this.consume().text]);
+            } else if (this.options.literals.hasOwnProperty(this.peek().text)) {
+                primary = {
+                    type: AST.Literal,
+                    value: this.options.literals[this.consume().text]
+                };
+            } else if (this.peek().identifier) {
+                primary = this.identifier();
+            } else if (this.peek().constant) {
+                primary = this.constant();
+            } else {
+                this.throwError('not a primary expression', this.peek());
+            }
+
+            var next;
+            while ((next = this.expect('(', '[', '.'))) {
+                if (next.text === '(') {
+                    primary = {
+                        type: AST.CallExpression,
+                        callee: primary,
+                        arguments: this.parseArguments()
+                    };
+                    this.consume(')');
+                } else if (next.text === '[') {
+                    primary = {
+                        type: AST.MemberExpression,
+                        object: primary,
+                        property: this.expression(),
+                        computed: true
+                    };
+                    this.consume(']');
+                } else if (next.text === '.') {
+                    primary = {
+                        type: AST.MemberExpression,
+                        object: primary,
+                        property: this.identifier(),
+                        computed: false
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    this.throwError('IMPOSSIBLE');
+                }
+            }
+            return primary;
+        },
+
+        filter: function (baseExpression) {
+            var args = [baseExpression];
+            var result = {
+                type: AST.CallExpression,
+                callee: this.identifier(),
+                arguments: args,
+                filter: true
+            };
+
+            while (this.expect(':')) {
+                args.push(this.expression());
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        },
+
+        parseArguments: function () {
+            var args = [];
+            if (this.peekToken().text !== ')') {
+                do {
+                    args.push(this.filterChain());
+                } while (this.expect(','));
+            }
+            return args;
+        },
+
+        identifier: function () {
+            var token = this.consume();
+            if (!token.identifier) {
+                this.throwError('is not a valid identifier', token);
+            }
+            return {
+                type: AST.Identifier,
+                name: token.text
+            };
+        },
+
+        constant: function () {
+            // TODO check that it is a constant
+            return {
+                type: AST.Literal,
+                value: this.consume().value
+            };
+        },
+
+        arrayDeclaration: function () {
+            var elements = [];
+            if (this.peekToken().text !== ']') {
+                do {
+                    if (this.peek(']')) {
+                        // Support trailing commas per ES5.1.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    elements.push(this.expression());
+                } while (this.expect(','));
+            }
+            this.consume(']');
+
+            return {
+                type: AST.ArrayExpression,
+                elements: elements
+            };
+        },
+
+        object: function () {
+            var properties = [],
+                property;
+            if (this.peekToken().text !== '}') {
+                do {
+                    if (this.peek('}')) {
+                        // Support trailing commas per ES5.1.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    property = {
+                        type: AST.Property,
+                        kind: 'init'
+                    };
+                    if (this.peek().constant) {
+                        property.key = this.constant();
+                        property.computed = false;
+                        this.consume(':');
+                        property.value = this.expression();
+                    } else if (this.peek().identifier) {
+                        property.key = this.identifier();
+                        property.computed = false;
+                        if (this.peek(':')) {
+                            this.consume(':');
+                            property.value = this.expression();
+                        } else {
+                            property.value = property.key;
+                        }
+                    } else if (this.peek('[')) {
+                        this.consume('[');
+                        property.key = this.expression();
+                        this.consume(']');
+                        property.computed = true;
+                        this.consume(':');
+                        property.value = this.expression();
+                    } else {
+                        this.throwError('invalid key', this.peek());
+                    }
+                    properties.push(property);
+                } while (this.expect(','));
+            }
+            this.consume('}');
+
+            return {
+                type: AST.ObjectExpression,
+                properties: properties
+            };
+        },
+
+        throwError: function (msg, token) {
+            throw $parseMinErr('syntax',
+                'Syntax Error: Token \'{0}\' {1} at column {2} of the expression [{3}] starting at [{4}].',
+                token.text, msg, (token.index + 1), this.text, this.text.substring(token.index));
+        },
+
+        consume: function (e1) {
+            if (this.tokens.length === 0) {
+                throw $parseMinErr('ueoe', 'Unexpected end of expression: {0}', this.text);
+            }
+
+            var token = this.expect(e1);
+            if (!token) {
+                this.throwError('is unexpected, expecting [' + e1 + ']', this.peek());
+            }
+            return token;
+        },
+
+        peekToken: function () {
+            if (this.tokens.length === 0) {
+                throw $parseMinErr('ueoe', 'Unexpected end of expression: {0}', this.text);
+            }
+            return this.tokens[0];
+        },
+
+        peek: function (e1, e2, e3, e4) {
+            return this.peekAhead(0, e1, e2, e3, e4);
+        },
+
+        peekAhead: function (i, e1, e2, e3, e4) {
+            if (this.tokens.length > i) {
+                var token = this.tokens[i];
+                var t = token.text;
+                if (t === e1 || t === e2 || t === e3 || t === e4 ||
+                    (!e1 && !e2 && !e3 && !e4)) {
+                    return token;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        },
+
+        expect: function (e1, e2, e3, e4) {
+            var token = this.peek(e1, e2, e3, e4);
+            if (token) {
+                this.tokens.shift();
+                return token;
+            }
+            return false;
+        },
+
+        selfReferential: {
+            'this': {
+                type: AST.ThisExpression
+            },
+            '$locals': {
+                type: AST.LocalsExpression
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    function ifDefined(v, d) {
+        return typeof v !== 'undefined' ? v : d;
+    }
+
+    function plusFn(l, r) {
+        if (typeof l === 'undefined') return r;
+        if (typeof r === 'undefined') return l;
+        return l + r;
+    }
+
+    function isStateless($filter, filterName) {
+        var fn = $filter(filterName);
+        return !fn.$stateful;
+    }
+
+    var PURITY_ABSOLUTE = 1;
+    var PURITY_RELATIVE = 2;
+
+    // Detect nodes which could depend on non-shallow state of objects
+    function isPure(node, parentIsPure) {
+        switch (node.type) {
+            // Computed members might invoke a stateful toString()
+            case AST.MemberExpression:
+                if (node.computed) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                break;
+
+                // Unary always convert to primative
+            case AST.UnaryExpression:
+                return PURITY_ABSOLUTE;
+
+                // The binary + operator can invoke a stateful toString().
+            case AST.BinaryExpression:
+                return node.operator !== '+' ? PURITY_ABSOLUTE : false;
+
+                // Functions / filters probably read state from within objects
+            case AST.CallExpression:
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        return (undefined === parentIsPure) ? PURITY_RELATIVE : parentIsPure;
+    }
+
+    function findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast, $filter, parentIsPure) {
+        var allConstants;
+        var argsToWatch;
+        var isStatelessFilter;
+
+        var astIsPure = ast.isPure = isPure(ast, parentIsPure);
+
+        switch (ast.type) {
+            case AST.Program:
+                allConstants = true;
+                forEach(ast.body, function (expr) {
+                    findConstantAndWatchExpressions(expr.expression, $filter, astIsPure);
+                    allConstants = allConstants && expr.expression.constant;
+                });
+                ast.constant = allConstants;
+                break;
+            case AST.Literal:
+                ast.constant = true;
+                ast.toWatch = [];
+                break;
+            case AST.UnaryExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.argument, $filter, astIsPure);
+                ast.constant = ast.argument.constant;
+                ast.toWatch = ast.argument.toWatch;
+                break;
+            case AST.BinaryExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.left, $filter, astIsPure);
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.right, $filter, astIsPure);
+                ast.constant = ast.left.constant && ast.right.constant;
+                ast.toWatch = ast.left.toWatch.concat(ast.right.toWatch);
+                break;
+            case AST.LogicalExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.left, $filter, astIsPure);
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.right, $filter, astIsPure);
+                ast.constant = ast.left.constant && ast.right.constant;
+                ast.toWatch = ast.constant ? [] : [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.ConditionalExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.test, $filter, astIsPure);
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.alternate, $filter, astIsPure);
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.consequent, $filter, astIsPure);
+                ast.constant = ast.test.constant && ast.alternate.constant && ast.consequent.constant;
+                ast.toWatch = ast.constant ? [] : [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.Identifier:
+                ast.constant = false;
+                ast.toWatch = [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.MemberExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.object, $filter, astIsPure);
+                if (ast.computed) {
+                    findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.property, $filter, astIsPure);
+                }
+                ast.constant = ast.object.constant && (!ast.computed || ast.property.constant);
+                ast.toWatch = ast.constant ? [] : [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.CallExpression:
+                isStatelessFilter = ast.filter ? isStateless($filter, ast.callee.name) : false;
+                allConstants = isStatelessFilter;
+                argsToWatch = [];
+                forEach(ast.arguments, function (expr) {
+                    findConstantAndWatchExpressions(expr, $filter, astIsPure);
+                    allConstants = allConstants && expr.constant;
+                    argsToWatch.push.apply(argsToWatch, expr.toWatch);
+                });
+                ast.constant = allConstants;
+                ast.toWatch = isStatelessFilter ? argsToWatch : [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.AssignmentExpression:
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.left, $filter, astIsPure);
+                findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast.right, $filter, astIsPure);
+                ast.constant = ast.left.constant && ast.right.constant;
+                ast.toWatch = [ast];
+                break;
+            case AST.ArrayExpression:
+                allConstants = true;
+                argsToWatch = [];
+                forEach(ast.elements, function (expr) {
+                    findConstantAndWatchExpressions(expr, $filter, astIsPure);
+                    allConstants = allConstants && expr.constant;
+                    argsToWatch.push.apply(argsToWatch, expr.toWatch);
+                });
+                ast.constant = allConstants;
+                ast.toWatch = argsToWatch;
+                break;
+            case AST.ObjectExpression:
+                allConstants = true;
+                argsToWatch = [];
+                forEach(ast.properties, function (property) {
+                    findConstantAndWatchExpressions(property.value, $filter, astIsPure);
+                    allConstants = allConstants && property.value.constant;
+                    argsToWatch.push.apply(argsToWatch, property.value.toWatch);
+                    if (property.computed) {
+                        //`{[key]: value}` implicitly does `key.toString()` which may be non-pure
+                        findConstantAndWatchExpressions(property.key, $filter, /*parentIsPure=*/ false);
+                        allConstants = allConstants && property.key.constant;
+                        argsToWatch.push.apply(argsToWatch, property.key.toWatch);
+                    }
+                });
+                ast.constant = allConstants;
+                ast.toWatch = argsToWatch;
+                break;
+            case AST.ThisExpression:
+                ast.constant = false;
+                ast.toWatch = [];
+                break;
+            case AST.LocalsExpression:
+                ast.constant = false;
+                ast.toWatch = [];
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function getInputs(body) {
+        if (body.length !== 1) return;
+        var lastExpression = body[0].expression;
+        var candidate = lastExpression.toWatch;
+        if (candidate.length !== 1) return candidate;
+        return candidate[0] !== lastExpression ? candidate : undefined;
+    }
+
+    function isAssignable(ast) {
+        return ast.type === AST.Identifier || ast.type === AST.MemberExpression;
+    }
+
+    function assignableAST(ast) {
+        if (ast.body.length === 1 && isAssignable(ast.body[0].expression)) {
+            return {
+                type: AST.AssignmentExpression,
+                left: ast.body[0].expression,
+                right: {
+                    type: AST.NGValueParameter
+                },
+                operator: '='
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    function isLiteral(ast) {
+        return ast.body.length === 0 ||
+            ast.body.length === 1 && (
+                ast.body[0].expression.type === AST.Literal ||
+                ast.body[0].expression.type === AST.ArrayExpression ||
+                ast.body[0].expression.type === AST.ObjectExpression);
+    }
+
+    function isConstant(ast) {
+        return ast.constant;
+    }
+
+    function ASTCompiler($filter) {
+        this.$filter = $filter;
+    }
+
+    ASTCompiler.prototype = {
+        compile: function (ast) {
+            var self = this;
+            this.state = {
+                nextId: 0,
+                filters: {},
+                fn: {
+                    vars: [],
+                    body: [],
+                    own: {}
+                },
+                assign: {
+                    vars: [],
+                    body: [],
+                    own: {}
+                },
+                inputs: []
+            };
+            findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast, self.$filter);
+            var extra = '';
+            var assignable;
+            this.stage = 'assign';
+            if ((assignable = assignableAST(ast))) {
+                this.state.computing = 'assign';
+                var result = this.nextId();
+                this.recurse(assignable, result);
+                this.return_(result);
+                extra = 'fn.assign=' + this.generateFunction('assign', 's,v,l');
+            }
+            var toWatch = getInputs(ast.body);
+            self.stage = 'inputs';
+            forEach(toWatch, function (watch, key) {
+                var fnKey = 'fn' + key;
+                self.state[fnKey] = {
+                    vars: [],
+                    body: [],
+                    own: {}
+                };
+                self.state.computing = fnKey;
+                var intoId = self.nextId();
+                self.recurse(watch, intoId);
+                self.return_(intoId);
+                self.state.inputs.push({
+                    name: fnKey,
+                    isPure: watch.isPure
+                });
+                watch.watchId = key;
+            });
+            this.state.computing = 'fn';
+            this.stage = 'main';
+            this.recurse(ast);
+            var fnString =
+                // The build and minification steps remove the string "use strict" from the code, but this is done using a regex.
+                // This is a workaround for this until we do a better job at only removing the prefix only when we should.
+                '"' + this.USE + ' ' + this.STRICT + '";\n' +
+                this.filterPrefix() +
+                'var fn=' + this.generateFunction('fn', 's,l,a,i') +
+                extra +
+                this.watchFns() +
+                'return fn;';
+
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-new-func
+            var fn = (new Function('$filter',
+                'getStringValue',
+                'ifDefined',
+                'plus',
+                fnString))(
+                this.$filter,
+                getStringValue,
+                ifDefined,
+                plusFn);
+            this.state = this.stage = undefined;
+            return fn;
+        },
+
+        USE: 'use',
+
+        STRICT: 'strict',
+
+        watchFns: function () {
+            var result = [];
+            var inputs = this.state.inputs;
+            var self = this;
+            forEach(inputs, function (input) {
+                result.push('var ' + input.name + '=' + self.generateFunction(input.name, 's'));
+                if (input.isPure) {
+                    result.push(input.name, '.isPure=' + JSON.stringify(input.isPure) + ';');
+                }
+            });
+            if (inputs.length) {
+                result.push('fn.inputs=[' + inputs.map(function (i) {
+                    return i.name;
+                }).join(',') + '];');
+            }
+            return result.join('');
+        },
+
+        generateFunction: function (name, params) {
+            return 'function(' + params + '){' +
+                this.varsPrefix(name) +
+                this.body(name) +
+                '};';
+        },
+
+        filterPrefix: function () {
+            var parts = [];
+            var self = this;
+            forEach(this.state.filters, function (id, filter) {
+                parts.push(id + '=$filter(' + self.escape(filter) + ')');
+            });
+            if (parts.length) return 'var ' + parts.join(',') + ';';
+            return '';
+        },
+
+        varsPrefix: function (section) {
+            return this.state[section].vars.length ? 'var ' + this.state[section].vars.join(',') + ';' : '';
+        },
+
+        body: function (section) {
+            return this.state[section].body.join('');
+        },
+
+        recurse: function (ast, intoId, nameId, recursionFn, create, skipWatchIdCheck) {
+            var left, right, self = this,
+                args, expression, computed;
+            recursionFn = recursionFn || noop;
+            if (!skipWatchIdCheck && isDefined(ast.watchId)) {
+                intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                this.if_('i',
+                    this.lazyAssign(intoId, this.computedMember('i', ast.watchId)),
+                    this.lazyRecurse(ast, intoId, nameId, recursionFn, create, true)
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+            switch (ast.type) {
+                case AST.Program:
+                    forEach(ast.body, function (expression, pos) {
+                        self.recurse(expression.expression, undefined, undefined, function (expr) {
+                            right = expr;
+                        });
+                        if (pos !== ast.body.length - 1) {
+                            self.current().body.push(right, ';');
+                        } else {
+                            self.return_(right);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    break;
+                case AST.Literal:
+                    expression = this.escape(ast.value);
+                    this.assign(intoId, expression);
+                    recursionFn(intoId || expression);
+                    break;
+                case AST.UnaryExpression:
+                    this.recurse(ast.argument, undefined, undefined, function (expr) {
+                        right = expr;
+                    });
+                    expression = ast.operator + '(' + this.ifDefined(right, 0) + ')';
+                    this.assign(intoId, expression);
+                    recursionFn(expression);
+                    break;
+                case AST.BinaryExpression:
+                    this.recurse(ast.left, undefined, undefined, function (expr) {
+                        left = expr;
+                    });
+                    this.recurse(ast.right, undefined, undefined, function (expr) {
+                        right = expr;
+                    });
+                    if (ast.operator === '+') {
+                        expression = this.plus(left, right);
+                    } else if (ast.operator === '-') {
+                        expression = this.ifDefined(left, 0) + ast.operator + this.ifDefined(right, 0);
+                    } else {
+                        expression = '(' + left + ')' + ast.operator + '(' + right + ')';
+                    }
+                    this.assign(intoId, expression);
+                    recursionFn(expression);
+                    break;
+                case AST.LogicalExpression:
+                    intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                    self.recurse(ast.left, intoId);
+                    self.if_(ast.operator === '&&' ? intoId : self.not(intoId), self.lazyRecurse(ast.right, intoId));
+                    recursionFn(intoId);
+                    break;
+                case AST.ConditionalExpression:
+                    intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                    self.recurse(ast.test, intoId);
+                    self.if_(intoId, self.lazyRecurse(ast.alternate, intoId), self.lazyRecurse(ast.consequent, intoId));
+                    recursionFn(intoId);
+                    break;
+                case AST.Identifier:
+                    intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                    if (nameId) {
+                        nameId.context = self.stage === 'inputs' ? 's' : this.assign(this.nextId(), this.getHasOwnProperty('l', ast.name) + '?l:s');
+                        nameId.computed = false;
+                        nameId.name = ast.name;
+                    }
+                    self.if_(self.stage === 'inputs' || self.not(self.getHasOwnProperty('l', ast.name)),
+                        function () {
+                            self.if_(self.stage === 'inputs' || 's', function () {
+                                if (create && create !== 1) {
+                                    self.if_(
+                                        self.isNull(self.nonComputedMember('s', ast.name)),
+                                        self.lazyAssign(self.nonComputedMember('s', ast.name), '{}'));
+                                }
+                                self.assign(intoId, self.nonComputedMember('s', ast.name));
+                            });
+                        }, intoId && self.lazyAssign(intoId, self.nonComputedMember('l', ast.name))
+                    );
+                    recursionFn(intoId);
+                    break;
+                case AST.MemberExpression:
+                    left = nameId && (nameId.context = this.nextId()) || this.nextId();
+                    intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                    self.recurse(ast.object, left, undefined, function () {
+                        self.if_(self.notNull(left), function () {
+                            if (ast.computed) {
+                                right = self.nextId();
+                                self.recurse(ast.property, right);
+                                self.getStringValue(right);
+                                if (create && create !== 1) {
+                                    self.if_(self.not(self.computedMember(left, right)), self.lazyAssign(self.computedMember(left, right), '{}'));
+                                }
+                                expression = self.computedMember(left, right);
+                                self.assign(intoId, expression);
+                                if (nameId) {
+                                    nameId.computed = true;
+                                    nameId.name = right;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (create && create !== 1) {
+                                    self.if_(self.isNull(self.nonComputedMember(left, ast.property.name)), self.lazyAssign(self.nonComputedMember(left, ast.property.name), '{}'));
+                                }
+                                expression = self.nonComputedMember(left, ast.property.name);
+                                self.assign(intoId, expression);
+                                if (nameId) {
+                                    nameId.computed = false;
+                                    nameId.name = ast.property.name;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }, function () {
+                            self.assign(intoId, 'undefined');
+                        });
+                        recursionFn(intoId);
+                    }, !!create);
+                    break;
+                case AST.CallExpression:
+                    intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                    if (ast.filter) {
+                        right = self.filter(ast.callee.name);
+                        args = [];
+                        forEach(ast.arguments, function (expr) {
+                            var argument = self.nextId();
+                            self.recurse(expr, argument);
+                            args.push(argument);
+                        });
+                        expression = right + '(' + args.join(',') + ')';
+                        self.assign(intoId, expression);
+                        recursionFn(intoId);
+                    } else {
+                        right = self.nextId();
+                        left = {};
+                        args = [];
+                        self.recurse(ast.callee, right, left, function () {
+                            self.if_(self.notNull(right), function () {
+                                forEach(ast.arguments, function (expr) {
+                                    self.recurse(expr, ast.constant ? undefined : self.nextId(), undefined, function (argument) {
+                                        args.push(argument);
+                                    });
+                                });
+                                if (left.name) {
+                                    expression = self.member(left.context, left.name, left.computed) + '(' + args.join(',') + ')';
+                                } else {
+                                    expression = right + '(' + args.join(',') + ')';
+                                }
+                                self.assign(intoId, expression);
+                            }, function () {
+                                self.assign(intoId, 'undefined');
+                            });
+                            recursionFn(intoId);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case AST.AssignmentExpression:
+                    right = this.nextId();
+                    left = {};
+                    this.recurse(ast.left, undefined, left, function () {
+                        self.if_(self.notNull(left.context), function () {
+                            self.recurse(ast.right, right);
+                            expression = self.member(left.context, left.name, left.computed) + ast.operator + right;
+                            self.assign(intoId, expression);
+                            recursionFn(intoId || expression);
+                        });
+                    }, 1);
+                    break;
+                case AST.ArrayExpression:
+                    args = [];
+                    forEach(ast.elements, function (expr) {
+                        self.recurse(expr, ast.constant ? undefined : self.nextId(), undefined, function (argument) {
+                            args.push(argument);
+                        });
+                    });
+                    expression = '[' + args.join(',') + ']';
+                    this.assign(intoId, expression);
+                    recursionFn(intoId || expression);
+                    break;
+                case AST.ObjectExpression:
+                    args = [];
+                    computed = false;
+                    forEach(ast.properties, function (property) {
+                        if (property.computed) {
+                            computed = true;
+                        }
+                    });
+                    if (computed) {
+                        intoId = intoId || this.nextId();
+                        this.assign(intoId, '{}');
+                        forEach(ast.properties, function (property) {
+                            if (property.computed) {
+                                left = self.nextId();
+                                self.recurse(property.key, left);
+                            } else {
+                                left = property.key.type === AST.Identifier ?
+                                    property.key.name :
+                                    ('' + property.key.value);
+                            }
+                            right = self.nextId();
+                            self.recurse(property.value, right);
+                            self.assign(self.member(intoId, left, property.computed), right);
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        forEach(ast.properties, function (property) {
+                            self.recurse(property.value, ast.constant ? undefined : self.nextId(), undefined, function (expr) {
+                                args.push(self.escape(
+                                        property.key.type === AST.Identifier ? property.key.name :
+                                        ('' + property.key.value)) +
+                                    ':' + expr);
+                            });
+                        });
+                        expression = '{' + args.join(',') + '}';
+                        this.assign(intoId, expression);
+                    }
+                    recursionFn(intoId || expression);
+                    break;
+                case AST.ThisExpression:
+                    this.assign(intoId, 's');
+                    recursionFn(intoId || 's');
+                    break;
+                case AST.LocalsExpression:
+                    this.assign(intoId, 'l');
+                    recursionFn(intoId || 'l');
+                    break;
+                case AST.NGValueParameter:
+                    this.assign(intoId, 'v');
+                    recursionFn(intoId || 'v');
+                    break;
+            }
+        },
+
+        getHasOwnProperty: function (element, property) {
+            var key = element + '.' + property;
+            var own = this.current().own;
+            if (!own.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+                own[key] = this.nextId(false, element + '&&(' + this.escape(property) + ' in ' + element + ')');
+            }
+            return own[key];
+        },
+
+        assign: function (id, value) {
+            if (!id) return;
+            this.current().body.push(id, '=', value, ';');
+            return id;
+        },
+
+        filter: function (filterName) {
+            if (!this.state.filters.hasOwnProperty(filterName)) {
+                this.state.filters[filterName] = this.nextId(true);
+            }
+            return this.state.filters[filterName];
+        },
+
+        ifDefined: function (id, defaultValue) {
+            return 'ifDefined(' + id + ',' + this.escape(defaultValue) + ')';
+        },
+
+        plus: function (left, right) {
+            return 'plus(' + left + ',' + right + ')';
+        },
+
+        return_: function (id) {
+            this.current().body.push('return ', id, ';');
+        },
+
+        if_: function (test, alternate, consequent) {
+            if (test === true) {
+                alternate();
+            } else {
+                var body = this.current().body;
+                body.push('if(', test, '){');
+                alternate();
+                body.push('}');
+                if (consequent) {
+                    body.push('else{');
+                    consequent();
+                    body.push('}');
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        not: function (expression) {
+            return '!(' + expression + ')';
+        },
+
+        isNull: function (expression) {
+            return expression + '==null';
+        },
+
+        notNull: function (expression) {
+            return expression + '!=null';
+        },
+
+        nonComputedMember: function (left, right) {
+            var SAFE_IDENTIFIER = /^[$_a-zA-Z][$_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/;
+            var UNSAFE_CHARACTERS = /[^$_a-zA-Z0-9]/g;
+            if (SAFE_IDENTIFIER.test(right)) {
+                return left + '.' + right;
+            } else {
+                return left + '["' + right.replace(UNSAFE_CHARACTERS, this.stringEscapeFn) + '"]';
+            }
+        },
+
+        computedMember: function (left, right) {
+            return left + '[' + right + ']';
+        },
+
+        member: function (left, right, computed) {
+            if (computed) return this.computedMember(left, right);
+            return this.nonComputedMember(left, right);
+        },
+
+        getStringValue: function (item) {
+            this.assign(item, 'getStringValue(' + item + ')');
+        },
+
+        lazyRecurse: function (ast, intoId, nameId, recursionFn, create, skipWatchIdCheck) {
+            var self = this;
+            return function () {
+                self.recurse(ast, intoId, nameId, recursionFn, create, skipWatchIdCheck);
+            };
+        },
+
+        lazyAssign: function (id, value) {
+            var self = this;
+            return function () {
+                self.assign(id, value);
+            };
+        },
+
+        stringEscapeRegex: /[^ a-zA-Z0-9]/g,
+
+        stringEscapeFn: function (c) {
+            return '\\u' + ('0000' + c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)).slice(-4);
+        },
+
+        escape: function (value) {
+            if (isString(value)) return '\'' + value.replace(this.stringEscapeRegex, this.stringEscapeFn) + '\'';
+            if (isNumber(value)) return value.toString();
+            if (value === true) return 'true';
+            if (value === false) return 'false';
+            if (value === null) return 'null';
+            if (typeof value === 'undefined') return 'undefined';
+
+            throw $parseMinErr('esc', 'IMPOSSIBLE');
+        },
+
+        nextId: function (skip, init) {
+            var id = 'v' + (this.state.nextId++);
+            if (!skip) {
+                this.current().vars.push(id + (init ? '=' + init : ''));
+            }
+            return id;
+        },
+
+        current: function () {
+            return this.state[this.state.computing];
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    function ASTInterpreter($filter) {
+        this.$filter = $filter;
+    }
+
+    ASTInterpreter.prototype = {
+        compile: function (ast) {
+            var self = this;
+            findConstantAndWatchExpressions(ast, self.$filter);
+            var assignable;
+            var assign;
+            if ((assignable = assignableAST(ast))) {
+                assign = this.recurse(assignable);
+            }
+            var toWatch = getInputs(ast.body);
+            var inputs;
+            if (toWatch) {
+                inputs = [];
+                forEach(toWatch, function (watch, key) {
+                    var input = self.recurse(watch);
+                    input.isPure = watch.isPure;
+                    watch.input = input;
+                    inputs.push(input);
+                    watch.watchId = key;
+                });
+            }
+            var expressions = [];
+            forEach(ast.body, function (expression) {
+                expressions.push(self.recurse(expression.expression));
+            });
+            var fn = ast.body.length === 0 ? noop :
+                ast.body.length === 1 ? expressions[0] :
+                function (scope, locals) {
+                    var lastValue;
+                    forEach(expressions, function (exp) {
+                        lastValue = exp(scope, locals);
+                    });
+                    return lastValue;
+                };
+            if (assign) {
+                fn.assign = function (scope, value, locals) {
+                    return assign(scope, locals, value);
+                };
+            }
+            if (inputs) {
+                fn.inputs = inputs;
+            }
+            return fn;
+        },
+
+        recurse: function (ast, context, create) {
+            var left, right, self = this,
+                args;
+            if (ast.input) {
+                return this.inputs(ast.input, ast.watchId);
+            }
+            switch (ast.type) {
+                case AST.Literal:
+                    return this.value(ast.value, context);
+                case AST.UnaryExpression:
+                    right = this.recurse(ast.argument);
+                    return this['unary' + ast.operator](right, context);
+                case AST.BinaryExpression:
+                    left = this.recurse(ast.left);
+                    right = this.recurse(ast.right);
+                    return this['binary' + ast.operator](left, right, context);
+                case AST.LogicalExpression:
+                    left = this.recurse(ast.left);
+                    right = this.recurse(ast.right);
+                    return this['binary' + ast.operator](left, right, context);
+                case AST.ConditionalExpression:
+                    return this['ternary?:'](
+                        this.recurse(ast.test),
+                        this.recurse(ast.alternate),
+                        this.recurse(ast.consequent),
+                        context
+                    );
+                case AST.Identifier:
+                    return self.identifier(ast.name, context, create);
+                case AST.MemberExpression:
+                    left = this.recurse(ast.object, false, !!create);
+                    if (!ast.computed) {
+                        right = ast.property.name;
+                    }
+                    if (ast.computed) right = this.recurse(ast.property);
+                    return ast.computed ?
+                        this.computedMember(left, right, context, create) :
+                        this.nonComputedMember(left, right, context, create);
+                case AST.CallExpression:
+                    args = [];
+                    forEach(ast.arguments, function (expr) {
+                        args.push(self.recurse(expr));
+                    });
+                    if (ast.filter) right = this.$filter(ast.callee.name);
+                    if (!ast.filter) right = this.recurse(ast.callee, true);
+                    return ast.filter ?
+                        function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                            var values = [];
+                            for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
+                                values.push(args[i](scope, locals, assign, inputs));
+                            }
+                            var value = right.apply(undefined, values, inputs);
+                            return context ? {
+                                context: undefined,
+                                name: undefined,
+                                value: value
+                            } : value;
+                        } :
+                        function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                            var rhs = right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                            var value;
+                            if (rhs.value != null) {
+                                var values = [];
+                                for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
+                                    values.push(args[i](scope, locals, assign, inputs));
+                                }
+                                value = rhs.value.apply(rhs.context, values);
+                            }
+                            return context ? {
+                                value: value
+                            } : value;
+                        };
+                case AST.AssignmentExpression:
+                    left = this.recurse(ast.left, true, 1);
+                    right = this.recurse(ast.right);
+                    return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                        var lhs = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                        var rhs = right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                        lhs.context[lhs.name] = rhs;
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: rhs
+                        } : rhs;
+                    };
+                case AST.ArrayExpression:
+                    args = [];
+                    forEach(ast.elements, function (expr) {
+                        args.push(self.recurse(expr));
+                    });
+                    return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                        var value = [];
+                        for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
+                            value.push(args[i](scope, locals, assign, inputs));
+                        }
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: value
+                        } : value;
+                    };
+                case AST.ObjectExpression:
+                    args = [];
+                    forEach(ast.properties, function (property) {
+                        if (property.computed) {
+                            args.push({
+                                key: self.recurse(property.key),
+                                computed: true,
+                                value: self.recurse(property.value)
+                            });
+                        } else {
+                            args.push({
+                                key: property.key.type === AST.Identifier ?
+                                    property.key.name :
+                                    ('' + property.key.value),
+                                computed: false,
+                                value: self.recurse(property.value)
+                            });
+                        }
+                    });
+                    return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                        var value = {};
+                        for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
+                            if (args[i].computed) {
+                                value[args[i].key(scope, locals, assign, inputs)] = args[i].value(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                            } else {
+                                value[args[i].key] = args[i].value(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: value
+                        } : value;
+                    };
+                case AST.ThisExpression:
+                    return function (scope) {
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: scope
+                        } : scope;
+                    };
+                case AST.LocalsExpression:
+                    return function (scope, locals) {
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: locals
+                        } : locals;
+                    };
+                case AST.NGValueParameter:
+                    return function (scope, locals, assign) {
+                        return context ? {
+                            value: assign
+                        } : assign;
+                    };
+            }
+        },
+
+        'unary+': function (argument, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = argument(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                if (isDefined(arg)) {
+                    arg = +arg;
+                } else {
+                    arg = 0;
+                }
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'unary-': function (argument, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = argument(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                if (isDefined(arg)) {
+                    arg = -arg;
+                } else {
+                    arg = -0;
+                }
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'unary!': function (argument, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = !argument(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary+': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var lhs = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                var rhs = right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                var arg = plusFn(lhs, rhs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary-': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var lhs = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                var rhs = right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                var arg = (isDefined(lhs) ? lhs : 0) - (isDefined(rhs) ? rhs : 0);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary*': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) * right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary/': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) / right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary%': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) % right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary===': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) === right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary!==': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) !== right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary==': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) == right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary!=': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) != right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary<': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) < right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary>': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) > right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary<=': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) <= right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary>=': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) >= right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary&&': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) && right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'binary||': function (left, right, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs) || right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        'ternary?:': function (test, alternate, consequent, context) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var arg = test(scope, locals, assign, inputs) ? alternate(scope, locals, assign, inputs) : consequent(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                return context ? {
+                    value: arg
+                } : arg;
+            };
+        },
+        value: function (value, context) {
+            return function () {
+                return context ? {
+                    context: undefined,
+                    name: undefined,
+                    value: value
+                } : value;
+            };
+        },
+        identifier: function (name, context, create) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var base = locals && (name in locals) ? locals : scope;
+                if (create && create !== 1 && base && base[name] == null) {
+                    base[name] = {};
+                }
+                var value = base ? base[name] : undefined;
+                if (context) {
+                    return {
+                        context: base,
+                        name: name,
+                        value: value
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    return value;
+                }
+            };
+        },
+        computedMember: function (left, right, context, create) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var lhs = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                var rhs;
+                var value;
+                if (lhs != null) {
+                    rhs = right(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                    rhs = getStringValue(rhs);
+                    if (create && create !== 1) {
+                        if (lhs && !(lhs[rhs])) {
+                            lhs[rhs] = {};
+                        }
+                    }
+                    value = lhs[rhs];
+                }
+                if (context) {
+                    return {
+                        context: lhs,
+                        name: rhs,
+                        value: value
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    return value;
+                }
+            };
+        },
+        nonComputedMember: function (left, right, context, create) {
+            return function (scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                var lhs = left(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                if (create && create !== 1) {
+                    if (lhs && lhs[right] == null) {
+                        lhs[right] = {};
+                    }
+                }
+                var value = lhs != null ? lhs[right] : undefined;
+                if (context) {
+                    return {
+                        context: lhs,
+                        name: right,
+                        value: value
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    return value;
+                }
+            };
+        },
+        inputs: function (input, watchId) {
+            return function (scope, value, locals, inputs) {
+                if (inputs) return inputs[watchId];
+                return input(scope, value, locals);
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     */
+    function Parser(lexer, $filter, options) {
+        this.ast = new AST(lexer, options);
+        this.astCompiler = options.csp ? new ASTInterpreter($filter) :
+            new ASTCompiler($filter);
+    }
+
+    Parser.prototype = {
+        constructor: Parser,
+
+        parse: function (text) {
+            var ast = this.getAst(text);
+            var fn = this.astCompiler.compile(ast.ast);
+            fn.literal = isLiteral(ast.ast);
+            fn.constant = isConstant(ast.ast);
+            fn.oneTime = ast.oneTime;
+            return fn;
+        },
+
+        getAst: function (exp) {
+            var oneTime = false;
+            exp = exp.trim();
+
+            if (exp.charAt(0) === ':' && exp.charAt(1) === ':') {
+                oneTime = true;
+                exp = exp.substring(2);
+            }
+            return {
+                ast: this.ast.ast(exp),
+                oneTime: oneTime
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
+    function getValueOf(value) {
+        return isFunction(value.valueOf) ? value.valueOf() : objectValueOf.call(value);
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $parse
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Converts AngularJS {@link guide/expression expression} into a function.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   var getter = $parse('user.name');
+     *   var setter = getter.assign;
+     *   var context = {user:{name:'AngularJS'}};
+     *   var locals = {user:{name:'local'}};
+     *
+     *   expect(getter(context)).toEqual('AngularJS');
+     *   setter(context, 'newValue');
+     *   expect(context.user.name).toEqual('newValue');
+     *   expect(getter(context, locals)).toEqual('local');
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+     * @returns {function(context, locals)} a function which represents the compiled expression:
+     *
+     *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings
+     *      are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+     *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in
+     *      `context`.
+     *
+     *    The returned function also has the following properties:
+     *      * `literal` – `{boolean}` – whether the expression's top-level node is a JavaScript
+     *        literal.
+     *      * `constant` – `{boolean}` – whether the expression is made entirely of JavaScript
+     *        constant literals.
+     *      * `assign` – `{?function(context, value)}` – if the expression is assignable, this will be
+     *        set to a function to change its value on the given context.
+     *
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $parseProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * `$parseProvider` can be used for configuring the default behavior of the {@link ng.$parse $parse}
+     *  service.
+     */
+    function $ParseProvider() {
+        var cache = createMap();
+        var literals = {
+            'true': true,
+            'false': false,
+            'null': null,
+            'undefined': undefined
+        };
+        var identStart, identContinue;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $parseProvider#addLiteral
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Configure $parse service to add literal values that will be present as literal at expressions.
+         *
+         * @param {string} literalName Token for the literal value. The literal name value must be a valid literal name.
+         * @param {*} literalValue Value for this literal. All literal values must be primitives or `undefined`.
+         *
+         **/
+        this.addLiteral = function (literalName, literalValue) {
+            literals[literalName] = literalValue;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $parseProvider#setIdentifierFns
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Allows defining the set of characters that are allowed in AngularJS expressions. The function
+         * `identifierStart` will get called to know if a given character is a valid character to be the
+         * first character for an identifier. The function `identifierContinue` will get called to know if
+         * a given character is a valid character to be a follow-up identifier character. The functions
+         * `identifierStart` and `identifierContinue` will receive as arguments the single character to be
+         * identifier and the character code point. These arguments will be `string` and `numeric`. Keep in
+         * mind that the `string` parameter can be two characters long depending on the character
+         * representation. It is expected for the function to return `true` or `false`, whether that
+         * character is allowed or not.
+         *
+         * Since this function will be called extensively, keep the implementation of these functions fast,
+         * as the performance of these functions have a direct impact on the expressions parsing speed.
+         *
+         * @param {function=} identifierStart The function that will decide whether the given character is
+         *   a valid identifier start character.
+         * @param {function=} identifierContinue The function that will decide whether the given character is
+         *   a valid identifier continue character.
+         */
+        this.setIdentifierFns = function (identifierStart, identifierContinue) {
+            identStart = identifierStart;
+            identContinue = identifierContinue;
+            return this;
+        };
+
+        this.$get = ['$filter', function ($filter) {
+            var noUnsafeEval = csp().noUnsafeEval;
+            var $parseOptions = {
+                csp: noUnsafeEval,
+                literals: copy(literals),
+                isIdentifierStart: isFunction(identStart) && identStart,
+                isIdentifierContinue: isFunction(identContinue) && identContinue
+            };
+            $parse.$$getAst = $$getAst;
+            return $parse;
+
+            function $parse(exp, interceptorFn) {
+                var parsedExpression, cacheKey;
+
+                switch (typeof exp) {
+                    case 'string':
+                        exp = exp.trim();
+                        cacheKey = exp;
+
+                        parsedExpression = cache[cacheKey];
+
+                        if (!parsedExpression) {
+                            var lexer = new Lexer($parseOptions);
+                            var parser = new Parser(lexer, $filter, $parseOptions);
+                            parsedExpression = parser.parse(exp);
+                            if (parsedExpression.constant) {
+                                parsedExpression.$$watchDelegate = constantWatchDelegate;
+                            } else if (parsedExpression.oneTime) {
+                                parsedExpression.$$watchDelegate = parsedExpression.literal ?
+                                    oneTimeLiteralWatchDelegate : oneTimeWatchDelegate;
+                            } else if (parsedExpression.inputs) {
+                                parsedExpression.$$watchDelegate = inputsWatchDelegate;
+                            }
+                            cache[cacheKey] = parsedExpression;
+                        }
+                        return addInterceptor(parsedExpression, interceptorFn);
+
+                    case 'function':
+                        return addInterceptor(exp, interceptorFn);
+
+                    default:
+                        return addInterceptor(noop, interceptorFn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            function $$getAst(exp) {
+                var lexer = new Lexer($parseOptions);
+                var parser = new Parser(lexer, $filter, $parseOptions);
+                return parser.getAst(exp).ast;
+            }
+
+            function expressionInputDirtyCheck(newValue, oldValueOfValue, compareObjectIdentity) {
+
+                if (newValue == null || oldValueOfValue == null) { // null/undefined
+                    return newValue === oldValueOfValue;
+                }
+
+                if (typeof newValue === 'object') {
+
+                    // attempt to convert the value to a primitive type
+                    // TODO(docs): add a note to docs that by implementing valueOf even objects and arrays can
+                    //             be cheaply dirty-checked
+                    newValue = getValueOf(newValue);
+
+                    if (typeof newValue === 'object' && !compareObjectIdentity) {
+                        // objects/arrays are not supported - deep-watching them would be too expensive
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // fall-through to the primitive equality check
+                }
+
+                //Primitive or NaN
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+                return newValue === oldValueOfValue || (newValue !== newValue && oldValueOfValue !== oldValueOfValue);
+            }
+
+            function inputsWatchDelegate(scope, listener, objectEquality, parsedExpression, prettyPrintExpression) {
+                var inputExpressions = parsedExpression.inputs;
+                var lastResult;
+
+                if (inputExpressions.length === 1) {
+                    var oldInputValueOf = expressionInputDirtyCheck; // init to something unique so that equals check fails
+                    inputExpressions = inputExpressions[0];
+                    return scope.$watch(function expressionInputWatch(scope) {
+                        var newInputValue = inputExpressions(scope);
+                        if (!expressionInputDirtyCheck(newInputValue, oldInputValueOf, inputExpressions.isPure)) {
+                            lastResult = parsedExpression(scope, undefined, undefined, [newInputValue]);
+                            oldInputValueOf = newInputValue && getValueOf(newInputValue);
+                        }
+                        return lastResult;
+                    }, listener, objectEquality, prettyPrintExpression);
+                }
+
+                var oldInputValueOfValues = [];
+                var oldInputValues = [];
+                for (var i = 0, ii = inputExpressions.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                    oldInputValueOfValues[i] = expressionInputDirtyCheck; // init to something unique so that equals check fails
+                    oldInputValues[i] = null;
+                }
+
+                return scope.$watch(function expressionInputsWatch(scope) {
+                    var changed = false;
+
+                    for (var i = 0, ii = inputExpressions.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                        var newInputValue = inputExpressions[i](scope);
+                        if (changed || (changed = !expressionInputDirtyCheck(newInputValue, oldInputValueOfValues[i], inputExpressions[i].isPure))) {
+                            oldInputValues[i] = newInputValue;
+                            oldInputValueOfValues[i] = newInputValue && getValueOf(newInputValue);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (changed) {
+                        lastResult = parsedExpression(scope, undefined, undefined, oldInputValues);
+                    }
+
+                    return lastResult;
+                }, listener, objectEquality, prettyPrintExpression);
+            }
+
+            function oneTimeWatchDelegate(scope, listener, objectEquality, parsedExpression, prettyPrintExpression) {
+                var unwatch, lastValue;
+                if (parsedExpression.inputs) {
+                    unwatch = inputsWatchDelegate(scope, oneTimeListener, objectEquality, parsedExpression, prettyPrintExpression);
+                } else {
+                    unwatch = scope.$watch(oneTimeWatch, oneTimeListener, objectEquality);
+                }
+                return unwatch;
+
+                function oneTimeWatch(scope) {
+                    return parsedExpression(scope);
+                }
+
+                function oneTimeListener(value, old, scope) {
+                    lastValue = value;
+                    if (isFunction(listener)) {
+                        listener(value, old, scope);
+                    }
+                    if (isDefined(value)) {
+                        scope.$$postDigest(function () {
+                            if (isDefined(lastValue)) {
+                                unwatch();
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            function oneTimeLiteralWatchDelegate(scope, listener, objectEquality, parsedExpression) {
+                var unwatch, lastValue;
+                unwatch = scope.$watch(function oneTimeWatch(scope) {
+                    return parsedExpression(scope);
+                }, function oneTimeListener(value, old, scope) {
+                    lastValue = value;
+                    if (isFunction(listener)) {
+                        listener(value, old, scope);
+                    }
+                    if (isAllDefined(value)) {
+                        scope.$$postDigest(function () {
+                            if (isAllDefined(lastValue)) unwatch();
+                        });
+                    }
+                }, objectEquality);
+
+                return unwatch;
+
+                function isAllDefined(value) {
+                    var allDefined = true;
+                    forEach(value, function (val) {
+                        if (!isDefined(val)) allDefined = false;
+                    });
+                    return allDefined;
+                }
+            }
+
+            function constantWatchDelegate(scope, listener, objectEquality, parsedExpression) {
+                var unwatch = scope.$watch(function constantWatch(scope) {
+                    unwatch();
+                    return parsedExpression(scope);
+                }, listener, objectEquality);
+                return unwatch;
+            }
+
+            function addInterceptor(parsedExpression, interceptorFn) {
+                if (!interceptorFn) return parsedExpression;
+                var watchDelegate = parsedExpression.$$watchDelegate;
+                var useInputs = false;
+
+                var regularWatch =
+                    watchDelegate !== oneTimeLiteralWatchDelegate &&
+                    watchDelegate !== oneTimeWatchDelegate;
+
+                var fn = regularWatch ? function regularInterceptedExpression(scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                    var value = useInputs && inputs ? inputs[0] : parsedExpression(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                    return interceptorFn(value, scope, locals);
+                } : function oneTimeInterceptedExpression(scope, locals, assign, inputs) {
+                    var value = parsedExpression(scope, locals, assign, inputs);
+                    var result = interceptorFn(value, scope, locals);
+                    // we only return the interceptor's result if the
+                    // initial value is defined (for bind-once)
+                    return isDefined(value) ? result : value;
+                };
+
+                // Propagate $$watchDelegates other then inputsWatchDelegate
+                useInputs = !parsedExpression.inputs;
+                if (watchDelegate && watchDelegate !== inputsWatchDelegate) {
+                    fn.$$watchDelegate = watchDelegate;
+                    fn.inputs = parsedExpression.inputs;
+                } else if (!interceptorFn.$stateful) {
+                    // Treat interceptor like filters - assume non-stateful by default and use the inputsWatchDelegate
+                    fn.$$watchDelegate = inputsWatchDelegate;
+                    fn.inputs = parsedExpression.inputs ? parsedExpression.inputs : [parsedExpression];
+                }
+
+                if (fn.inputs) {
+                    fn.inputs = fn.inputs.map(function (e) {
+                        // Remove the isPure flag of inputs when it is not absolute because they are now wrapped in a
+                        // potentially non-pure interceptor function.
+                        if (e.isPure === PURITY_RELATIVE) {
+                            return function depurifier(s) {
+                                return e(s);
+                            };
+                        }
+                        return e;
+                    });
+                }
+
+                return fn;
+            }
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $q
+     * @requires $rootScope
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A service that helps you run functions asynchronously, and use their return values (or exceptions)
+     * when they are done processing.
+     *
+     * This is a [Promises/A+](https://promisesaplus.com/)-compliant implementation of promises/deferred
+     * objects inspired by [Kris Kowal's Q](https://github.com/kriskowal/q).
+     *
+     * $q can be used in two fashions --- one which is more similar to Kris Kowal's Q or jQuery's Deferred
+     * implementations, and the other which resembles ES6 (ES2015) promises to some degree.
+     *
+     * ## $q constructor
+     *
+     * The streamlined ES6 style promise is essentially just using $q as a constructor which takes a `resolver`
+     * function as the first argument. This is similar to the native Promise implementation from ES6,
+     * see [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise).
+     *
+     * While the constructor-style use is supported, not all of the supporting methods from ES6 promises are
+     * available yet.
+     *
+     * It can be used like so:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // for the purpose of this example let's assume that variables `$q` and `okToGreet`
+     *   // are available in the current lexical scope (they could have been injected or passed in).
+     *
+     *   function asyncGreet(name) {
+     *     // perform some asynchronous operation, resolve or reject the promise when appropriate.
+     *     return $q(function(resolve, reject) {
+     *       setTimeout(function() {
+     *         if (okToGreet(name)) {
+     *           resolve('Hello, ' + name + '!');
+     *         } else {
+     *           reject('Greeting ' + name + ' is not allowed.');
+     *         }
+     *       }, 1000);
+     *     });
+     *   }
+     *
+     *   var promise = asyncGreet('Robin Hood');
+     *   promise.then(function(greeting) {
+     *     alert('Success: ' + greeting);
+     *   }, function(reason) {
+     *     alert('Failed: ' + reason);
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Note: progress/notify callbacks are not currently supported via the ES6-style interface.
+     *
+     * Note: unlike ES6 behavior, an exception thrown in the constructor function will NOT implicitly reject the promise.
+     *
+     * However, the more traditional CommonJS-style usage is still available, and documented below.
+     *
+     * [The CommonJS Promise proposal](http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises) describes a promise as an
+     * interface for interacting with an object that represents the result of an action that is
+     * performed asynchronously, and may or may not be finished at any given point in time.
+     *
+     * From the perspective of dealing with error handling, deferred and promise APIs are to
+     * asynchronous programming what `try`, `catch` and `throw` keywords are to synchronous programming.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // for the purpose of this example let's assume that variables `$q` and `okToGreet`
+     *   // are available in the current lexical scope (they could have been injected or passed in).
+     *
+     *   function asyncGreet(name) {
+     *     var deferred = $q.defer();
+     *
+     *     setTimeout(function() {
+     *       deferred.notify('About to greet ' + name + '.');
+     *
+     *       if (okToGreet(name)) {
+     *         deferred.resolve('Hello, ' + name + '!');
+     *       } else {
+     *         deferred.reject('Greeting ' + name + ' is not allowed.');
+     *       }
+     *     }, 1000);
+     *
+     *     return deferred.promise;
+     *   }
+     *
+     *   var promise = asyncGreet('Robin Hood');
+     *   promise.then(function(greeting) {
+     *     alert('Success: ' + greeting);
+     *   }, function(reason) {
+     *     alert('Failed: ' + reason);
+     *   }, function(update) {
+     *     alert('Got notification: ' + update);
+     *   });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * At first it might not be obvious why this extra complexity is worth the trouble. The payoff
+     * comes in the way of guarantees that promise and deferred APIs make, see
+     * https://github.com/kriskowal/uncommonjs/blob/master/promises/specification.md.
+     *
+     * Additionally the promise api allows for composition that is very hard to do with the
+     * traditional callback ([CPS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation-passing_style)) approach.
+     * For more on this please see the [Q documentation](https://github.com/kriskowal/q) especially the
+     * section on serial or parallel joining of promises.
+     *
+     * ## The Deferred API
+     *
+     * A new instance of deferred is constructed by calling `$q.defer()`.
+     *
+     * The purpose of the deferred object is to expose the associated Promise instance as well as APIs
+     * that can be used for signaling the successful or unsuccessful completion, as well as the status
+     * of the task.
+     *
+     * **Methods**
+     *
+     * - `resolve(value)` – resolves the derived promise with the `value`. If the value is a rejection
+     *   constructed via `$q.reject`, the promise will be rejected instead.
+     * - `reject(reason)` – rejects the derived promise with the `reason`. This is equivalent to
+     *   resolving it with a rejection constructed via `$q.reject`.
+     * - `notify(value)` - provides updates on the status of the promise's execution. This may be called
+     *   multiple times before the promise is either resolved or rejected.
+     *
+     * **Properties**
+     *
+     * - promise – `{Promise}` – promise object associated with this deferred.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## The Promise API
+     *
+     * A new promise instance is created when a deferred instance is created and can be retrieved by
+     * calling `deferred.promise`.
+     *
+     * The purpose of the promise object is to allow for interested parties to get access to the result
+     * of the deferred task when it completes.
+     *
+     * **Methods**
+     *
+     * - `then(successCallback, [errorCallback], [notifyCallback])` – regardless of when the promise was or
+     *   will be resolved or rejected, `then` calls one of the success or error callbacks asynchronously
+     *   as soon as the result is available. The callbacks are called with a single argument: the result
+     *   or rejection reason. Additionally, the notify callback may be called zero or more times to
+     *   provide a progress indication, before the promise is resolved or rejected.
+     *
+     *   This method *returns a new promise* which is resolved or rejected via the return value of the
+     *   `successCallback`, `errorCallback` (unless that value is a promise, in which case it is resolved
+     *   with the value which is resolved in that promise using
+     *   [promise chaining](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/es6/promises/#toc-promises-queues)).
+     *   It also notifies via the return value of the `notifyCallback` method. The promise cannot be
+     *   resolved or rejected from the notifyCallback method. The errorCallback and notifyCallback
+     *   arguments are optional.
+     *
+     * - `catch(errorCallback)` – shorthand for `promise.then(null, errorCallback)`
+     *
+     * - `finally(callback, notifyCallback)` – allows you to observe either the fulfillment or rejection of a promise,
+     *   but to do so without modifying the final value. This is useful to release resources or do some
+     *   clean-up that needs to be done whether the promise was rejected or resolved. See the [full
+     *   specification](https://github.com/kriskowal/q/wiki/API-Reference#promisefinallycallback) for
+     *   more information.
+     *
+     * ## Chaining promises
+     *
+     * Because calling the `then` method of a promise returns a new derived promise, it is easily
+     * possible to create a chain of promises:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   promiseB = promiseA.then(function(result) {
+     *     return result + 1;
+     *   });
+     *
+     *   // promiseB will be resolved immediately after promiseA is resolved and its value
+     *   // will be the result of promiseA incremented by 1
+     * ```
+     *
+     * It is possible to create chains of any length and since a promise can be resolved with another
+     * promise (which will defer its resolution further), it is possible to pause/defer resolution of
+     * the promises at any point in the chain. This makes it possible to implement powerful APIs like
+     * $http's response interceptors.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Differences between Kris Kowal's Q and $q
+     *
+     *  There are two main differences:
+     *
+     * - $q is integrated with the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope} Scope model observation
+     *   mechanism in AngularJS, which means faster propagation of resolution or rejection into your
+     *   models and avoiding unnecessary browser repaints, which would result in flickering UI.
+     * - Q has many more features than $q, but that comes at a cost of bytes. $q is tiny, but contains
+     *   all the important functionality needed for common async tasks.
+     *
+     * ## Testing
+     *
+     *  ```js
+     *    it('should simulate promise', inject(function($q, $rootScope) {
+     *      var deferred = $q.defer();
+     *      var promise = deferred.promise;
+     *      var resolvedValue;
+     *
+     *      promise.then(function(value) { resolvedValue = value; });
+     *      expect(resolvedValue).toBeUndefined();
+     *
+     *      // Simulate resolving of promise
+     *      deferred.resolve(123);
+     *      // Note that the 'then' function does not get called synchronously.
+     *      // This is because we want the promise API to always be async, whether or not
+     *      // it got called synchronously or asynchronously.
+     *      expect(resolvedValue).toBeUndefined();
+     *
+     *      // Propagate promise resolution to 'then' functions using $apply().
+     *      $rootScope.$apply();
+     *      expect(resolvedValue).toEqual(123);
+     *    }));
+     *  ```
+     *
+     * @param {function(function, function)} resolver Function which is responsible for resolving or
+     *   rejecting the newly created promise. The first parameter is a function which resolves the
+     *   promise, the second parameter is a function which rejects the promise.
+     *
+     * @returns {Promise} The newly created promise.
+     */
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $qProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     */
+    function $QProvider() {
+        var errorOnUnhandledRejections = true;
+        this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$exceptionHandler', function ($rootScope, $exceptionHandler) {
+            return qFactory(function (callback) {
+                $rootScope.$evalAsync(callback);
+            }, $exceptionHandler, errorOnUnhandledRejections);
+        }];
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $qProvider#errorOnUnhandledRejections
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Retrieves or overrides whether to generate an error when a rejected promise is not handled.
+         * This feature is enabled by default.
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} value Whether to generate an error when a rejected promise is not handled.
+         * @returns {boolean|ng.$qProvider} Current value when called without a new value or self for
+         *    chaining otherwise.
+         */
+        this.errorOnUnhandledRejections = function (value) {
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                errorOnUnhandledRejections = value;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return errorOnUnhandledRejections;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $$QProvider() {
+        var errorOnUnhandledRejections = true;
+        this.$get = ['$browser', '$exceptionHandler', function ($browser, $exceptionHandler) {
+            return qFactory(function (callback) {
+                $browser.defer(callback);
+            }, $exceptionHandler, errorOnUnhandledRejections);
+        }];
+
+        this.errorOnUnhandledRejections = function (value) {
+            if (isDefined(value)) {
+                errorOnUnhandledRejections = value;
+                return this;
+            } else {
+                return errorOnUnhandledRejections;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a promise manager.
+     *
+     * @param {function(function)} nextTick Function for executing functions in the next turn.
+     * @param {function(...*)} exceptionHandler Function into which unexpected exceptions are passed for
+     *     debugging purposes.
+     * @param {boolean=} errorOnUnhandledRejections Whether an error should be generated on unhandled
+     *     promises rejections.
+     * @returns {object} Promise manager.
+     */
+    function qFactory(nextTick, exceptionHandler, errorOnUnhandledRejections) {
+        var $qMinErr = minErr('$q', TypeError);
+        var queueSize = 0;
+        var checkQueue = [];
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ng.$q#defer
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Creates a `Deferred` object which represents a task which will finish in the future.
+         *
+         * @returns {Deferred} Returns a new instance of deferred.
+         */
+        function defer() {
+            return new Deferred();
+        }
+
+        function Deferred() {
+            var promise = this.promise = new Promise();
+            //Non prototype methods necessary to support unbound execution :/
+            this.resolve = function (val) {
+                resolvePromise(promise, val);
+            };
+            this.reject = function (reason) {
+                rejectPromise(promise, reason);
+            };
+            this.notify = function (progress) {
+                notifyPromise(promise, progress);
+            };
+        }
+
+
+        function Promise() {
+            this.$$state = {
+                status: 0
+            };
+        }
+
+        extend(Promise.prototype, {
+            then: function (onFulfilled, onRejected, progressBack) {
+                if (isUndefined(onFulfilled) && isUndefined(onRejected) && isUndefined(progressBack)) {
+                    return this;
+                }
+                var result = new Promise();
+
+                this.$$state.pending = this.$$state.pending || [];
+                this.$$state.pending.push([result, onFulfilled, onRejected, progressBack]);
+                if (this.$$state.status > 0) scheduleProcessQueue(this.$$state);
+
+                return result;
+            },
+
+            'catch': function (callback) {
+                return this.then(null, callback);
+            },
+
+            'finally': function (callback, progressBack) {
+                return this.then(function (value) {
+                    return handleCallback(value, resolve, callback);
+                }, function (error) {
+                    return handleCallback(error, reject, callback);
+                }, progressBack);
+            }
+        });
+
+        function processQueue(state) {
+            var fn, promise, pending;
+
+            pending = state.pending;
+            state.processScheduled = false;
+            state.pending = undefined;
+            try {
+                for (var i = 0, ii = pending.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+                    markQStateExceptionHandled(state);
+                    promise = pending[i][0];
+                    fn = pending[i][state.status];
+                    try {
+                        if (isFunction(fn)) {
+                            resolvePromise(promise, fn(state.value));
+                        } else if (state.status === 1) {
+                            resolvePromise(promise, state.value);
+                        } else {
+                            rejectPromise(promise, state.value);
+                        }
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        rejectPromise(promise, e);
+                        // This error is explicitly marked for being passed to the $exceptionHandler
+                        if (e && e.$$passToExceptionHandler === true) {
+                            exceptionHandler(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                --queueSize;
+                if (errorOnUnhandledRejections && queueSize === 0) {
+                    nextTick(processChecks);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        function processChecks() {
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-unmodified-loop-condition
+            while (!queueSize && checkQueue.length) {
+                var toCheck = checkQueue.shift();
+                if (!isStateExceptionHandled(toCheck)) {
+                    markQStateExceptionHandled(toCheck);
+                    var errorMessage = 'Possibly unhandled rejection: ' + toDebugString(toCheck.value);
+                    if (isError(toCheck.value)) {
+                        exceptionHandler(toCheck.value, errorMessage);
+                    } else {
+                        exceptionHandler(errorMessage);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        function scheduleProcessQueue(state) {
+            if (errorOnUnhandledRejections && !state.pending && state.status === 2 && !isStateExceptionHandled(state)) {
+                if (queueSize === 0 && checkQueue.length === 0) {
+                    nextTick(processChecks);
+                }
+                checkQueue.push(state);
+            }
+            if (state.processScheduled || !state.pending) return;
+            state.processScheduled = true;
+            ++queueSize;
+            nextTick(function () {
+                processQueue(state);
+            });
+        }
+
+        function resolvePromise(promise, val) {
+            if (promise.$$state.status) return;
+            if (val === promise) {
+                $$reject(promise, $qMinErr(
+                    'qcycle',
+                    'Expected promise to be resolved with value other than itself \'{0}\'',
+                    val));
+            } else {
+                $$resolve(promise, val);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        function $$resolve(promise, val) {
+            var then;
+            var done = false;
+            try {
+                if (isObject(val) || isFunction(val)) then = val.then;
+                if (isFunction(then)) {
+                    promise.$$state.status = -1;
+                    then.call(val, doResolve, doReject, doNotify);
+                } else {
+                    promise.$$state.value = val;
+                    promise.$$state.status = 1;
+                    scheduleProcessQueue(promise.$$state);
+                }
+            } catch (e) {
+                doReject(e);
+            }
+
+            function doResolve(val) {
+                if (done) return;
+                done = true;
+                $$resolve(promise, val);
+            }
+
+            function doReject(val) {
+                if (done) return;
+                done = true;
+                $$reject(promise, val);
+            }
+
+            function doNotify(progress) {
+                notifyPromise(promise, progress);
+            }
+        }
+
+        function rejectPromise(promise, reason) {
+            if (promise.$$state.status) return;
+            $$reject(promise, reason);
+        }
+
+        function $$reject(promise, reason) {
+            promise.$$state.value = reason;
+            promise.$$state.status = 2;
+            scheduleProcessQueue(promise.$$state);
+        }
+
+        function notifyPromise(promise, progress) {
+            var callbacks = promise.$$state.pending;
+
+            if ((promise.$$state.status <= 0) && callbacks && callbacks.length) {
+                nextTick(function () {
+                    var callback, result;
+                    for (var i = 0, ii = callbacks.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                        result = callbacks[i][0];
+                        callback = callbacks[i][3];
+                        try {
+                            notifyPromise(result, isFunction(callback) ? callback(progress) : progress);
+                        } catch (e) {
+                            exceptionHandler(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $q#reject
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Creates a promise that is resolved as rejected with the specified `reason`. This api should be
+         * used to forward rejection in a chain of promises. If you are dealing with the last promise in
+         * a promise chain, you don't need to worry about it.
+         *
+         * When comparing deferreds/promises to the familiar behavior of try/catch/throw, think of
+         * `reject` as the `throw` keyword in JavaScript. This also means that if you "catch" an error via
+         * a promise error callback and you want to forward the error to the promise derived from the
+         * current promise, you have to "rethrow" the error by returning a rejection constructed via
+         * `reject`.
+         *
+         * ```js
+         *   promiseB = promiseA.then(function(result) {
+         *     // success: do something and resolve promiseB
+         *     //          with the old or a new result
+         *     return result;
+         *   }, function(reason) {
+         *     // error: handle the error if possible and
+         *     //        resolve promiseB with newPromiseOrValue,
+         *     //        otherwise forward the rejection to promiseB
+         *     if (canHandle(reason)) {
+         *      // handle the error and recover
+         *      return newPromiseOrValue;
+         *     }
+         *     return $q.reject(reason);
+         *   });
+         * ```
+         *
+         * @param {*} reason Constant, message, exception or an object representing the rejection reason.
+         * @returns {Promise} Returns a promise that was already resolved as rejected with the `reason`.
+         */
+        function reject(reason) {
+            var result = new Promise();
+            rejectPromise(result, reason);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        function handleCallback(value, resolver, callback) {
+            var callbackOutput = null;
+            try {
+                if (isFunction(callback)) callbackOutput = callback();
+            } catch (e) {
+                return reject(e);
+            }
+            if (isPromiseLike(callbackOutput)) {
+                return callbackOutput.then(function () {
+                    return resolver(value);
+                }, reject);
+            } else {
+                return resolver(value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $q#when
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Wraps an object that might be a value or a (3rd party) then-able promise into a $q promise.
+         * This is useful when you are dealing with an object that might or might not be a promise, or if
+         * the promise comes from a source that can't be trusted.
+         *
+         * @param {*} value Value or a promise
+         * @param {Function=} successCallback
+         * @param {Function=} errorCallback
+         * @param {Function=} progressCallback
+         * @returns {Promise} Returns a promise of the passed value or promise
+         */
+
+
+        function when(value, callback, errback, progressBack) {
+            var result = new Promise();
+            resolvePromise(result, value);
+            return result.then(callback, errback, progressBack);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $q#resolve
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Alias of {@link ng.$q#when when} to maintain naming consistency with ES6.
+         *
+         * @param {*} value Value or a promise
+         * @param {Function=} successCallback
+         * @param {Function=} errorCallback
+         * @param {Function=} progressCallback
+         * @returns {Promise} Returns a promise of the passed value or promise
+         */
+        var resolve = when;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $q#all
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Combines multiple promises into a single promise that is resolved when all of the input
+         * promises are resolved.
+         *
+         * @param {Array.<Promise>|Object.<Promise>} promises An array or hash of promises.
+         * @returns {Promise} Returns a single promise that will be resolved with an array/hash of values,
+         *   each value corresponding to the promise at the same index/key in the `promises` array/hash.
+         *   If any of the promises is resolved with a rejection, this resulting promise will be rejected
+         *   with the same rejection value.
+         */
+
+        function all(promises) {
+            var result = new Promise(),
+                counter = 0,
+                results = isArray(promises) ? [] : {};
+
+            forEach(promises, function (promise, key) {
+                counter++;
+                when(promise).then(function (value) {
+                    results[key] = value;
+                    if (!(--counter)) resolvePromise(result, results);
+                }, function (reason) {
+                    rejectPromise(result, reason);
+                });
+            });
+
+            if (counter === 0) {
+                resolvePromise(result, results);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $q#race
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Returns a promise that resolves or rejects as soon as one of those promises
+         * resolves or rejects, with the value or reason from that promise.
+         *
+         * @param {Array.<Promise>|Object.<Promise>} promises An array or hash of promises.
+         * @returns {Promise} a promise that resolves or rejects as soon as one of the `promises`
+         * resolves or rejects, with the value or reason from that promise.
+         */
+
+        function race(promises) {
+            var deferred = defer();
+
+            forEach(promises, function (promise) {
+                when(promise).then(deferred.resolve, deferred.reject);
+            });
+
+            return deferred.promise;
+        }
+
+        function $Q(resolver) {
+            if (!isFunction(resolver)) {
+                throw $qMinErr('norslvr', 'Expected resolverFn, got \'{0}\'', resolver);
+            }
+
+            var promise = new Promise();
+
+            function resolveFn(value) {
+                resolvePromise(promise, value);
+            }
+
+            function rejectFn(reason) {
+                rejectPromise(promise, reason);
+            }
+
+            resolver(resolveFn, rejectFn);
+
+            return promise;
+        }
+
+        // Let's make the instanceof operator work for promises, so that
+        // `new $q(fn) instanceof $q` would evaluate to true.
+        $Q.prototype = Promise.prototype;
+
+        $Q.defer = defer;
+        $Q.reject = reject;
+        $Q.when = when;
+        $Q.resolve = resolve;
+        $Q.all = all;
+        $Q.race = race;
+
+        return $Q;
+    }
+
+    function isStateExceptionHandled(state) {
+        return !!state.pur;
+    }
+
+    function markQStateExceptionHandled(state) {
+        state.pur = true;
+    }
+
+    function markQExceptionHandled(q) {
+        markQStateExceptionHandled(q.$$state);
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $$RAFProvider() { //rAF
+        this.$get = ['$window', '$timeout', function ($window, $timeout) {
+            var requestAnimationFrame = $window.requestAnimationFrame ||
+                $window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame;
+
+            var cancelAnimationFrame = $window.cancelAnimationFrame ||
+                $window.webkitCancelAnimationFrame ||
+                $window.webkitCancelRequestAnimationFrame;
+
+            var rafSupported = !!requestAnimationFrame;
+            var raf = rafSupported ?
+                function (fn) {
+                    var id = requestAnimationFrame(fn);
+                    return function () {
+                        cancelAnimationFrame(id);
+                    };
+                } :
+                function (fn) {
+                    var timer = $timeout(fn, 16.66, false); // 1000 / 60 = 16.666
+                    return function () {
+                        $timeout.cancel(timer);
+                    };
+                };
+
+            raf.supported = rafSupported;
+
+            return raf;
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DESIGN NOTES
+     *
+     * The design decisions behind the scope are heavily favored for speed and memory consumption.
+     *
+     * The typical use of scope is to watch the expressions, which most of the time return the same
+     * value as last time so we optimize the operation.
+     *
+     * Closures construction is expensive in terms of speed as well as memory:
+     *   - No closures, instead use prototypical inheritance for API
+     *   - Internal state needs to be stored on scope directly, which means that private state is
+     *     exposed as $$____ properties
+     *
+     * Loop operations are optimized by using while(count--) { ... }
+     *   - This means that in order to keep the same order of execution as addition we have to add
+     *     items to the array at the beginning (unshift) instead of at the end (push)
+     *
+     * Child scopes are created and removed often
+     *   - Using an array would be slow since inserts in the middle are expensive; so we use linked lists
+     *
+     * There are fewer watches than observers. This is why you don't want the observer to be implemented
+     * in the same way as watch. Watch requires return of the initialization function which is expensive
+     * to construct.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $rootScopeProvider
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Provider for the $rootScope service.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name $rootScopeProvider#digestTtl
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Sets the number of `$digest` iterations the scope should attempt to execute before giving up and
+     * assuming that the model is unstable.
+     *
+     * The current default is 10 iterations.
+     *
+     * In complex applications it's possible that the dependencies between `$watch`s will result in
+     * several digest iterations. However if an application needs more than the default 10 digest
+     * iterations for its model to stabilize then you should investigate what is causing the model to
+     * continuously change during the digest.
+     *
+     * Increasing the TTL could have performance implications, so you should not change it without
+     * proper justification.
+     *
+     * @param {number} limit The number of digest iterations.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $rootScope
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Every application has a single root {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope scope}.
+     * All other scopes are descendant scopes of the root scope. Scopes provide separation
+     * between the model and the view, via a mechanism for watching the model for changes.
+     * They also provide event emission/broadcast and subscription facility. See the
+     * {@link guide/scope developer guide on scopes}.
+     */
+    function $RootScopeProvider() {
+        var TTL = 10;
+        var $rootScopeMinErr = minErr('$rootScope');
+        var lastDirtyWatch = null;
+        var applyAsyncId = null;
+
+        this.digestTtl = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                TTL = value;
+            }
+            return TTL;
+        };
+
+        function createChildScopeClass(parent) {
+            function ChildScope() {
+                this.$$watchers = this.$$nextSibling =
+                    this.$$childHead = this.$$childTail = null;
+                this.$$listeners = {};
+                this.$$listenerCount = {};
+                this.$$watchersCount = 0;
+                this.$id = nextUid();
+                this.$$ChildScope = null;
+            }
+            ChildScope.prototype = parent;
+            return ChildScope;
+        }
+
+        this.$get = ['$exceptionHandler', '$parse', '$browser',
+            function ($exceptionHandler, $parse, $browser) {
+
+                function destroyChildScope($event) {
+                    $event.currentScope.$$destroyed = true;
+                }
+
+                function cleanUpScope($scope) {
+
+                    // Support: IE 9 only
+                    if (msie === 9) {
+                        // There is a memory leak in IE9 if all child scopes are not disconnected
+                        // completely when a scope is destroyed. So this code will recurse up through
+                        // all this scopes children
+                        //
+                        // See issue https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/10706
+                        if ($scope.$$childHead) {
+                            cleanUpScope($scope.$$childHead);
+                        }
+                        if ($scope.$$nextSibling) {
+                            cleanUpScope($scope.$$nextSibling);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // The code below works around IE9 and V8's memory leaks
+                    //
+                    // See:
+                    // - https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073#c26
+                    // - https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/6794#issuecomment-38648909
+                    // - https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/1313#issuecomment-10378451
+
+                    $scope.$parent = $scope.$$nextSibling = $scope.$$prevSibling = $scope.$$childHead =
+                        $scope.$$childTail = $scope.$root = $scope.$$watchers = null;
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc type
+                 * @name $rootScope.Scope
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * A root scope can be retrieved using the {@link ng.$rootScope $rootScope} key from the
+                 * {@link auto.$injector $injector}. Child scopes are created using the
+                 * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$new $new()} method. (Most scopes are created automatically when
+                 * compiled HTML template is executed.) See also the {@link guide/scope Scopes guide} for
+                 * an in-depth introduction and usage examples.
+                 *
+                 *
+                 * ## Inheritance
+                 * A scope can inherit from a parent scope, as in this example:
+                 * ```js
+                     var parent = $rootScope;
+                     var child = parent.$new();
+
+                     parent.salutation = "Hello";
+                     expect(child.salutation).toEqual('Hello');
+
+                     child.salutation = "Welcome";
+                     expect(child.salutation).toEqual('Welcome');
+                     expect(parent.salutation).toEqual('Hello');
+                 * ```
+                 *
+                 * When interacting with `Scope` in tests, additional helper methods are available on the
+                 * instances of `Scope` type. See {@link ngMock.$rootScope.Scope ngMock Scope} for additional
+                 * details.
+                 *
+                 *
+                 * @param {Object.<string, function()>=} providers Map of service factory which need to be
+                 *                                       provided for the current scope. Defaults to {@link ng}.
+                 * @param {Object.<string, *>=} instanceCache Provides pre-instantiated services which should
+                 *                              append/override services provided by `providers`. This is handy
+                 *                              when unit-testing and having the need to override a default
+                 *                              service.
+                 * @returns {Object} Newly created scope.
+                 *
+                 */
+                function Scope() {
+                    this.$id = nextUid();
+                    this.$$phase = this.$parent = this.$$watchers =
+                        this.$$nextSibling = this.$$prevSibling =
+                        this.$$childHead = this.$$childTail = null;
+                    this.$root = this;
+                    this.$$destroyed = false;
+                    this.$$listeners = {};
+                    this.$$listenerCount = {};
+                    this.$$watchersCount = 0;
+                    this.$$isolateBindings = null;
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc property
+                 * @name $rootScope.Scope#$id
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Unique scope ID (monotonically increasing) useful for debugging.
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc property
+                 * @name $rootScope.Scope#$parent
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Reference to the parent scope.
+                 */
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc property
+                 * @name $rootScope.Scope#$root
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Reference to the root scope.
+                 */
+
+                Scope.prototype = {
+                    constructor: Scope,
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$new
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Creates a new child {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope scope}.
+                     *
+                     * The parent scope will propagate the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest()} event.
+                     * The scope can be removed from the scope hierarchy using {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$destroy $destroy()}.
+                     *
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$destroy $destroy()} must be called on a scope when it is
+                     * desired for the scope and its child scopes to be permanently detached from the parent and
+                     * thus stop participating in model change detection and listener notification by invoking.
+                     *
+                     * @param {boolean} isolate If true, then the scope does not prototypically inherit from the
+                     *         parent scope. The scope is isolated, as it can not see parent scope properties.
+                     *         When creating widgets, it is useful for the widget to not accidentally read parent
+                     *         state.
+                     *
+                     * @param {Scope} [parent=this] The {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope `Scope`} that will be the `$parent`
+                     *                              of the newly created scope. Defaults to `this` scope if not provided.
+                     *                              This is used when creating a transclude scope to correctly place it
+                     *                              in the scope hierarchy while maintaining the correct prototypical
+                     *                              inheritance.
+                     *
+                     * @returns {Object} The newly created child scope.
+                     *
+                     */
+                    $new: function (isolate, parent) {
+                        var child;
+
+                        parent = parent || this;
+
+                        if (isolate) {
+                            child = new Scope();
+                            child.$root = this.$root;
+                        } else {
+                            // Only create a child scope class if somebody asks for one,
+                            // but cache it to allow the VM to optimize lookups.
+                            if (!this.$$ChildScope) {
+                                this.$$ChildScope = createChildScopeClass(this);
+                            }
+                            child = new this.$$ChildScope();
+                        }
+                        child.$parent = parent;
+                        child.$$prevSibling = parent.$$childTail;
+                        if (parent.$$childHead) {
+                            parent.$$childTail.$$nextSibling = child;
+                            parent.$$childTail = child;
+                        } else {
+                            parent.$$childHead = parent.$$childTail = child;
+                        }
+
+                        // When the new scope is not isolated or we inherit from `this`, and
+                        // the parent scope is destroyed, the property `$$destroyed` is inherited
+                        // prototypically. In all other cases, this property needs to be set
+                        // when the parent scope is destroyed.
+                        // The listener needs to be added after the parent is set
+                        if (isolate || parent !== this) child.$on('$destroy', destroyChildScope);
+
+                        return child;
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$watch
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Registers a `listener` callback to be executed whenever the `watchExpression` changes.
+                     *
+                     * - The `watchExpression` is called on every call to {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest
+                     *   $digest()} and should return the value that will be watched. (`watchExpression` should not change
+                     *   its value when executed multiple times with the same input because it may be executed multiple
+                     *   times by {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest()}. That is, `watchExpression` should be
+                     *   [idempotent](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence).)
+                     * - The `listener` is called only when the value from the current `watchExpression` and the
+                     *   previous call to `watchExpression` are not equal (with the exception of the initial run,
+                     *   see below). Inequality is determined according to reference inequality,
+                     *   [strict comparison](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Comparison_Operators)
+                     *    via the `!==` Javascript operator, unless `objectEquality == true`
+                     *   (see next point)
+                     * - When `objectEquality == true`, inequality of the `watchExpression` is determined
+                     *   according to the {@link angular.equals} function. To save the value of the object for
+                     *   later comparison, the {@link angular.copy} function is used. This therefore means that
+                     *   watching complex objects will have adverse memory and performance implications.
+                     * - This should not be used to watch for changes in objects that are
+                     *   or contain [File](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/File) objects due to limitations with {@link angular.copy `angular.copy`}.
+                     * - The watch `listener` may change the model, which may trigger other `listener`s to fire.
+                     *   This is achieved by rerunning the watchers until no changes are detected. The rerun
+                     *   iteration limit is 10 to prevent an infinite loop deadlock.
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * If you want to be notified whenever {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest} is called,
+                     * you can register a `watchExpression` function with no `listener`. (Be prepared for
+                     * multiple calls to your `watchExpression` because it will execute multiple times in a
+                     * single {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest} cycle if a change is detected.)
+                     *
+                     * After a watcher is registered with the scope, the `listener` fn is called asynchronously
+                     * (via {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$evalAsync $evalAsync}) to initialize the
+                     * watcher. In rare cases, this is undesirable because the listener is called when the result
+                     * of `watchExpression` didn't change. To detect this scenario within the `listener` fn, you
+                     * can compare the `newVal` and `oldVal`. If these two values are identical (`===`) then the
+                     * listener was called due to initialization.
+                     *
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * @example
+                     * ```js
+                         // let's assume that scope was dependency injected as the $rootScope
+                         var scope = $rootScope;
+                         scope.name = 'misko';
+                         scope.counter = 0;
+
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(0);
+                         scope.$watch('name', function(newValue, oldValue) {
+                           scope.counter = scope.counter + 1;
+                         });
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(0);
+
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         // the listener is always called during the first $digest loop after it was registered
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(1);
+
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         // but now it will not be called unless the value changes
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(1);
+
+                         scope.name = 'adam';
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(2);
+
+
+
+                         // Using a function as a watchExpression
+                         var food;
+                         scope.foodCounter = 0;
+                         expect(scope.foodCounter).toEqual(0);
+                         scope.$watch(
+                           // This function returns the value being watched. It is called for each turn of the $digest loop
+                           function() { return food; },
+                           // This is the change listener, called when the value returned from the above function changes
+                           function(newValue, oldValue) {
+                             if ( newValue !== oldValue ) {
+                               // Only increment the counter if the value changed
+                               scope.foodCounter = scope.foodCounter + 1;
+                             }
+                           }
+                         );
+                         // No digest has been run so the counter will be zero
+                         expect(scope.foodCounter).toEqual(0);
+
+                         // Run the digest but since food has not changed count will still be zero
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         expect(scope.foodCounter).toEqual(0);
+
+                         // Update food and run digest.  Now the counter will increment
+                         food = 'cheeseburger';
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         expect(scope.foodCounter).toEqual(1);
+
+                     * ```
+                     *
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * @param {(function()|string)} watchExpression Expression that is evaluated on each
+                     *    {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest} cycle. A change in the return value triggers
+                     *    a call to the `listener`.
+                     *
+                     *    - `string`: Evaluated as {@link guide/expression expression}
+                     *    - `function(scope)`: called with current `scope` as a parameter.
+                     * @param {function(newVal, oldVal, scope)} listener Callback called whenever the value
+                     *    of `watchExpression` changes.
+                     *
+                     *    - `newVal` contains the current value of the `watchExpression`
+                     *    - `oldVal` contains the previous value of the `watchExpression`
+                     *    - `scope` refers to the current scope
+                     * @param {boolean=} [objectEquality=false] Compare for object equality using {@link angular.equals} instead of
+                     *     comparing for reference equality.
+                     * @returns {function()} Returns a deregistration function for this listener.
+                     */
+                    $watch: function (watchExp, listener, objectEquality, prettyPrintExpression) {
+                        var get = $parse(watchExp);
+                        var fn = isFunction(listener) ? listener : noop;
+
+                        if (get.$$watchDelegate) {
+                            return get.$$watchDelegate(this, fn, objectEquality, get, watchExp);
+                        }
+                        var scope = this,
+                            array = scope.$$watchers,
+                            watcher = {
+                                fn: fn,
+                                last: initWatchVal,
+                                get: get,
+                                exp: prettyPrintExpression || watchExp,
+                                eq: !!objectEquality
+                            };
+
+                        lastDirtyWatch = null;
+
+                        if (!array) {
+                            array = scope.$$watchers = [];
+                            array.$$digestWatchIndex = -1;
+                        }
+                        // we use unshift since we use a while loop in $digest for speed.
+                        // the while loop reads in reverse order.
+                        array.unshift(watcher);
+                        array.$$digestWatchIndex++;
+                        incrementWatchersCount(this, 1);
+
+                        return function deregisterWatch() {
+                            var index = arrayRemove(array, watcher);
+                            if (index >= 0) {
+                                incrementWatchersCount(scope, -1);
+                                if (index < array.$$digestWatchIndex) {
+                                    array.$$digestWatchIndex--;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            lastDirtyWatch = null;
+                        };
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$watchGroup
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * A variant of {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch $watch()} where it watches an array of `watchExpressions`.
+                     * If any one expression in the collection changes the `listener` is executed.
+                     *
+                     * - The items in the `watchExpressions` array are observed via the standard `$watch` operation. Their return
+                     *   values are examined for changes on every call to `$digest`.
+                     * - The `listener` is called whenever any expression in the `watchExpressions` array changes.
+                     *
+                     * `$watchGroup` is more performant than watching each expression individually, and should be
+                     * used when the listener does not need to know which expression has changed.
+                     * If the listener needs to know which expression has changed,
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch $watch()} or
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watchCollection $watchCollection()} should be used.
+                     *
+                     * @param {Array.<string|Function(scope)>} watchExpressions Array of expressions that will be individually
+                     * watched using {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch $watch()}
+                     *
+                     * @param {function(newValues, oldValues, scope)} listener Callback called whenever the return value of any
+                     *    expression in `watchExpressions` changes
+                     *    The `newValues` array contains the current values of the `watchExpressions`, with the indexes matching
+                     *    those of `watchExpression`
+                     *    and the `oldValues` array contains the previous values of the `watchExpressions`, with the indexes matching
+                     *    those of `watchExpression`.
+                     *
+                     *    Note that `newValues` and `oldValues` reflect the differences in each **individual**
+                     *    expression, and not the difference of the values between each call of the listener.
+                     *    That means the difference between `newValues` and `oldValues` cannot be used to determine
+                     *    which expression has changed / remained stable:
+                     *
+                     *    ```js
+                     *
+                     *    $scope.$watchGroup(['v1', 'v2'], function(newValues, oldValues) {
+                     *      console.log(newValues, oldValues);
+                     *    });
+                     *
+                     *    // newValues, oldValues initially
+                     *    // [undefined, undefined], [undefined, undefined]
+                     *
+                     *    $scope.v1 = 'a';
+                     *    $scope.v2 = 'a';
+                     *
+                     *    // ['a', 'a'], [undefined, undefined]
+                     *
+                     *    $scope.v2 = 'b'
+                     *
+                     *    // v1 hasn't changed since it became `'a'`, therefore its oldValue is still `undefined`
+                     *    // ['a', 'b'], [undefined, 'a']
+                     *
+                     *    ```
+                     *
+                     *    The `scope` refers to the current scope.
+                     * @returns {function()} Returns a de-registration function for all listeners.
+                     */
+                    $watchGroup: function (watchExpressions, listener) {
+                        var oldValues = new Array(watchExpressions.length);
+                        var newValues = new Array(watchExpressions.length);
+                        var deregisterFns = [];
+                        var self = this;
+                        var changeReactionScheduled = false;
+                        var firstRun = true;
+
+                        if (!watchExpressions.length) {
+                            // No expressions means we call the listener ASAP
+                            var shouldCall = true;
+                            self.$evalAsync(function () {
+                                if (shouldCall) listener(newValues, newValues, self);
+                            });
+                            return function deregisterWatchGroup() {
+                                shouldCall = false;
+                            };
+                        }
+
+                        if (watchExpressions.length === 1) {
+                            // Special case size of one
+                            return this.$watch(watchExpressions[0], function watchGroupAction(value, oldValue, scope) {
+                                newValues[0] = value;
+                                oldValues[0] = oldValue;
+                                listener(newValues, (value === oldValue) ? newValues : oldValues, scope);
+                            });
+                        }
+
+                        forEach(watchExpressions, function (expr, i) {
+                            var unwatchFn = self.$watch(expr, function watchGroupSubAction(value, oldValue) {
+                                newValues[i] = value;
+                                oldValues[i] = oldValue;
+                                if (!changeReactionScheduled) {
+                                    changeReactionScheduled = true;
+                                    self.$evalAsync(watchGroupAction);
+                                }
+                            });
+                            deregisterFns.push(unwatchFn);
+                        });
+
+                        function watchGroupAction() {
+                            changeReactionScheduled = false;
+
+                            if (firstRun) {
+                                firstRun = false;
+                                listener(newValues, newValues, self);
+                            } else {
+                                listener(newValues, oldValues, self);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        return function deregisterWatchGroup() {
+                            while (deregisterFns.length) {
+                                deregisterFns.shift()();
+                            }
+                        };
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$watchCollection
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Shallow watches the properties of an object and fires whenever any of the properties change
+                     * (for arrays, this implies watching the array items; for object maps, this implies watching
+                     * the properties). If a change is detected, the `listener` callback is fired.
+                     *
+                     * - The `obj` collection is observed via standard $watch operation and is examined on every
+                     *   call to $digest() to see if any items have been added, removed, or moved.
+                     * - The `listener` is called whenever anything within the `obj` has changed. Examples include
+                     *   adding, removing, and moving items belonging to an object or array.
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * @example
+                     * ```js
+                        $scope.names = ['igor', 'matias', 'misko', 'james'];
+                        $scope.dataCount = 4;
+
+                        $scope.$watchCollection('names', function(newNames, oldNames) {
+                          $scope.dataCount = newNames.length;
+                        });
+
+                        expect($scope.dataCount).toEqual(4);
+                        $scope.$digest();
+
+                        //still at 4 ... no changes
+                        expect($scope.dataCount).toEqual(4);
+
+                        $scope.names.pop();
+                        $scope.$digest();
+
+                        //now there's been a change
+                        expect($scope.dataCount).toEqual(3);
+                     * ```
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * @param {string|function(scope)} obj Evaluated as {@link guide/expression expression}. The
+                     *    expression value should evaluate to an object or an array which is observed on each
+                     *    {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest} cycle. Any shallow change within the
+                     *    collection will trigger a call to the `listener`.
+                     *
+                     * @param {function(newCollection, oldCollection, scope)} listener a callback function called
+                     *    when a change is detected.
+                     *    - The `newCollection` object is the newly modified data obtained from the `obj` expression
+                     *    - The `oldCollection` object is a copy of the former collection data.
+                     *      Due to performance considerations, the`oldCollection` value is computed only if the
+                     *      `listener` function declares two or more arguments.
+                     *    - The `scope` argument refers to the current scope.
+                     *
+                     * @returns {function()} Returns a de-registration function for this listener. When the
+                     *    de-registration function is executed, the internal watch operation is terminated.
+                     */
+                    $watchCollection: function (obj, listener) {
+                        $watchCollectionInterceptor.$stateful = true;
+
+                        var self = this;
+                        // the current value, updated on each dirty-check run
+                        var newValue;
+                        // a shallow copy of the newValue from the last dirty-check run,
+                        // updated to match newValue during dirty-check run
+                        var oldValue;
+                        // a shallow copy of the newValue from when the last change happened
+                        var veryOldValue;
+                        // only track veryOldValue if the listener is asking for it
+                        var trackVeryOldValue = (listener.length > 1);
+                        var changeDetected = 0;
+                        var changeDetector = $parse(obj, $watchCollectionInterceptor);
+                        var internalArray = [];
+                        var internalObject = {};
+                        var initRun = true;
+                        var oldLength = 0;
+
+                        function $watchCollectionInterceptor(_value) {
+                            newValue = _value;
+                            var newLength, key, bothNaN, newItem, oldItem;
+
+                            // If the new value is undefined, then return undefined as the watch may be a one-time watch
+                            if (isUndefined(newValue)) return;
+
+                            if (!isObject(newValue)) { // if primitive
+                                if (oldValue !== newValue) {
+                                    oldValue = newValue;
+                                    changeDetected++;
+                                }
+                            } else if (isArrayLike(newValue)) {
+                                if (oldValue !== internalArray) {
+                                    // we are transitioning from something which was not an array into array.
+                                    oldValue = internalArray;
+                                    oldLength = oldValue.length = 0;
+                                    changeDetected++;
+                                }
+
+                                newLength = newValue.length;
+
+                                if (oldLength !== newLength) {
+                                    // if lengths do not match we need to trigger change notification
+                                    changeDetected++;
+                                    oldValue.length = oldLength = newLength;
+                                }
+                                // copy the items to oldValue and look for changes.
+                                for (var i = 0; i < newLength; i++) {
+                                    oldItem = oldValue[i];
+                                    newItem = newValue[i];
+
+                                    // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+                                    bothNaN = (oldItem !== oldItem) && (newItem !== newItem);
+                                    if (!bothNaN && (oldItem !== newItem)) {
+                                        changeDetected++;
+                                        oldValue[i] = newItem;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (oldValue !== internalObject) {
+                                    // we are transitioning from something which was not an object into object.
+                                    oldValue = internalObject = {};
+                                    oldLength = 0;
+                                    changeDetected++;
+                                }
+                                // copy the items to oldValue and look for changes.
+                                newLength = 0;
+                                for (key in newValue) {
+                                    if (hasOwnProperty.call(newValue, key)) {
+                                        newLength++;
+                                        newItem = newValue[key];
+                                        oldItem = oldValue[key];
+
+                                        if (key in oldValue) {
+                                            // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+                                            bothNaN = (oldItem !== oldItem) && (newItem !== newItem);
+                                            if (!bothNaN && (oldItem !== newItem)) {
+                                                changeDetected++;
+                                                oldValue[key] = newItem;
+                                            }
+                                        } else {
+                                            oldLength++;
+                                            oldValue[key] = newItem;
+                                            changeDetected++;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                if (oldLength > newLength) {
+                                    // we used to have more keys, need to find them and destroy them.
+                                    changeDetected++;
+                                    for (key in oldValue) {
+                                        if (!hasOwnProperty.call(newValue, key)) {
+                                            oldLength--;
+                                            delete oldValue[key];
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return changeDetected;
+                        }
+
+                        function $watchCollectionAction() {
+                            if (initRun) {
+                                initRun = false;
+                                listener(newValue, newValue, self);
+                            } else {
+                                listener(newValue, veryOldValue, self);
+                            }
+
+                            // make a copy for the next time a collection is changed
+                            if (trackVeryOldValue) {
+                                if (!isObject(newValue)) {
+                                    //primitive
+                                    veryOldValue = newValue;
+                                } else if (isArrayLike(newValue)) {
+                                    veryOldValue = new Array(newValue.length);
+                                    for (var i = 0; i < newValue.length; i++) {
+                                        veryOldValue[i] = newValue[i];
+                                    }
+                                } else { // if object
+                                    veryOldValue = {};
+                                    for (var key in newValue) {
+                                        if (hasOwnProperty.call(newValue, key)) {
+                                            veryOldValue[key] = newValue[key];
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        return this.$watch(changeDetector, $watchCollectionAction);
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$digest
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Processes all of the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watchers} of the current scope and
+                     * its children. Because a {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watcher}'s listener can change
+                     * the model, the `$digest()` keeps calling the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watchers}
+                     * until no more listeners are firing. This means that it is possible to get into an infinite
+                     * loop. This function will throw `'Maximum iteration limit exceeded.'` if the number of
+                     * iterations exceeds 10.
+                     *
+                     * Usually, you don't call `$digest()` directly in
+                     * {@link ng.directive:ngController controllers} or in
+                     * {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive directives}.
+                     * Instead, you should call {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$apply $apply()} (typically from within
+                     * a {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive directive}), which will force a `$digest()`.
+                     *
+                     * If you want to be notified whenever `$digest()` is called,
+                     * you can register a `watchExpression` function with
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch $watch()} with no `listener`.
+                     *
+                     * In unit tests, you may need to call `$digest()` to simulate the scope life cycle.
+                     *
+                     * @example
+                     * ```js
+                         var scope = ...;
+                         scope.name = 'misko';
+                         scope.counter = 0;
+
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(0);
+                         scope.$watch('name', function(newValue, oldValue) {
+                           scope.counter = scope.counter + 1;
+                         });
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(0);
+
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         // the listener is always called during the first $digest loop after it was registered
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(1);
+
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         // but now it will not be called unless the value changes
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(1);
+
+                         scope.name = 'adam';
+                         scope.$digest();
+                         expect(scope.counter).toEqual(2);
+                     * ```
+                     *
+                     */
+                    $digest: function () {
+                        var watch, value, last, fn, get,
+                            watchers,
+                            dirty, ttl = TTL,
+                            next, current, target = this,
+                            watchLog = [],
+                            logIdx, asyncTask;
+
+                        beginPhase('$digest');
+                        // Check for changes to browser url that happened in sync before the call to $digest
+                        $browser.$$checkUrlChange();
+
+                        if (this === $rootScope && applyAsyncId !== null) {
+                            // If this is the root scope, and $applyAsync has scheduled a deferred $apply(), then
+                            // cancel the scheduled $apply and flush the queue of expressions to be evaluated.
+                            $browser.defer.cancel(applyAsyncId);
+                            flushApplyAsync();
+                        }
+
+                        lastDirtyWatch = null;
+
+                        do { // "while dirty" loop
+                            dirty = false;
+                            current = target;
+
+                            // It's safe for asyncQueuePosition to be a local variable here because this loop can't
+                            // be reentered recursively. Calling $digest from a function passed to $evalAsync would
+                            // lead to a '$digest already in progress' error.
+                            for (var asyncQueuePosition = 0; asyncQueuePosition < asyncQueue.length; asyncQueuePosition++) {
+                                try {
+                                    asyncTask = asyncQueue[asyncQueuePosition];
+                                    fn = asyncTask.fn;
+                                    fn(asyncTask.scope, asyncTask.locals);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                                lastDirtyWatch = null;
+                            }
+                            asyncQueue.length = 0;
+
+                            traverseScopesLoop:
+                                do { // "traverse the scopes" loop
+                                    if ((watchers = current.$$watchers)) {
+                                        // process our watches
+                                        watchers.$$digestWatchIndex = watchers.length;
+                                        while (watchers.$$digestWatchIndex--) {
+                                            try {
+                                                watch = watchers[watchers.$$digestWatchIndex];
+                                                // Most common watches are on primitives, in which case we can short
+                                                // circuit it with === operator, only when === fails do we use .equals
+                                                if (watch) {
+                                                    get = watch.get;
+                                                    if ((value = get(current)) !== (last = watch.last) &&
+                                                        !(watch.eq ?
+                                                            equals(value, last) :
+                                                            (isNumberNaN(value) && isNumberNaN(last)))) {
+                                                        dirty = true;
+                                                        lastDirtyWatch = watch;
+                                                        watch.last = watch.eq ? copy(value, null) : value;
+                                                        fn = watch.fn;
+                                                        fn(value, ((last === initWatchVal) ? value : last), current);
+                                                        if (ttl < 5) {
+                                                            logIdx = 4 - ttl;
+                                                            if (!watchLog[logIdx]) watchLog[logIdx] = [];
+                                                            watchLog[logIdx].push({
+                                                                msg: isFunction(watch.exp) ? 'fn: ' + (watch.exp.name || watch.exp.toString()) : watch.exp,
+                                                                newVal: value,
+                                                                oldVal: last
+                                                            });
+                                                        }
+                                                    } else if (watch === lastDirtyWatch) {
+                                                        // If the most recently dirty watcher is now clean, short circuit since the remaining watchers
+                                                        // have already been tested.
+                                                        dirty = false;
+                                                        break traverseScopesLoop;
+                                                    }
+                                                }
+                                            } catch (e) {
+                                                $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    }
+
+                                    // Insanity Warning: scope depth-first traversal
+                                    // yes, this code is a bit crazy, but it works and we have tests to prove it!
+                                    // this piece should be kept in sync with the traversal in $broadcast
+                                    if (!(next = ((current.$$watchersCount && current.$$childHead) ||
+                                            (current !== target && current.$$nextSibling)))) {
+                                        while (current !== target && !(next = current.$$nextSibling)) {
+                                            current = current.$parent;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                } while ((current = next));
+
+                            // `break traverseScopesLoop;` takes us to here
+
+                            if ((dirty || asyncQueue.length) && !(ttl--)) {
+                                clearPhase();
+                                throw $rootScopeMinErr('infdig',
+                                    '{0} $digest() iterations reached. Aborting!\n' +
+                                    'Watchers fired in the last 5 iterations: {1}',
+                                    TTL, watchLog);
+                            }
+
+                        } while (dirty || asyncQueue.length);
+
+                        clearPhase();
+
+                        // postDigestQueuePosition isn't local here because this loop can be reentered recursively.
+                        while (postDigestQueuePosition < postDigestQueue.length) {
+                            try {
+                                postDigestQueue[postDigestQueuePosition++]();
+                            } catch (e) {
+                                $exceptionHandler(e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        postDigestQueue.length = postDigestQueuePosition = 0;
+
+                        // Check for changes to browser url that happened during the $digest
+                        // (for which no event is fired; e.g. via `history.pushState()`)
+                        $browser.$$checkUrlChange();
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc event
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$destroy
+                     * @eventType broadcast on scope being destroyed
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Broadcasted when a scope and its children are being destroyed.
+                     *
+                     * Note that, in AngularJS, there is also a `$destroy` jQuery event, which can be used to
+                     * clean up DOM bindings before an element is removed from the DOM.
+                     */
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$destroy
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Removes the current scope (and all of its children) from the parent scope. Removal implies
+                     * that calls to {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest()} will no longer
+                     * propagate to the current scope and its children. Removal also implies that the current
+                     * scope is eligible for garbage collection.
+                     *
+                     * The `$destroy()` is usually used by directives such as
+                     * {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat ngRepeat} for managing the
+                     * unrolling of the loop.
+                     *
+                     * Just before a scope is destroyed, a `$destroy` event is broadcasted on this scope.
+                     * Application code can register a `$destroy` event handler that will give it a chance to
+                     * perform any necessary cleanup.
+                     *
+                     * Note that, in AngularJS, there is also a `$destroy` jQuery event, which can be used to
+                     * clean up DOM bindings before an element is removed from the DOM.
+                     */
+                    $destroy: function () {
+                        // We can't destroy a scope that has been already destroyed.
+                        if (this.$$destroyed) return;
+                        var parent = this.$parent;
+
+                        this.$broadcast('$destroy');
+                        this.$$destroyed = true;
+
+                        if (this === $rootScope) {
+                            //Remove handlers attached to window when $rootScope is removed
+                            $browser.$$applicationDestroyed();
+                        }
+
+                        incrementWatchersCount(this, -this.$$watchersCount);
+                        for (var eventName in this.$$listenerCount) {
+                            decrementListenerCount(this, this.$$listenerCount[eventName], eventName);
+                        }
+
+                        // sever all the references to parent scopes (after this cleanup, the current scope should
+                        // not be retained by any of our references and should be eligible for garbage collection)
+                        if (parent && parent.$$childHead === this) parent.$$childHead = this.$$nextSibling;
+                        if (parent && parent.$$childTail === this) parent.$$childTail = this.$$prevSibling;
+                        if (this.$$prevSibling) this.$$prevSibling.$$nextSibling = this.$$nextSibling;
+                        if (this.$$nextSibling) this.$$nextSibling.$$prevSibling = this.$$prevSibling;
+
+                        // Disable listeners, watchers and apply/digest methods
+                        this.$destroy = this.$digest = this.$apply = this.$evalAsync = this.$applyAsync = noop;
+                        this.$on = this.$watch = this.$watchGroup = function () {
+                            return noop;
+                        };
+                        this.$$listeners = {};
+
+                        // Disconnect the next sibling to prevent `cleanUpScope` destroying those too
+                        this.$$nextSibling = null;
+                        cleanUpScope(this);
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$eval
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Executes the `expression` on the current scope and returns the result. Any exceptions in
+                     * the expression are propagated (uncaught). This is useful when evaluating AngularJS
+                     * expressions.
+                     *
+                     * @example
+                     * ```js
+                         var scope = ng.$rootScope.Scope();
+                         scope.a = 1;
+                         scope.b = 2;
+
+                         expect(scope.$eval('a+b')).toEqual(3);
+                         expect(scope.$eval(function(scope){ return scope.a + scope.b; })).toEqual(3);
+                     * ```
+                     *
+                     * @param {(string|function())=} expression An AngularJS expression to be executed.
+                     *
+                     *    - `string`: execute using the rules as defined in  {@link guide/expression expression}.
+                     *    - `function(scope)`: execute the function with the current `scope` parameter.
+                     *
+                     * @param {(object)=} locals Local variables object, useful for overriding values in scope.
+                     * @returns {*} The result of evaluating the expression.
+                     */
+                    $eval: function (expr, locals) {
+                        return $parse(expr)(this, locals);
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$evalAsync
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Executes the expression on the current scope at a later point in time.
+                     *
+                     * The `$evalAsync` makes no guarantees as to when the `expression` will be executed, only
+                     * that:
+                     *
+                     *   - it will execute after the function that scheduled the evaluation (preferably before DOM
+                     *     rendering).
+                     *   - at least one {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest cycle} will be performed after
+                     *     `expression` execution.
+                     *
+                     * Any exceptions from the execution of the expression are forwarded to the
+                     * {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler} service.
+                     *
+                     * __Note:__ if this function is called outside of a `$digest` cycle, a new `$digest` cycle
+                     * will be scheduled. However, it is encouraged to always call code that changes the model
+                     * from within an `$apply` call. That includes code evaluated via `$evalAsync`.
+                     *
+                     * @param {(string|function())=} expression An AngularJS expression to be executed.
+                     *
+                     *    - `string`: execute using the rules as defined in {@link guide/expression expression}.
+                     *    - `function(scope)`: execute the function with the current `scope` parameter.
+                     *
+                     * @param {(object)=} locals Local variables object, useful for overriding values in scope.
+                     */
+                    $evalAsync: function (expr, locals) {
+                        // if we are outside of an $digest loop and this is the first time we are scheduling async
+                        // task also schedule async auto-flush
+                        if (!$rootScope.$$phase && !asyncQueue.length) {
+                            $browser.defer(function () {
+                                if (asyncQueue.length) {
+                                    $rootScope.$digest();
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+
+                        asyncQueue.push({
+                            scope: this,
+                            fn: $parse(expr),
+                            locals: locals
+                        });
+                    },
+
+                    $$postDigest: function (fn) {
+                        postDigestQueue.push(fn);
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$apply
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * `$apply()` is used to execute an expression in AngularJS from outside of the AngularJS
+                     * framework. (For example from browser DOM events, setTimeout, XHR or third party libraries).
+                     * Because we are calling into the AngularJS framework we need to perform proper scope life
+                     * cycle of {@link ng.$exceptionHandler exception handling},
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest executing watches}.
+                     *
+                     * **Life cycle: Pseudo-Code of `$apply()`**
+                     *
+                     * ```js
+                         function $apply(expr) {
+                           try {
+                             return $eval(expr);
+                           } catch (e) {
+                             $exceptionHandler(e);
+                           } finally {
+                             $root.$digest();
+                           }
+                         }
+                     * ```
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * Scope's `$apply()` method transitions through the following stages:
+                     *
+                     * 1. The {@link guide/expression expression} is executed using the
+                     *    {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$eval $eval()} method.
+                     * 2. Any exceptions from the execution of the expression are forwarded to the
+                     *    {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler} service.
+                     * 3. The {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$watch watch} listeners are fired immediately after the
+                     *    expression was executed using the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$digest $digest()} method.
+                     *
+                     *
+                     * @param {(string|function())=} exp An AngularJS expression to be executed.
+                     *
+                     *    - `string`: execute using the rules as defined in {@link guide/expression expression}.
+                     *    - `function(scope)`: execute the function with current `scope` parameter.
+                     *
+                     * @returns {*} The result of evaluating the expression.
+                     */
+                    $apply: function (expr) {
+                        try {
+                            beginPhase('$apply');
+                            try {
+                                return this.$eval(expr);
+                            } finally {
+                                clearPhase();
+                            }
+                        } catch (e) {
+                            $exceptionHandler(e);
+                        } finally {
+                            try {
+                                $rootScope.$digest();
+                            } catch (e) {
+                                $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                // eslint-disable-next-line no-unsafe-finally
+                                throw e;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$applyAsync
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Schedule the invocation of $apply to occur at a later time. The actual time difference
+                     * varies across browsers, but is typically around ~10 milliseconds.
+                     *
+                     * This can be used to queue up multiple expressions which need to be evaluated in the same
+                     * digest.
+                     *
+                     * @param {(string|function())=} exp An AngularJS expression to be executed.
+                     *
+                     *    - `string`: execute using the rules as defined in {@link guide/expression expression}.
+                     *    - `function(scope)`: execute the function with current `scope` parameter.
+                     */
+                    $applyAsync: function (expr) {
+                        var scope = this;
+                        if (expr) {
+                            applyAsyncQueue.push($applyAsyncExpression);
+                        }
+                        expr = $parse(expr);
+                        scheduleApplyAsync();
+
+                        function $applyAsyncExpression() {
+                            scope.$eval(expr);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$on
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Listens on events of a given type. See {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$emit $emit} for
+                     * discussion of event life cycle.
+                     *
+                     * The event listener function format is: `function(event, args...)`. The `event` object
+                     * passed into the listener has the following attributes:
+                     *
+                     *   - `targetScope` - `{Scope}`: the scope on which the event was `$emit`-ed or
+                     *     `$broadcast`-ed.
+                     *   - `currentScope` - `{Scope}`: the scope that is currently handling the event. Once the
+                     *     event propagates through the scope hierarchy, this property is set to null.
+                     *   - `name` - `{string}`: name of the event.
+                     *   - `stopPropagation` - `{function=}`: calling `stopPropagation` function will cancel
+                     *     further event propagation (available only for events that were `$emit`-ed).
+                     *   - `preventDefault` - `{function}`: calling `preventDefault` sets `defaultPrevented` flag
+                     *     to true.
+                     *   - `defaultPrevented` - `{boolean}`: true if `preventDefault` was called.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} name Event name to listen on.
+                     * @param {function(event, ...args)} listener Function to call when the event is emitted.
+                     * @returns {function()} Returns a deregistration function for this listener.
+                     */
+                    $on: function (name, listener) {
+                        var namedListeners = this.$$listeners[name];
+                        if (!namedListeners) {
+                            this.$$listeners[name] = namedListeners = [];
+                        }
+                        namedListeners.push(listener);
+
+                        var current = this;
+                        do {
+                            if (!current.$$listenerCount[name]) {
+                                current.$$listenerCount[name] = 0;
+                            }
+                            current.$$listenerCount[name]++;
+                        } while ((current = current.$parent));
+
+                        var self = this;
+                        return function () {
+                            var indexOfListener = namedListeners.indexOf(listener);
+                            if (indexOfListener !== -1) {
+                                // Use delete in the hope of the browser deallocating the memory for the array entry,
+                                // while not shifting the array indexes of other listeners.
+                                // See issue https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/16135
+                                delete namedListeners[indexOfListener];
+                                decrementListenerCount(self, 1, name);
+                            }
+                        };
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$emit
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Dispatches an event `name` upwards through the scope hierarchy notifying the
+                     * registered {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on} listeners.
+                     *
+                     * The event life cycle starts at the scope on which `$emit` was called. All
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on listeners} listening for `name` event on this scope get
+                     * notified. Afterwards, the event traverses upwards toward the root scope and calls all
+                     * registered listeners along the way. The event will stop propagating if one of the listeners
+                     * cancels it.
+                     *
+                     * Any exception emitted from the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on listeners} will be passed
+                     * onto the {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler} service.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} name Event name to emit.
+                     * @param {...*} args Optional one or more arguments which will be passed onto the event listeners.
+                     * @return {Object} Event object (see {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on}).
+                     */
+                    $emit: function (name, args) {
+                        var empty = [],
+                            namedListeners,
+                            scope = this,
+                            stopPropagation = false,
+                            event = {
+                                name: name,
+                                targetScope: scope,
+                                stopPropagation: function () {
+                                    stopPropagation = true;
+                                },
+                                preventDefault: function () {
+                                    event.defaultPrevented = true;
+                                },
+                                defaultPrevented: false
+                            },
+                            listenerArgs = concat([event], arguments, 1),
+                            i, length;
+
+                        do {
+                            namedListeners = scope.$$listeners[name] || empty;
+                            event.currentScope = scope;
+                            for (i = 0, length = namedListeners.length; i < length; i++) {
+
+                                // if listeners were deregistered, defragment the array
+                                if (!namedListeners[i]) {
+                                    namedListeners.splice(i, 1);
+                                    i--;
+                                    length--;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                try {
+                                    //allow all listeners attached to the current scope to run
+                                    namedListeners[i].apply(null, listenerArgs);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            //if any listener on the current scope stops propagation, prevent bubbling
+                            if (stopPropagation) {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            //traverse upwards
+                            scope = scope.$parent;
+                        } while (scope);
+
+                        event.currentScope = null;
+
+                        return event;
+                    },
+
+
+                    /**
+                     * @ngdoc method
+                     * @name $rootScope.Scope#$broadcast
+                     * @kind function
+                     *
+                     * @description
+                     * Dispatches an event `name` downwards to all child scopes (and their children) notifying the
+                     * registered {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on} listeners.
+                     *
+                     * The event life cycle starts at the scope on which `$broadcast` was called. All
+                     * {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on listeners} listening for `name` event on this scope get
+                     * notified. Afterwards, the event propagates to all direct and indirect scopes of the current
+                     * scope and calls all registered listeners along the way. The event cannot be canceled.
+                     *
+                     * Any exception emitted from the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on listeners} will be passed
+                     * onto the {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler} service.
+                     *
+                     * @param {string} name Event name to broadcast.
+                     * @param {...*} args Optional one or more arguments which will be passed onto the event listeners.
+                     * @return {Object} Event object, see {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$on}
+                     */
+                    $broadcast: function (name, args) {
+                        var target = this,
+                            current = target,
+                            next = target,
+                            event = {
+                                name: name,
+                                targetScope: target,
+                                preventDefault: function () {
+                                    event.defaultPrevented = true;
+                                },
+                                defaultPrevented: false
+                            };
+
+                        if (!target.$$listenerCount[name]) return event;
+
+                        var listenerArgs = concat([event], arguments, 1),
+                            listeners, i, length;
+
+                        //down while you can, then up and next sibling or up and next sibling until back at root
+                        while ((current = next)) {
+                            event.currentScope = current;
+                            listeners = current.$$listeners[name] || [];
+                            for (i = 0, length = listeners.length; i < length; i++) {
+                                // if listeners were deregistered, defragment the array
+                                if (!listeners[i]) {
+                                    listeners.splice(i, 1);
+                                    i--;
+                                    length--;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+
+                                try {
+                                    listeners[i].apply(null, listenerArgs);
+                                } catch (e) {
+                                    $exceptionHandler(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // Insanity Warning: scope depth-first traversal
+                            // yes, this code is a bit crazy, but it works and we have tests to prove it!
+                            // this piece should be kept in sync with the traversal in $digest
+                            // (though it differs due to having the extra check for $$listenerCount)
+                            if (!(next = ((current.$$listenerCount[name] && current.$$childHead) ||
+                                    (current !== target && current.$$nextSibling)))) {
+                                while (current !== target && !(next = current.$$nextSibling)) {
+                                    current = current.$parent;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        event.currentScope = null;
+                        return event;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                var $rootScope = new Scope();
+
+                //The internal queues. Expose them on the $rootScope for debugging/testing purposes.
+                var asyncQueue = $rootScope.$$asyncQueue = [];
+                var postDigestQueue = $rootScope.$$postDigestQueue = [];
+                var applyAsyncQueue = $rootScope.$$applyAsyncQueue = [];
+
+                var postDigestQueuePosition = 0;
+
+                return $rootScope;
+
+
+                function beginPhase(phase) {
+                    if ($rootScope.$$phase) {
+                        throw $rootScopeMinErr('inprog', '{0} already in progress', $rootScope.$$phase);
+                    }
+
+                    $rootScope.$$phase = phase;
+                }
+
+                function clearPhase() {
+                    $rootScope.$$phase = null;
+                }
+
+                function incrementWatchersCount(current, count) {
+                    do {
+                        current.$$watchersCount += count;
+                    } while ((current = current.$parent));
+                }
+
+                function decrementListenerCount(current, count, name) {
+                    do {
+                        current.$$listenerCount[name] -= count;
+
+                        if (current.$$listenerCount[name] === 0) {
+                            delete current.$$listenerCount[name];
+                        }
+                    } while ((current = current.$parent));
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * function used as an initial value for watchers.
+                 * because it's unique we can easily tell it apart from other values
+                 */
+                function initWatchVal() {}
+
+                function flushApplyAsync() {
+                    while (applyAsyncQueue.length) {
+                        try {
+                            applyAsyncQueue.shift()();
+                        } catch (e) {
+                            $exceptionHandler(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    applyAsyncId = null;
+                }
+
+                function scheduleApplyAsync() {
+                    if (applyAsyncId === null) {
+                        applyAsyncId = $browser.defer(function () {
+                            $rootScope.$apply(flushApplyAsync);
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $rootElement
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The root element of AngularJS application. This is either the element where {@link
+     * ng.directive:ngApp ngApp} was declared or the element passed into
+     * {@link angular.bootstrap}. The element represents the root element of application. It is also the
+     * location where the application's {@link auto.$injector $injector} service gets
+     * published, and can be retrieved using `$rootElement.injector()`.
+     */
+
+
+    // the implementation is in angular.bootstrap
+
+    /**
+     * @this
+     * @description
+     * Private service to sanitize uris for links and images. Used by $compile and $sanitize.
+     */
+    function $$SanitizeUriProvider() {
+        var aHrefSanitizationWhitelist = /^\s*(https?|s?ftp|mailto|tel|file):/,
+            imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist = /^\s*((https?|ftp|file|blob):|data:image\/)/;
+
+        /**
+         * @description
+         * Retrieves or overrides the default regular expression that is used for whitelisting of safe
+         * urls during a[href] sanitization.
+         *
+         * The sanitization is a security measure aimed at prevent XSS attacks via html links.
+         *
+         * Any url about to be assigned to a[href] via data-binding is first normalized and turned into
+         * an absolute url. Afterwards, the url is matched against the `aHrefSanitizationWhitelist`
+         * regular expression. If a match is found, the original url is written into the dom. Otherwise,
+         * the absolute url is prefixed with `'unsafe:'` string and only then is it written into the DOM.
+         *
+         * @param {RegExp=} regexp New regexp to whitelist urls with.
+         * @returns {RegExp|ng.$compileProvider} Current RegExp if called without value or self for
+         *    chaining otherwise.
+         */
+        this.aHrefSanitizationWhitelist = function (regexp) {
+            if (isDefined(regexp)) {
+                aHrefSanitizationWhitelist = regexp;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return aHrefSanitizationWhitelist;
+        };
+
+
+        /**
+         * @description
+         * Retrieves or overrides the default regular expression that is used for whitelisting of safe
+         * urls during img[src] sanitization.
+         *
+         * The sanitization is a security measure aimed at prevent XSS attacks via html links.
+         *
+         * Any url about to be assigned to img[src] via data-binding is first normalized and turned into
+         * an absolute url. Afterwards, the url is matched against the `imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist`
+         * regular expression. If a match is found, the original url is written into the dom. Otherwise,
+         * the absolute url is prefixed with `'unsafe:'` string and only then is it written into the DOM.
+         *
+         * @param {RegExp=} regexp New regexp to whitelist urls with.
+         * @returns {RegExp|ng.$compileProvider} Current RegExp if called without value or self for
+         *    chaining otherwise.
+         */
+        this.imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist = function (regexp) {
+            if (isDefined(regexp)) {
+                imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist = regexp;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist;
+        };
+
+        this.$get = function () {
+            return function sanitizeUri(uri, isImage) {
+                var regex = isImage ? imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist : aHrefSanitizationWhitelist;
+                var normalizedVal;
+                normalizedVal = urlResolve(uri && uri.trim()).href;
+                if (normalizedVal !== '' && !normalizedVal.match(regex)) {
+                    return 'unsafe:' + normalizedVal;
+                }
+                return uri;
+            };
+        };
+    }
+
+    /* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
+     *     Any commits to this file should be reviewed with security in mind.  *
+     *   Changes to this file can potentially create security vulnerabilities. *
+     *          An approval from 2 Core members with history of modifying      *
+     *                         this file is required.                          *
+     *                                                                         *
+     *  Does the change somehow allow for arbitrary javascript to be executed? *
+     *    Or allows for someone to change the prototype of built-in objects?   *
+     *     Or gives undesired access to variables likes document or window?    *
+     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+
+    /* exported $SceProvider, $SceDelegateProvider */
+
+    var $sceMinErr = minErr('$sce');
+
+    var SCE_CONTEXTS = {
+        // HTML is used when there's HTML rendered (e.g. ng-bind-html, iframe srcdoc binding).
+        HTML: 'html',
+
+        // Style statements or stylesheets. Currently unused in AngularJS.
+        CSS: 'css',
+
+        // An URL used in a context where it does not refer to a resource that loads code. Currently
+        // unused in AngularJS.
+        URL: 'url',
+
+        // RESOURCE_URL is a subtype of URL used where the referred-to resource could be interpreted as
+        // code. (e.g. ng-include, script src binding, templateUrl)
+        RESOURCE_URL: 'resourceUrl',
+
+        // Script. Currently unused in AngularJS.
+        JS: 'js'
+    };
+
+    // Helper functions follow.
+
+    var UNDERSCORE_LOWERCASE_REGEXP = /_([a-z])/g;
+
+    function snakeToCamel(name) {
+        return name
+            .replace(UNDERSCORE_LOWERCASE_REGEXP, fnCamelCaseReplace);
+    }
+
+    function adjustMatcher(matcher) {
+        if (matcher === 'self') {
+            return matcher;
+        } else if (isString(matcher)) {
+            // Strings match exactly except for 2 wildcards - '*' and '**'.
+            // '*' matches any character except those from the set ':/.?&'.
+            // '**' matches any character (like .* in a RegExp).
+            // More than 2 *'s raises an error as it's ill defined.
+            if (matcher.indexOf('***') > -1) {
+                throw $sceMinErr('iwcard',
+                    'Illegal sequence *** in string matcher.  String: {0}', matcher);
+            }
+            matcher = escapeForRegexp(matcher).
+            replace(/\\\*\\\*/g, '.*').
+            replace(/\\\*/g, '[^:/.?&;]*');
+            return new RegExp('^' + matcher + '$');
+        } else if (isRegExp(matcher)) {
+            // The only other type of matcher allowed is a Regexp.
+            // Match entire URL / disallow partial matches.
+            // Flags are reset (i.e. no global, ignoreCase or multiline)
+            return new RegExp('^' + matcher.source + '$');
+        } else {
+            throw $sceMinErr('imatcher',
+                'Matchers may only be "self", string patterns or RegExp objects');
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    function adjustMatchers(matchers) {
+        var adjustedMatchers = [];
+        if (isDefined(matchers)) {
+            forEach(matchers, function (matcher) {
+                adjustedMatchers.push(adjustMatcher(matcher));
+            });
+        }
+        return adjustedMatchers;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $sceDelegate
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * `$sceDelegate` is a service that is used by the `$sce` service to provide {@link ng.$sce Strict
+     * Contextual Escaping (SCE)} services to AngularJS.
+     *
+     * For an overview of this service and the functionnality it provides in AngularJS, see the main
+     * page for {@link ng.$sce SCE}. The current page is targeted for developers who need to alter how
+     * SCE works in their application, which shouldn't be needed in most cases.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+     * AngularJS strongly relies on contextual escaping for the security of bindings: disabling or
+     * modifying this might cause cross site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities. For libraries owners,
+     * changes to this service will also influence users, so be extra careful and document your changes.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * Typically, you would configure or override the {@link ng.$sceDelegate $sceDelegate} instead of
+     * the `$sce` service to customize the way Strict Contextual Escaping works in AngularJS.  This is
+     * because, while the `$sce` provides numerous shorthand methods, etc., you really only need to
+     * override 3 core functions (`trustAs`, `getTrusted` and `valueOf`) to replace the way things
+     * work because `$sce` delegates to `$sceDelegate` for these operations.
+     *
+     * Refer {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider $sceDelegateProvider} to configure this service.
+     *
+     * The default instance of `$sceDelegate` should work out of the box with little pain.  While you
+     * can override it completely to change the behavior of `$sce`, the common case would
+     * involve configuring the {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider $sceDelegateProvider} instead by setting
+     * your own whitelists and blacklists for trusting URLs used for loading AngularJS resources such as
+     * templates.  Refer {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist
+     * $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist} and {@link
+     * ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlBlacklist $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlBlacklist}
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $sceDelegateProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The `$sceDelegateProvider` provider allows developers to configure the {@link ng.$sceDelegate
+     * $sceDelegate service}, used as a delegate for {@link ng.$sce Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE)}.
+     *
+     * The `$sceDelegateProvider` allows one to get/set the whitelists and blacklists used to ensure
+     * that the URLs used for sourcing AngularJS templates and other script-running URLs are safe (all
+     * places that use the `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` context). See
+     * {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist}
+     * and
+     * {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlBlacklist $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlBlacklist},
+     *
+     * For the general details about this service in AngularJS, read the main page for {@link ng.$sce
+     * Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE)}.
+     *
+     * **Example**:  Consider the following case. <a name="example"></a>
+     *
+     * - your app is hosted at url `http://myapp.example.com/`
+     * - but some of your templates are hosted on other domains you control such as
+     *   `http://srv01.assets.example.com/`, `http://srv02.assets.example.com/`, etc.
+     * - and you have an open redirect at `http://myapp.example.com/clickThru?...`.
+     *
+     * Here is what a secure configuration for this scenario might look like:
+     *
+     * ```
+     *  angular.module('myApp', []).config(function($sceDelegateProvider) {
+     *    $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist([
+     *      // Allow same origin resource loads.
+     *      'self',
+     *      // Allow loading from our assets domain.  Notice the difference between * and **.
+     *      'http://srv*.assets.example.com/**'
+     *    ]);
+     *
+     *    // The blacklist overrides the whitelist so the open redirect here is blocked.
+     *    $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlBlacklist([
+     *      'http://myapp.example.com/clickThru**'
+     *    ]);
+     *  });
+     * ```
+     * Note that an empty whitelist will block every resource URL from being loaded, and will require
+     * you to manually mark each one as trusted with `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl`. However, templates
+     * requested by {@link ng.$templateRequest $templateRequest} that are present in
+     * {@link ng.$templateCache $templateCache} will not go through this check. If you have a mechanism
+     * to populate your templates in that cache at config time, then it is a good idea to remove 'self'
+     * from that whitelist. This helps to mitigate the security impact of certain types of issues, like
+     * for instance attacker-controlled `ng-includes`.
+     */
+
+    function $SceDelegateProvider() {
+        this.SCE_CONTEXTS = SCE_CONTEXTS;
+
+        // Resource URLs can also be trusted by policy.
+        var resourceUrlWhitelist = ['self'],
+            resourceUrlBlacklist = [];
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @param {Array=} whitelist When provided, replaces the resourceUrlWhitelist with the value
+         *     provided.  This must be an array or null.  A snapshot of this array is used so further
+         *     changes to the array are ignored.
+         *     Follow {@link ng.$sce#resourceUrlPatternItem this link} for a description of the items
+         *     allowed in this array.
+         *
+         * @return {Array} The currently set whitelist array.
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets/Gets the whitelist of trusted resource URLs.
+         *
+         * The **default value** when no whitelist has been explicitly set is `['self']` allowing only
+         * same origin resource requests.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * **Note:** the default whitelist of 'self' is not recommended if your app shares its origin
+         * with other apps! It is a good idea to limit it to only your application's directory.
+         * </div>
+         */
+        this.resourceUrlWhitelist = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                resourceUrlWhitelist = adjustMatchers(value);
+            }
+            return resourceUrlWhitelist;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlBlacklist
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @param {Array=} blacklist When provided, replaces the resourceUrlBlacklist with the value
+         *     provided.  This must be an array or null.  A snapshot of this array is used so further
+         *     changes to the array are ignored.</p><p>
+         *     Follow {@link ng.$sce#resourceUrlPatternItem this link} for a description of the items
+         *     allowed in this array.</p><p>
+         *     The typical usage for the blacklist is to **block
+         *     [open redirects](http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html)** served by your domain as
+         *     these would otherwise be trusted but actually return content from the redirected domain.
+         *     </p><p>
+         *     Finally, **the blacklist overrides the whitelist** and has the final say.
+         *
+         * @return {Array} The currently set blacklist array.
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets/Gets the blacklist of trusted resource URLs.
+         *
+         * The **default value** when no whitelist has been explicitly set is the empty array (i.e. there
+         * is no blacklist.)
+         */
+
+        this.resourceUrlBlacklist = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                resourceUrlBlacklist = adjustMatchers(value);
+            }
+            return resourceUrlBlacklist;
+        };
+
+        this.$get = ['$injector', function ($injector) {
+
+            var htmlSanitizer = function htmlSanitizer(html) {
+                throw $sceMinErr('unsafe', 'Attempting to use an unsafe value in a safe context.');
+            };
+
+            if ($injector.has('$sanitize')) {
+                htmlSanitizer = $injector.get('$sanitize');
+            }
+
+
+            function matchUrl(matcher, parsedUrl) {
+                if (matcher === 'self') {
+                    return urlIsSameOrigin(parsedUrl);
+                } else {
+                    // definitely a regex.  See adjustMatchers()
+                    return !!matcher.exec(parsedUrl.href);
+                }
+            }
+
+            function isResourceUrlAllowedByPolicy(url) {
+                var parsedUrl = urlResolve(url.toString());
+                var i, n, allowed = false;
+                // Ensure that at least one item from the whitelist allows this url.
+                for (i = 0, n = resourceUrlWhitelist.length; i < n; i++) {
+                    if (matchUrl(resourceUrlWhitelist[i], parsedUrl)) {
+                        allowed = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (allowed) {
+                    // Ensure that no item from the blacklist blocked this url.
+                    for (i = 0, n = resourceUrlBlacklist.length; i < n; i++) {
+                        if (matchUrl(resourceUrlBlacklist[i], parsedUrl)) {
+                            allowed = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return allowed;
+            }
+
+            function generateHolderType(Base) {
+                var holderType = function TrustedValueHolderType(trustedValue) {
+                    this.$$unwrapTrustedValue = function () {
+                        return trustedValue;
+                    };
+                };
+                if (Base) {
+                    holderType.prototype = new Base();
+                }
+                holderType.prototype.valueOf = function sceValueOf() {
+                    return this.$$unwrapTrustedValue();
+                };
+                holderType.prototype.toString = function sceToString() {
+                    return this.$$unwrapTrustedValue().toString();
+                };
+                return holderType;
+            }
+
+            var trustedValueHolderBase = generateHolderType(),
+                byType = {};
+
+            byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.HTML] = generateHolderType(trustedValueHolderBase);
+            byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.CSS] = generateHolderType(trustedValueHolderBase);
+            byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.URL] = generateHolderType(trustedValueHolderBase);
+            byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.JS] = generateHolderType(trustedValueHolderBase);
+            byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.RESOURCE_URL] = generateHolderType(byType[SCE_CONTEXTS.URL]);
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sceDelegate#trustAs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Returns a trusted representation of the parameter for the specified context. This trusted
+             * object will later on be used as-is, without any security check, by bindings or directives
+             * that require this security context.
+             * For instance, marking a string as trusted for the `$sce.HTML` context will entirely bypass
+             * the potential `$sanitize` call in corresponding `$sce.HTML` bindings or directives, such as
+             * `ng-bind-html`. Note that in most cases you won't need to call this function: if you have the
+             * sanitizer loaded, passing the value itself will render all the HTML that does not pose a
+             * security risk.
+             *
+             * See {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted getTrusted} for the function that will consume those
+             * trusted values, and {@link ng.$sce $sce} for general documentation about strict contextual
+             * escaping.
+             *
+             * @param {string} type The context in which this value is safe for use, e.g. `$sce.URL`,
+             *     `$sce.RESOURCE_URL`, `$sce.HTML`, `$sce.JS` or `$sce.CSS`.
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value that should be considered trusted.
+             * @return {*} A trusted representation of value, that can be used in the given context.
+             */
+            function trustAs(type, trustedValue) {
+                var Constructor = (byType.hasOwnProperty(type) ? byType[type] : null);
+                if (!Constructor) {
+                    throw $sceMinErr('icontext',
+                        'Attempted to trust a value in invalid context. Context: {0}; Value: {1}',
+                        type, trustedValue);
+                }
+                if (trustedValue === null || isUndefined(trustedValue) || trustedValue === '') {
+                    return trustedValue;
+                }
+                // All the current contexts in SCE_CONTEXTS happen to be strings.  In order to avoid trusting
+                // mutable objects, we ensure here that the value passed in is actually a string.
+                if (typeof trustedValue !== 'string') {
+                    throw $sceMinErr('itype',
+                        'Attempted to trust a non-string value in a content requiring a string: Context: {0}',
+                        type);
+                }
+                return new Constructor(trustedValue);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sceDelegate#valueOf
+             *
+             * @description
+             * If the passed parameter had been returned by a prior call to {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs
+             * `$sceDelegate.trustAs`}, returns the value that had been passed to {@link
+             * ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs`}.
+             *
+             * If the passed parameter is not a value that had been returned by {@link
+             * ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs`}, it must be returned as-is.
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The result of a prior {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs`}
+             *     call or anything else.
+             * @return {*} The `value` that was originally provided to {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs
+             *     `$sceDelegate.trustAs`} if `value` is the result of such a call.  Otherwise, returns
+             *     `value` unchanged.
+             */
+            function valueOf(maybeTrusted) {
+                if (maybeTrusted instanceof trustedValueHolderBase) {
+                    return maybeTrusted.$$unwrapTrustedValue();
+                } else {
+                    return maybeTrusted;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sceDelegate#getTrusted
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Takes any input, and either returns a value that's safe to use in the specified context, or
+             * throws an exception.
+             *
+             * In practice, there are several cases. When given a string, this function runs checks
+             * and sanitization to make it safe without prior assumptions. When given the result of a {@link
+             * ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs`} call, it returns the originally supplied
+             * value if that value's context is valid for this call's context. Finally, this function can
+             * also throw when there is no way to turn `maybeTrusted` in a safe value (e.g., no sanitization
+             * is available or possible.)
+             *
+             * @param {string} type The context in which this value is to be used (such as `$sce.HTML`).
+             * @param {*} maybeTrusted The result of a prior {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs
+             *     `$sceDelegate.trustAs`} call, or anything else (which will not be considered trusted.)
+             * @return {*} A version of the value that's safe to use in the given context, or throws an
+             *     exception if this is impossible.
+             */
+            function getTrusted(type, maybeTrusted) {
+                if (maybeTrusted === null || isUndefined(maybeTrusted) || maybeTrusted === '') {
+                    return maybeTrusted;
+                }
+                var constructor = (byType.hasOwnProperty(type) ? byType[type] : null);
+                // If maybeTrusted is a trusted class instance or subclass instance, then unwrap and return
+                // as-is.
+                if (constructor && maybeTrusted instanceof constructor) {
+                    return maybeTrusted.$$unwrapTrustedValue();
+                }
+                // Otherwise, if we get here, then we may either make it safe, or throw an exception. This
+                // depends on the context: some are sanitizatible (HTML), some use whitelists (RESOURCE_URL),
+                // some are impossible to do (JS). This step isn't implemented for CSS and URL, as AngularJS
+                // has no corresponding sinks.
+                if (type === SCE_CONTEXTS.RESOURCE_URL) {
+                    // RESOURCE_URL uses a whitelist.
+                    if (isResourceUrlAllowedByPolicy(maybeTrusted)) {
+                        return maybeTrusted;
+                    } else {
+                        throw $sceMinErr('insecurl',
+                            'Blocked loading resource from url not allowed by $sceDelegate policy.  URL: {0}',
+                            maybeTrusted.toString());
+                    }
+                } else if (type === SCE_CONTEXTS.HTML) {
+                    // htmlSanitizer throws its own error when no sanitizer is available.
+                    return htmlSanitizer(maybeTrusted);
+                }
+                // Default error when the $sce service has no way to make the input safe.
+                throw $sceMinErr('unsafe', 'Attempting to use an unsafe value in a safe context.');
+            }
+
+            return {
+                trustAs: trustAs,
+                getTrusted: getTrusted,
+                valueOf: valueOf
+            };
+        }];
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $sceProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The $sceProvider provider allows developers to configure the {@link ng.$sce $sce} service.
+     * -   enable/disable Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE) in a module
+     * -   override the default implementation with a custom delegate
+     *
+     * Read more about {@link ng.$sce Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE)}.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $sce
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * `$sce` is a service that provides Strict Contextual Escaping services to AngularJS.
+     *
+     * ## Strict Contextual Escaping
+     *
+     * Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE) is a mode in which AngularJS constrains bindings to only render
+     * trusted values. Its goal is to assist in writing code in a way that (a) is secure by default, and
+     * (b) makes auditing for security vulnerabilities such as XSS, clickjacking, etc. a lot easier.
+     *
+     * ### Overview
+     *
+     * To systematically block XSS security bugs, AngularJS treats all values as untrusted by default in
+     * HTML or sensitive URL bindings. When binding untrusted values, AngularJS will automatically
+     * run security checks on them (sanitizations, whitelists, depending on context), or throw when it
+     * cannot guarantee the security of the result. That behavior depends strongly on contexts: HTML
+     * can be sanitized, but template URLs cannot, for instance.
+     *
+     * To illustrate this, consider the `ng-bind-html` directive. It renders its value directly as HTML:
+     * we call that the *context*. When given an untrusted input, AngularJS will attempt to sanitize it
+     * before rendering if a sanitizer is available, and throw otherwise. To bypass sanitization and
+     * render the input as-is, you will need to mark it as trusted for that context before attempting
+     * to bind it.
+     *
+     * As of version 1.2, AngularJS ships with SCE enabled by default.
+     *
+     * ### In practice
+     *
+     * Here's an example of a binding in a privileged context:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * <input ng-model="userHtml" aria-label="User input">
+     * <div ng-bind-html="userHtml"></div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Notice that `ng-bind-html` is bound to `userHtml` controlled by the user.  With SCE
+     * disabled, this application allows the user to render arbitrary HTML into the DIV, which would
+     * be an XSS security bug. In a more realistic example, one may be rendering user comments, blog
+     * articles, etc. via bindings. (HTML is just one example of a context where rendering user
+     * controlled input creates security vulnerabilities.)
+     *
+     * For the case of HTML, you might use a library, either on the client side, or on the server side,
+     * to sanitize unsafe HTML before binding to the value and rendering it in the document.
+     *
+     * How would you ensure that every place that used these types of bindings was bound to a value that
+     * was sanitized by your library (or returned as safe for rendering by your server?)  How can you
+     * ensure that you didn't accidentally delete the line that sanitized the value, or renamed some
+     * properties/fields and forgot to update the binding to the sanitized value?
+     *
+     * To be secure by default, AngularJS makes sure bindings go through that sanitization, or
+     * any similar validation process, unless there's a good reason to trust the given value in this
+     * context.  That trust is formalized with a function call. This means that as a developer, you
+     * can assume all untrusted bindings are safe. Then, to audit your code for binding security issues,
+     * you just need to ensure the values you mark as trusted indeed are safe - because they were
+     * received from your server, sanitized by your library, etc. You can organize your codebase to
+     * help with this - perhaps allowing only the files in a specific directory to do this.
+     * Ensuring that the internal API exposed by that code doesn't markup arbitrary values as safe then
+     * becomes a more manageable task.
+     *
+     * In the case of AngularJS' SCE service, one uses {@link ng.$sce#trustAs $sce.trustAs}
+     * (and shorthand methods such as {@link ng.$sce#trustAsHtml $sce.trustAsHtml}, etc.) to
+     * build the trusted versions of your values.
+     *
+     * ### How does it work?
+     *
+     * In privileged contexts, directives and code will bind to the result of {@link ng.$sce#getTrusted
+     * $sce.getTrusted(context, value)} rather than to the value directly.  Think of this function as
+     * a way to enforce the required security context in your data sink. Directives use {@link
+     * ng.$sce#parseAs $sce.parseAs} rather than `$parse` to watch attribute bindings, which performs
+     * the {@link ng.$sce#getTrusted $sce.getTrusted} behind the scenes on non-constant literals. Also,
+     * when binding without directives, AngularJS will understand the context of your bindings
+     * automatically.
+     *
+     * As an example, {@link ng.directive:ngBindHtml ngBindHtml} uses {@link
+     * ng.$sce#parseAsHtml $sce.parseAsHtml(binding expression)}.  Here's the actual code (slightly
+     * simplified):
+     *
+     * ```
+     * var ngBindHtmlDirective = ['$sce', function($sce) {
+     *   return function(scope, element, attr) {
+     *     scope.$watch($sce.parseAsHtml(attr.ngBindHtml), function(value) {
+     *       element.html(value || '');
+     *     });
+     *   };
+     * }];
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ### Impact on loading templates
+     *
+     * This applies both to the {@link ng.directive:ngInclude `ng-include`} directive as well as
+     * `templateUrl`'s specified by {@link guide/directive directives}.
+     *
+     * By default, AngularJS only loads templates from the same domain and protocol as the application
+     * document.  This is done by calling {@link ng.$sce#getTrustedResourceUrl
+     * $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl} on the template URL.  To load templates from other domains and/or
+     * protocols, you may either {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist whitelist
+     * them} or {@link ng.$sce#trustAsResourceUrl wrap it} into a trusted value.
+     *
+     * *Please note*:
+     * The browser's
+     * [Same Origin Policy](https://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2#Same-origin_policy_for_XMLHttpRequest)
+     * and [Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)](http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/)
+     * policy apply in addition to this and may further restrict whether the template is successfully
+     * loaded.  This means that without the right CORS policy, loading templates from a different domain
+     * won't work on all browsers.  Also, loading templates from `file://` URL does not work on some
+     * browsers.
+     *
+     * ### This feels like too much overhead
+     *
+     * It's important to remember that SCE only applies to interpolation expressions.
+     *
+     * If your expressions are constant literals, they're automatically trusted and you don't need to
+     * call `$sce.trustAs` on them (e.g.
+     * `<div ng-bind-html="'<b>implicitly trusted</b>'"></div>`) just works. The `$sceDelegate` will
+     * also use the `$sanitize` service if it is available when binding untrusted values to
+     * `$sce.HTML` context. AngularJS provides an implementation in `angular-sanitize.js`, and if you
+     * wish to use it, you will also need to depend on the {@link ngSanitize `ngSanitize`} module in
+     * your application.
+     *
+     * The included {@link ng.$sceDelegate $sceDelegate} comes with sane defaults to allow you to load
+     * templates in `ng-include` from your application's domain without having to even know about SCE.
+     * It blocks loading templates from other domains or loading templates over http from an https
+     * served document.  You can change these by setting your own custom {@link
+     * ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist whitelists} and {@link
+     * ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlBlacklist blacklists} for matching such URLs.
+     *
+     * This significantly reduces the overhead.  It is far easier to pay the small overhead and have an
+     * application that's secure and can be audited to verify that with much more ease than bolting
+     * security onto an application later.
+     *
+     * <a name="contexts"></a>
+     * ### What trusted context types are supported?
+     *
+     * | Context             | Notes          |
+     * |---------------------|----------------|
+     * | `$sce.HTML`         | For HTML that's safe to source into the application.  The {@link ng.directive:ngBindHtml ngBindHtml} directive uses this context for bindings. If an unsafe value is encountered, and the {@link ngSanitize.$sanitize $sanitize} service is available (implemented by the {@link ngSanitize ngSanitize} module) this will sanitize the value instead of throwing an error. |
+     * | `$sce.CSS`          | For CSS that's safe to source into the application.  Currently, no bindings require this context. Feel free to use it in your own directives. |
+     * | `$sce.URL`          | For URLs that are safe to follow as links.  Currently unused (`<a href=`, `<img src=`, and some others sanitize their urls and don't constitute an SCE context.) |
+     * | `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` | For URLs that are not only safe to follow as links, but whose contents are also safe to include in your application.  Examples include `ng-include`, `src` / `ngSrc` bindings for tags other than `IMG`, `VIDEO`, `AUDIO`, `SOURCE`, and `TRACK` (e.g. `IFRAME`, `OBJECT`, etc.)  <br><br>Note that `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` makes a stronger statement about the URL than `$sce.URL` does (it's not just the URL that matters, but also what is at the end of it), and therefore contexts requiring values trusted for `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` can be used anywhere that values trusted for `$sce.URL` are required. |
+     * | `$sce.JS`           | For JavaScript that is safe to execute in your application's context.  Currently, no bindings require this context.  Feel free to use it in your own directives. |
+     *
+     *
+     * Be aware that `a[href]` and `img[src]` automatically sanitize their URLs and do not pass them
+     * through {@link ng.$sce#getTrusted $sce.getTrusted}. There's no CSS-, URL-, or JS-context bindings
+     * in AngularJS currently, so their corresponding `$sce.trustAs` functions aren't useful yet. This
+     * might evolve.
+     *
+     * ### Format of items in {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist resourceUrlWhitelist}/{@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlBlacklist Blacklist} <a name="resourceUrlPatternItem"></a>
+     *
+     *  Each element in these arrays must be one of the following:
+     *
+     *  - **'self'**
+     *    - The special **string**, `'self'`, can be used to match against all URLs of the **same
+     *      domain** as the application document using the **same protocol**.
+     *  - **String** (except the special value `'self'`)
+     *    - The string is matched against the full *normalized / absolute URL* of the resource
+     *      being tested (substring matches are not good enough.)
+     *    - There are exactly **two wildcard sequences** - `*` and `**`.  All other characters
+     *      match themselves.
+     *    - `*`: matches zero or more occurrences of any character other than one of the following 6
+     *      characters: '`:`', '`/`', '`.`', '`?`', '`&`' and '`;`'.  It's a useful wildcard for use
+     *      in a whitelist.
+     *    - `**`: matches zero or more occurrences of *any* character.  As such, it's not
+     *      appropriate for use in a scheme, domain, etc. as it would match too much.  (e.g.
+     *      http://**.example.com/ would match http://evil.com/?ignore=.example.com/ and that might
+     *      not have been the intention.)  Its usage at the very end of the path is ok.  (e.g.
+     *      http://foo.example.com/templates/**).
+     *  - **RegExp** (*see caveat below*)
+     *    - *Caveat*:  While regular expressions are powerful and offer great flexibility,  their syntax
+     *      (and all the inevitable escaping) makes them *harder to maintain*.  It's easy to
+     *      accidentally introduce a bug when one updates a complex expression (imho, all regexes should
+     *      have good test coverage).  For instance, the use of `.` in the regex is correct only in a
+     *      small number of cases.  A `.` character in the regex used when matching the scheme or a
+     *      subdomain could be matched against a `:` or literal `.` that was likely not intended.   It
+     *      is highly recommended to use the string patterns and only fall back to regular expressions
+     *      as a last resort.
+     *    - The regular expression must be an instance of RegExp (i.e. not a string.)  It is
+     *      matched against the **entire** *normalized / absolute URL* of the resource being tested
+     *      (even when the RegExp did not have the `^` and `$` codes.)  In addition, any flags
+     *      present on the RegExp (such as multiline, global, ignoreCase) are ignored.
+     *    - If you are generating your JavaScript from some other templating engine (not
+     *      recommended, e.g. in issue [#4006](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4006)),
+     *      remember to escape your regular expression (and be aware that you might need more than
+     *      one level of escaping depending on your templating engine and the way you interpolated
+     *      the value.)  Do make use of your platform's escaping mechanism as it might be good
+     *      enough before coding your own.  E.g. Ruby has
+     *      [Regexp.escape(str)](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.0.0/Regexp.html#method-c-escape)
+     *      and Python has [re.escape](http://docs.python.org/library/re.html#re.escape).
+     *      Javascript lacks a similar built in function for escaping.  Take a look at Google
+     *      Closure library's [goog.string.regExpEscape(s)](
+     *      http://docs.closure-library.googlecode.com/git/closure_goog_string_string.js.source.html#line962).
+     *
+     * Refer {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider $sceDelegateProvider} for an example.
+     *
+     * ### Show me an example using SCE.
+     *
+     * <example module="mySceApp" deps="angular-sanitize.js" name="sce-service">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     *   <div ng-controller="AppController as myCtrl">
+     *     <i ng-bind-html="myCtrl.explicitlyTrustedHtml" id="explicitlyTrustedHtml"></i><br><br>
+     *     <b>User comments</b><br>
+     *     By default, HTML that isn't explicitly trusted (e.g. Alice's comment) is sanitized when
+     *     $sanitize is available.  If $sanitize isn't available, this results in an error instead of an
+     *     exploit.
+     *     <div class="well">
+     *       <div ng-repeat="userComment in myCtrl.userComments">
+     *         <b>{{userComment.name}}</b>:
+     *         <span ng-bind-html="userComment.htmlComment" class="htmlComment"></span>
+     *         <br>
+     *       </div>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </div>
+     * </file>
+     *
+     * <file name="script.js">
+     *   angular.module('mySceApp', ['ngSanitize'])
+     *     .controller('AppController', ['$http', '$templateCache', '$sce',
+     *       function AppController($http, $templateCache, $sce) {
+     *         var self = this;
+     *         $http.get('test_data.json', {cache: $templateCache}).then(function(response) {
+     *           self.userComments = response.data;
+     *         });
+     *         self.explicitlyTrustedHtml = $sce.trustAsHtml(
+     *             '<span onmouseover="this.textContent=&quot;Explicitly trusted HTML bypasses ' +
+     *             'sanitization.&quot;">Hover over this text.</span>');
+     *       }]);
+     * </file>
+     *
+     * <file name="test_data.json">
+     * [
+     *   { "name": "Alice",
+     *     "htmlComment":
+     *         "<span onmouseover='this.textContent=\"PWN3D!\"'>Is <i>anyone</i> reading this?</span>"
+     *   },
+     *   { "name": "Bob",
+     *     "htmlComment": "<i>Yes!</i>  Am I the only other one?"
+     *   }
+     * ]
+     * </file>
+     *
+     * <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *   describe('SCE doc demo', function() {
+     *     it('should sanitize untrusted values', function() {
+     *       expect(element.all(by.css('.htmlComment')).first().getAttribute('innerHTML'))
+     *           .toBe('<span>Is <i>anyone</i> reading this?</span>');
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     it('should NOT sanitize explicitly trusted values', function() {
+     *       expect(element(by.id('explicitlyTrustedHtml')).getAttribute('innerHTML')).toBe(
+     *           '<span onmouseover="this.textContent=&quot;Explicitly trusted HTML bypasses ' +
+     *           'sanitization.&quot;">Hover over this text.</span>');
+     *     });
+     *   });
+     * </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Can I disable SCE completely?
+     *
+     * Yes, you can.  However, this is strongly discouraged.  SCE gives you a lot of security benefits
+     * for little coding overhead.  It will be much harder to take an SCE disabled application and
+     * either secure it on your own or enable SCE at a later stage.  It might make sense to disable SCE
+     * for cases where you have a lot of existing code that was written before SCE was introduced and
+     * you're migrating them a module at a time. Also do note that this is an app-wide setting, so if
+     * you are writing a library, you will cause security bugs applications using it.
+     *
+     * That said, here's how you can completely disable SCE:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * angular.module('myAppWithSceDisabledmyApp', []).config(function($sceProvider) {
+     *   // Completely disable SCE.  For demonstration purposes only!
+     *   // Do not use in new projects or libraries.
+     *   $sceProvider.enabled(false);
+     * });
+     * ```
+     *
+     */
+
+    function $SceProvider() {
+        var enabled = true;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $sceProvider#enabled
+         * @kind function
+         *
+         * @param {boolean=} value If provided, then enables/disables SCE application-wide.
+         * @return {boolean} True if SCE is enabled, false otherwise.
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Enables/disables SCE and returns the current value.
+         */
+        this.enabled = function (value) {
+            if (arguments.length) {
+                enabled = !!value;
+            }
+            return enabled;
+        };
+
+
+        /* Design notes on the default implementation for SCE.
+         *
+         * The API contract for the SCE delegate
+         * -------------------------------------
+         * The SCE delegate object must provide the following 3 methods:
+         *
+         * - trustAs(contextEnum, value)
+         *     This method is used to tell the SCE service that the provided value is OK to use in the
+         *     contexts specified by contextEnum.  It must return an object that will be accepted by
+         *     getTrusted() for a compatible contextEnum and return this value.
+         *
+         * - valueOf(value)
+         *     For values that were not produced by trustAs(), return them as is.  For values that were
+         *     produced by trustAs(), return the corresponding input value to trustAs.  Basically, if
+         *     trustAs is wrapping the given values into some type, this operation unwraps it when given
+         *     such a value.
+         *
+         * - getTrusted(contextEnum, value)
+         *     This function should return the a value that is safe to use in the context specified by
+         *     contextEnum or throw and exception otherwise.
+         *
+         * NOTE: This contract deliberately does NOT state that values returned by trustAs() must be
+         * opaque or wrapped in some holder object.  That happens to be an implementation detail.  For
+         * instance, an implementation could maintain a registry of all trusted objects by context.  In
+         * such a case, trustAs() would return the same object that was passed in.  getTrusted() would
+         * return the same object passed in if it was found in the registry under a compatible context or
+         * throw an exception otherwise.  An implementation might only wrap values some of the time based
+         * on some criteria.  getTrusted() might return a value and not throw an exception for special
+         * constants or objects even if not wrapped.  All such implementations fulfill this contract.
+         *
+         *
+         * A note on the inheritance model for SCE contexts
+         * ------------------------------------------------
+         * I've used inheritance and made RESOURCE_URL wrapped types a subtype of URL wrapped types.  This
+         * is purely an implementation details.
+         *
+         * The contract is simply this:
+         *
+         *     getTrusted($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value) succeeding implies that getTrusted($sce.URL, value)
+         *     will also succeed.
+         *
+         * Inheritance happens to capture this in a natural way. In some future, we may not use
+         * inheritance anymore. That is OK because no code outside of sce.js and sceSpecs.js would need to
+         * be aware of this detail.
+         */
+
+        this.$get = ['$parse', '$sceDelegate', function (
+            $parse, $sceDelegate) {
+            // Support: IE 9-11 only
+            // Prereq: Ensure that we're not running in IE<11 quirks mode.  In that mode, IE < 11 allow
+            // the "expression(javascript expression)" syntax which is insecure.
+            if (enabled && msie < 8) {
+                throw $sceMinErr('iequirks',
+                    'Strict Contextual Escaping does not support Internet Explorer version < 11 in quirks ' +
+                    'mode.  You can fix this by adding the text <!doctype html> to the top of your HTML ' +
+                    'document.  See http://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng.$sce for more information.');
+            }
+
+            var sce = shallowCopy(SCE_CONTEXTS);
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#isEnabled
+             * @kind function
+             *
+             * @return {Boolean} True if SCE is enabled, false otherwise.  If you want to set the value, you
+             *     have to do it at module config time on {@link ng.$sceProvider $sceProvider}.
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Returns a boolean indicating if SCE is enabled.
+             */
+            sce.isEnabled = function () {
+                return enabled;
+            };
+            sce.trustAs = $sceDelegate.trustAs;
+            sce.getTrusted = $sceDelegate.getTrusted;
+            sce.valueOf = $sceDelegate.valueOf;
+
+            if (!enabled) {
+                sce.trustAs = sce.getTrusted = function (type, value) {
+                    return value;
+                };
+                sce.valueOf = identity;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Converts AngularJS {@link guide/expression expression} into a function.  This is like {@link
+             * ng.$parse $parse} and is identical when the expression is a literal constant.  Otherwise, it
+             * wraps the expression in a call to {@link ng.$sce#getTrusted $sce.getTrusted(*type*,
+             * *result*)}
+             *
+             * @param {string} type The SCE context in which this result will be used.
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+            sce.parseAs = function sceParseAs(type, expr) {
+                var parsed = $parse(expr);
+                if (parsed.literal && parsed.constant) {
+                    return parsed;
+                } else {
+                    return $parse(expr, function (value) {
+                        return sce.getTrusted(type, value);
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Delegates to {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs`}. As such, returns a
+             * wrapped object that represents your value, and the trust you have in its safety for the given
+             * context. AngularJS can then use that value as-is in bindings of the specified secure context.
+             * This is used in bindings for `ng-bind-html`, `ng-include`, and most `src` attribute
+             * interpolations. See {@link ng.$sce $sce} for strict contextual escaping.
+             *
+             * @param {string} type The context in which this value is safe for use, e.g. `$sce.URL`,
+             *     `$sce.RESOURCE_URL`, `$sce.HTML`, `$sce.JS` or `$sce.CSS`.
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value that that should be considered trusted.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value`
+             *     in the context you specified.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAsHtml
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.trustAsHtml(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.HTML, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.HTML` context.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value`
+             *     in `$sce.HTML` context (like `ng-bind-html`).
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAsCss
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.trustAsCss(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.CSS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.CSS` context.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant
+             *     of your `value` in `$sce.CSS` context. This context is currently unused, so there are
+             *     almost no reasons to use this function so far.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAsUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.trustAsUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.URL` context.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value`
+             *     in `$sce.URL` context. That context is currently unused, so there are almost no reasons
+             *     to use this function so far.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAsResourceUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` context.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value`
+             *     in `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` context (template URLs in `ng-include`, most `src` attribute
+             *     bindings, ...)
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#trustAsJs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.trustAsJs(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#trustAs `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.JS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.JS` context.
+             * @return {*} A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value`
+             *     in `$sce.JS` context. That context is currently unused, so there are almost no reasons to
+             *     use this function so far.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrusted
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Delegates to {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted`}.  As such,
+             * takes any input, and either returns a value that's safe to use in the specified context,
+             * or throws an exception. This function is aware of trusted values created by the `trustAs`
+             * function and its shorthands, and when contexts are appropriate, returns the unwrapped value
+             * as-is. Finally, this function can also throw when there is no way to turn `maybeTrusted` in a
+             * safe value (e.g., no sanitization is available or possible.)
+             *
+             * @param {string} type The context in which this value is to be used.
+             * @param {*} maybeTrusted The result of a prior {@link ng.$sce#trustAs
+             *     `$sce.trustAs`} call, or anything else (which will not be considered trusted.)
+             * @return {*} A version of the value that's safe to use in the given context, or throws an
+             *     exception if this is impossible.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrustedHtml
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.getTrustedHtml(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.HTML, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.
+             * @return {*} The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.HTML, value)`
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrustedCss
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.getTrustedCss(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.CSS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.
+             * @return {*} The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.CSS, value)`
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrustedUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.getTrustedUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.
+             * @return {*} The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.URL, value)`
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrustedResourceUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.getTrustedResourceUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to pass to `$sceDelegate.getTrusted`.
+             * @return {*} The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#getTrustedJs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.getTrustedJs(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sceDelegate#getTrusted `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.JS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {*} value The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.
+             * @return {*} The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.JS, value)`
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAsHtml
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.parseAsHtml(expression string)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sce#parseAs `$sce.parseAs($sce.HTML, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAsCss
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.parseAsCss(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sce#parseAs `$sce.parseAs($sce.CSS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAsUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.parseAsUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sce#parseAs `$sce.parseAs($sce.URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAsResourceUrl
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.parseAsResourceUrl(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sce#parseAs `$sce.parseAs($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+
+            /**
+             * @ngdoc method
+             * @name $sce#parseAsJs
+             *
+             * @description
+             * Shorthand method.  `$sce.parseAsJs(value)` →
+             *     {@link ng.$sce#parseAs `$sce.parseAs($sce.JS, value)`}
+             *
+             * @param {string} expression String expression to compile.
+             * @return {function(context, locals)} A function which represents the compiled expression:
+             *
+             *    * `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the
+             *      strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object).
+             *    * `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values
+             *      in `context`.
+             */
+
+            // Shorthand delegations.
+            var parse = sce.parseAs,
+                getTrusted = sce.getTrusted,
+                trustAs = sce.trustAs;
+
+            forEach(SCE_CONTEXTS, function (enumValue, name) {
+                var lName = lowercase(name);
+                sce[snakeToCamel('parse_as_' + lName)] = function (expr) {
+                    return parse(enumValue, expr);
+                };
+                sce[snakeToCamel('get_trusted_' + lName)] = function (value) {
+                    return getTrusted(enumValue, value);
+                };
+                sce[snakeToCamel('trust_as_' + lName)] = function (value) {
+                    return trustAs(enumValue, value);
+                };
+            });
+
+            return sce;
+        }];
+    }
+
+    /* exported $SnifferProvider */
+
+    /**
+     * !!! This is an undocumented "private" service !!!
+     *
+     * @name $sniffer
+     * @requires $window
+     * @requires $document
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @property {boolean} history Does the browser support html5 history api ?
+     * @property {boolean} transitions Does the browser support CSS transition events ?
+     * @property {boolean} animations Does the browser support CSS animation events ?
+     *
+     * @description
+     * This is very simple implementation of testing browser's features.
+     */
+    function $SnifferProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$window', '$document', function ($window, $document) {
+            var eventSupport = {},
+                // Chrome Packaged Apps are not allowed to access `history.pushState`.
+                // If not sandboxed, they can be detected by the presence of `chrome.app.runtime`
+                // (see https://developer.chrome.com/apps/api_index). If sandboxed, they can be detected by
+                // the presence of an extension runtime ID and the absence of other Chrome runtime APIs
+                // (see https://developer.chrome.com/apps/manifest/sandbox).
+                // (NW.js apps have access to Chrome APIs, but do support `history`.)
+                isNw = $window.nw && $window.nw.process,
+                isChromePackagedApp = !isNw &&
+                $window.chrome &&
+                ($window.chrome.app && $window.chrome.app.runtime ||
+                    !$window.chrome.app && $window.chrome.runtime && $window.chrome.runtime.id),
+                hasHistoryPushState = !isChromePackagedApp && $window.history && $window.history.pushState,
+                android =
+                toInt((/android (\d+)/.exec(lowercase(($window.navigator || {}).userAgent)) || [])[1]),
+                boxee = /Boxee/i.test(($window.navigator || {}).userAgent),
+                document = $document[0] || {},
+                bodyStyle = document.body && document.body.style,
+                transitions = false,
+                animations = false;
+
+            if (bodyStyle) {
+                // Support: Android <5, Blackberry Browser 10, default Chrome in Android 4.4.x
+                // Mentioned browsers need a -webkit- prefix for transitions & animations.
+                transitions = !!('transition' in bodyStyle || 'webkitTransition' in bodyStyle);
+                animations = !!('animation' in bodyStyle || 'webkitAnimation' in bodyStyle);
+            }
+
+
+            return {
+                // Android has history.pushState, but it does not update location correctly
+                // so let's not use the history API at all.
+                // http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=17471
+                // https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/904
+
+                // older webkit browser (533.9) on Boxee box has exactly the same problem as Android has
+                // so let's not use the history API also
+                // We are purposefully using `!(android < 4)` to cover the case when `android` is undefined
+                history: !!(hasHistoryPushState && !(android < 4) && !boxee),
+                hasEvent: function (event) {
+                    // Support: IE 9-11 only
+                    // IE9 implements 'input' event it's so fubared that we rather pretend that it doesn't have
+                    // it. In particular the event is not fired when backspace or delete key are pressed or
+                    // when cut operation is performed.
+                    // IE10+ implements 'input' event but it erroneously fires under various situations,
+                    // e.g. when placeholder changes, or a form is focused.
+                    if (event === 'input' && msie) return false;
+
+                    if (isUndefined(eventSupport[event])) {
+                        var divElm = document.createElement('div');
+                        eventSupport[event] = 'on' + event in divElm;
+                    }
+
+                    return eventSupport[event];
+                },
+                csp: csp(),
+                transitions: transitions,
+                animations: animations,
+                android: android
+            };
+        }];
+    }
+
+    var $templateRequestMinErr = minErr('$compile');
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $templateRequestProvider
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Used to configure the options passed to the {@link $http} service when making a template request.
+     *
+     * For example, it can be used for specifying the "Accept" header that is sent to the server, when
+     * requesting a template.
+     */
+    function $TemplateRequestProvider() {
+
+        var httpOptions;
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $templateRequestProvider#httpOptions
+         * @description
+         * The options to be passed to the {@link $http} service when making the request.
+         * You can use this to override options such as the "Accept" header for template requests.
+         *
+         * The {@link $templateRequest} will set the `cache` and the `transformResponse` properties of the
+         * options if not overridden here.
+         *
+         * @param {string=} value new value for the {@link $http} options.
+         * @returns {string|self} Returns the {@link $http} options when used as getter and self if used as setter.
+         */
+        this.httpOptions = function (val) {
+            if (val) {
+                httpOptions = val;
+                return this;
+            }
+            return httpOptions;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc service
+         * @name $templateRequest
+         *
+         * @description
+         * The `$templateRequest` service runs security checks then downloads the provided template using
+         * `$http` and, upon success, stores the contents inside of `$templateCache`. If the HTTP request
+         * fails or the response data of the HTTP request is empty, a `$compile` error will be thrown (the
+         * exception can be thwarted by setting the 2nd parameter of the function to true). Note that the
+         * contents of `$templateCache` are trusted, so the call to `$sce.getTrustedUrl(tpl)` is omitted
+         * when `tpl` is of type string and `$templateCache` has the matching entry.
+         *
+         * If you want to pass custom options to the `$http` service, such as setting the Accept header you
+         * can configure this via {@link $templateRequestProvider#httpOptions}.
+         *
+         * `$templateRequest` is used internally by {@link $compile}, {@link ngRoute.$route}, and directives such
+         * as {@link ngInclude} to download and cache templates.
+         *
+         * 3rd party modules should use `$templateRequest` if their services or directives are loading
+         * templates.
+         *
+         * @param {string|TrustedResourceUrl} tpl The HTTP request template URL
+         * @param {boolean=} ignoreRequestError Whether or not to ignore the exception when the request fails or the template is empty
+         *
+         * @return {Promise} a promise for the HTTP response data of the given URL.
+         *
+         * @property {number} totalPendingRequests total amount of pending template requests being downloaded.
+         */
+        this.$get = ['$exceptionHandler', '$templateCache', '$http', '$q', '$sce',
+            function ($exceptionHandler, $templateCache, $http, $q, $sce) {
+
+                function handleRequestFn(tpl, ignoreRequestError) {
+                    handleRequestFn.totalPendingRequests++;
+
+                    // We consider the template cache holds only trusted templates, so
+                    // there's no need to go through whitelisting again for keys that already
+                    // are included in there. This also makes AngularJS accept any script
+                    // directive, no matter its name. However, we still need to unwrap trusted
+                    // types.
+                    if (!isString(tpl) || isUndefined($templateCache.get(tpl))) {
+                        tpl = $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl(tpl);
+                    }
+
+                    var transformResponse = $http.defaults && $http.defaults.transformResponse;
+
+                    if (isArray(transformResponse)) {
+                        transformResponse = transformResponse.filter(function (transformer) {
+                            return transformer !== defaultHttpResponseTransform;
+                        });
+                    } else if (transformResponse === defaultHttpResponseTransform) {
+                        transformResponse = null;
+                    }
+
+                    return $http.get(tpl, extend({
+                            cache: $templateCache,
+                            transformResponse: transformResponse
+                        }, httpOptions))
+                        .finally(function () {
+                            handleRequestFn.totalPendingRequests--;
+                        })
+                        .then(function (response) {
+                            $templateCache.put(tpl, response.data);
+                            return response.data;
+                        }, handleError);
+
+                    function handleError(resp) {
+                        if (!ignoreRequestError) {
+                            resp = $templateRequestMinErr('tpload',
+                                'Failed to load template: {0} (HTTP status: {1} {2})',
+                                tpl, resp.status, resp.statusText);
+
+                            $exceptionHandler(resp);
+                        }
+
+                        return $q.reject(resp);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                handleRequestFn.totalPendingRequests = 0;
+
+                return handleRequestFn;
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $$TestabilityProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$browser', '$location',
+            function ($rootScope, $browser, $location) {
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $testability
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * The private $$testability service provides a collection of methods for use when debugging
+                 * or by automated test and debugging tools.
+                 */
+                var testability = {};
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $$testability#findBindings
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Returns an array of elements that are bound (via ng-bind or {{}})
+                 * to expressions matching the input.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Element} element The element root to search from.
+                 * @param {string} expression The binding expression to match.
+                 * @param {boolean} opt_exactMatch If true, only returns exact matches
+                 *     for the expression. Filters and whitespace are ignored.
+                 */
+                testability.findBindings = function (element, expression, opt_exactMatch) {
+                    var bindings = element.getElementsByClassName('ng-binding');
+                    var matches = [];
+                    forEach(bindings, function (binding) {
+                        var dataBinding = angular.element(binding).data('$binding');
+                        if (dataBinding) {
+                            forEach(dataBinding, function (bindingName) {
+                                if (opt_exactMatch) {
+                                    var matcher = new RegExp('(^|\\s)' + escapeForRegexp(expression) + '(\\s|\\||$)');
+                                    if (matcher.test(bindingName)) {
+                                        matches.push(binding);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    if (bindingName.indexOf(expression) !== -1) {
+                                        matches.push(binding);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+                    });
+                    return matches;
+                };
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $$testability#findModels
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Returns an array of elements that are two-way found via ng-model to
+                 * expressions matching the input.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Element} element The element root to search from.
+                 * @param {string} expression The model expression to match.
+                 * @param {boolean} opt_exactMatch If true, only returns exact matches
+                 *     for the expression.
+                 */
+                testability.findModels = function (element, expression, opt_exactMatch) {
+                    var prefixes = ['ng-', 'data-ng-', 'ng\\:'];
+                    for (var p = 0; p < prefixes.length; ++p) {
+                        var attributeEquals = opt_exactMatch ? '=' : '*=';
+                        var selector = '[' + prefixes[p] + 'model' + attributeEquals + '"' + expression + '"]';
+                        var elements = element.querySelectorAll(selector);
+                        if (elements.length) {
+                            return elements;
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $$testability#getLocation
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut for getting the location in a browser agnostic way. Returns
+                 *     the path, search, and hash. (e.g. /path?a=b#hash)
+                 */
+                testability.getLocation = function () {
+                    return $location.url();
+                };
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $$testability#setLocation
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Shortcut for navigating to a location without doing a full page reload.
+                 *
+                 * @param {string} url The location url (path, search and hash,
+                 *     e.g. /path?a=b#hash) to go to.
+                 */
+                testability.setLocation = function (url) {
+                    if (url !== $location.url()) {
+                        $location.url(url);
+                        $rootScope.$digest();
+                    }
+                };
+
+                /**
+                 * @name $$testability#whenStable
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Calls the callback when $timeout and $http requests are completed.
+                 *
+                 * @param {function} callback
+                 */
+                testability.whenStable = function (callback) {
+                    $browser.notifyWhenNoOutstandingRequests(callback);
+                };
+
+                return testability;
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $TimeoutProvider() {
+        this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$browser', '$q', '$$q', '$exceptionHandler',
+            function ($rootScope, $browser, $q, $$q, $exceptionHandler) {
+
+                var deferreds = {};
+
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc service
+                 * @name $timeout
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * AngularJS's wrapper for `window.setTimeout`. The `fn` function is wrapped into a try/catch
+                 * block and delegates any exceptions to
+                 * {@link ng.$exceptionHandler $exceptionHandler} service.
+                 *
+                 * The return value of calling `$timeout` is a promise, which will be resolved when
+                 * the delay has passed and the timeout function, if provided, is executed.
+                 *
+                 * To cancel a timeout request, call `$timeout.cancel(promise)`.
+                 *
+                 * In tests you can use {@link ngMock.$timeout `$timeout.flush()`} to
+                 * synchronously flush the queue of deferred functions.
+                 *
+                 * If you only want a promise that will be resolved after some specified delay
+                 * then you can call `$timeout` without the `fn` function.
+                 *
+                 * @param {function()=} fn A function, whose execution should be delayed.
+                 * @param {number=} [delay=0] Delay in milliseconds.
+                 * @param {boolean=} [invokeApply=true] If set to `false` skips model dirty checking, otherwise
+                 *   will invoke `fn` within the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope#$apply $apply} block.
+                 * @param {...*=} Pass additional parameters to the executed function.
+                 * @returns {Promise} Promise that will be resolved when the timeout is reached. The promise
+                 *   will be resolved with the return value of the `fn` function.
+                 *
+                 */
+                function timeout(fn, delay, invokeApply) {
+                    if (!isFunction(fn)) {
+                        invokeApply = delay;
+                        delay = fn;
+                        fn = noop;
+                    }
+
+                    var args = sliceArgs(arguments, 3),
+                        skipApply = (isDefined(invokeApply) && !invokeApply),
+                        deferred = (skipApply ? $$q : $q).defer(),
+                        promise = deferred.promise,
+                        timeoutId;
+
+                    timeoutId = $browser.defer(function () {
+                        try {
+                            deferred.resolve(fn.apply(null, args));
+                        } catch (e) {
+                            deferred.reject(e);
+                            $exceptionHandler(e);
+                        } finally {
+                            delete deferreds[promise.$$timeoutId];
+                        }
+
+                        if (!skipApply) $rootScope.$apply();
+                    }, delay);
+
+                    promise.$$timeoutId = timeoutId;
+                    deferreds[timeoutId] = deferred;
+
+                    return promise;
+                }
+
+
+                /**
+                 * @ngdoc method
+                 * @name $timeout#cancel
+                 *
+                 * @description
+                 * Cancels a task associated with the `promise`. As a result of this, the promise will be
+                 * resolved with a rejection.
+                 *
+                 * @param {Promise=} promise Promise returned by the `$timeout` function.
+                 * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the task hasn't executed yet and was successfully
+                 *   canceled.
+                 */
+                timeout.cancel = function (promise) {
+                    if (promise && promise.$$timeoutId in deferreds) {
+                        // Timeout cancels should not report an unhandled promise.
+                        markQExceptionHandled(deferreds[promise.$$timeoutId].promise);
+                        deferreds[promise.$$timeoutId].reject('canceled');
+                        delete deferreds[promise.$$timeoutId];
+                        return $browser.defer.cancel(promise.$$timeoutId);
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                };
+
+                return timeout;
+            }
+        ];
+    }
+
+    // NOTE:  The usage of window and document instead of $window and $document here is
+    // deliberate.  This service depends on the specific behavior of anchor nodes created by the
+    // browser (resolving and parsing URLs) that is unlikely to be provided by mock objects and
+    // cause us to break tests.  In addition, when the browser resolves a URL for XHR, it
+    // doesn't know about mocked locations and resolves URLs to the real document - which is
+    // exactly the behavior needed here.  There is little value is mocking these out for this
+    // service.
+    var urlParsingNode = window.document.createElement('a');
+    var originUrl = urlResolve(window.location.href);
+
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * Implementation Notes for non-IE browsers
+     * ----------------------------------------
+     * Assigning a URL to the href property of an anchor DOM node, even one attached to the DOM,
+     * results both in the normalizing and parsing of the URL.  Normalizing means that a relative
+     * URL will be resolved into an absolute URL in the context of the application document.
+     * Parsing means that the anchor node's host, hostname, protocol, port, pathname and related
+     * properties are all populated to reflect the normalized URL.  This approach has wide
+     * compatibility - Safari 1+, Mozilla 1+ etc.  See
+     * http://www.aptana.com/reference/html/api/HTMLAnchorElement.html
+     *
+     * Implementation Notes for IE
+     * ---------------------------
+     * IE <= 10 normalizes the URL when assigned to the anchor node similar to the other
+     * browsers.  However, the parsed components will not be set if the URL assigned did not specify
+     * them.  (e.g. if you assign a.href = "foo", then a.protocol, a.host, etc. will be empty.)  We
+     * work around that by performing the parsing in a 2nd step by taking a previously normalized
+     * URL (e.g. by assigning to a.href) and assigning it a.href again.  This correctly populates the
+     * properties such as protocol, hostname, port, etc.
+     *
+     * References:
+     *   http://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLAnchorElement
+     *   http://www.aptana.com/reference/html/api/HTMLAnchorElement.html
+     *   http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#urlutils
+     *   https://github.com/angular/angular.js/pull/2902
+     *   http://james.padolsey.com/javascript/parsing-urls-with-the-dom/
+     *
+     * @kind function
+     * @param {string} url The URL to be parsed.
+     * @description Normalizes and parses a URL.
+     * @returns {object} Returns the normalized URL as a dictionary.
+     *
+     *   | member name   | Description    |
+     *   |---------------|----------------|
+     *   | href          | A normalized version of the provided URL if it was not an absolute URL |
+     *   | protocol      | The protocol including the trailing colon                              |
+     *   | host          | The host and port (if the port is non-default) of the normalizedUrl    |
+     *   | search        | The search params, minus the question mark                             |
+     *   | hash          | The hash string, minus the hash symbol
+     *   | hostname      | The hostname
+     *   | port          | The port, without ":"
+     *   | pathname      | The pathname, beginning with "/"
+     *
+     */
+    function urlResolve(url) {
+        var href = url;
+
+        // Support: IE 9-11 only
+        if (msie) {
+            // Normalize before parse.  Refer Implementation Notes on why this is
+            // done in two steps on IE.
+            urlParsingNode.setAttribute('href', href);
+            href = urlParsingNode.href;
+        }
+
+        urlParsingNode.setAttribute('href', href);
+
+        // urlParsingNode provides the UrlUtils interface - http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#urlutils
+        return {
+            href: urlParsingNode.href,
+            protocol: urlParsingNode.protocol ? urlParsingNode.protocol.replace(/:$/, '') : '',
+            host: urlParsingNode.host,
+            search: urlParsingNode.search ? urlParsingNode.search.replace(/^\?/, '') : '',
+            hash: urlParsingNode.hash ? urlParsingNode.hash.replace(/^#/, '') : '',
+            hostname: urlParsingNode.hostname,
+            port: urlParsingNode.port,
+            pathname: (urlParsingNode.pathname.charAt(0) === '/') ?
+                urlParsingNode.pathname :
+                '/' + urlParsingNode.pathname
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a request URL and determine whether this is a same-origin request as the application document.
+     *
+     * @param {string|object} requestUrl The url of the request as a string that will be resolved
+     * or a parsed URL object.
+     * @returns {boolean} Whether the request is for the same origin as the application document.
+     */
+    function urlIsSameOrigin(requestUrl) {
+        var parsed = (isString(requestUrl)) ? urlResolve(requestUrl) : requestUrl;
+        return (parsed.protocol === originUrl.protocol &&
+            parsed.host === originUrl.host);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $window
+     * @this
+     *
+     * @description
+     * A reference to the browser's `window` object. While `window`
+     * is globally available in JavaScript, it causes testability problems, because
+     * it is a global variable. In AngularJS we always refer to it through the
+     * `$window` service, so it may be overridden, removed or mocked for testing.
+     *
+     * Expressions, like the one defined for the `ngClick` directive in the example
+     * below, are evaluated with respect to the current scope.  Therefore, there is
+     * no risk of inadvertently coding in a dependency on a global value in such an
+     * expression.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="windowExample" name="window-service">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('windowExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', '$window', function($scope, $window) {
+                 $scope.greeting = 'Hello, World!';
+                 $scope.doGreeting = function(greeting) {
+                   $window.alert(greeting);
+                 };
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <input type="text" ng-model="greeting" aria-label="greeting" />
+             <button ng-click="doGreeting(greeting)">ALERT</button>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should display the greeting in the input box', function() {
+           element(by.model('greeting')).sendKeys('Hello, E2E Tests');
+           // If we click the button it will block the test runner
+           // element(':button').click();
+          });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    function $WindowProvider() {
+        this.$get = valueFn(window);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @name $$cookieReader
+     * @requires $document
+     *
+     * @description
+     * This is a private service for reading cookies used by $http and ngCookies
+     *
+     * @return {Object} a key/value map of the current cookies
+     */
+    function $$CookieReader($document) {
+        var rawDocument = $document[0] || {};
+        var lastCookies = {};
+        var lastCookieString = '';
+
+        function safeGetCookie(rawDocument) {
+            try {
+                return rawDocument.cookie || '';
+            } catch (e) {
+                return '';
+            }
+        }
+
+        function safeDecodeURIComponent(str) {
+            try {
+                return decodeURIComponent(str);
+            } catch (e) {
+                return str;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return function () {
+            var cookieArray, cookie, i, index, name;
+            var currentCookieString = safeGetCookie(rawDocument);
+
+            if (currentCookieString !== lastCookieString) {
+                lastCookieString = currentCookieString;
+                cookieArray = lastCookieString.split('; ');
+                lastCookies = {};
+
+                for (i = 0; i < cookieArray.length; i++) {
+                    cookie = cookieArray[i];
+                    index = cookie.indexOf('=');
+                    if (index > 0) { //ignore nameless cookies
+                        name = safeDecodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(0, index));
+                        // the first value that is seen for a cookie is the most
+                        // specific one.  values for the same cookie name that
+                        // follow are for less specific paths.
+                        if (isUndefined(lastCookies[name])) {
+                            lastCookies[name] = safeDecodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(index + 1));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return lastCookies;
+        };
+    }
+
+    $$CookieReader.$inject = ['$document'];
+
+    /** @this */
+    function $$CookieReaderProvider() {
+        this.$get = $$CookieReader;
+    }
+
+    /* global currencyFilter: true,
+     dateFilter: true,
+     filterFilter: true,
+     jsonFilter: true,
+     limitToFilter: true,
+     lowercaseFilter: true,
+     numberFilter: true,
+     orderByFilter: true,
+     uppercaseFilter: true,
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc provider
+     * @name $filterProvider
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Filters are just functions which transform input to an output. However filters need to be
+     * Dependency Injected. To achieve this a filter definition consists of a factory function which is
+     * annotated with dependencies and is responsible for creating a filter function.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** Filter names must be valid AngularJS {@link expression} identifiers, such as `uppercase` or `orderBy`.
+     * Names with special characters, such as hyphens and dots, are not allowed. If you wish to namespace
+     * your filters, then you can use capitalization (`myappSubsectionFilterx`) or underscores
+     * (`myapp_subsection_filterx`).
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   // Filter registration
+     *   function MyModule($provide, $filterProvider) {
+     *     // create a service to demonstrate injection (not always needed)
+     *     $provide.value('greet', function(name){
+     *       return 'Hello ' + name + '!';
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     // register a filter factory which uses the
+     *     // greet service to demonstrate DI.
+     *     $filterProvider.register('greet', function(greet){
+     *       // return the filter function which uses the greet service
+     *       // to generate salutation
+     *       return function(text) {
+     *         // filters need to be forgiving so check input validity
+     *         return text && greet(text) || text;
+     *       };
+     *     });
+     *   }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The filter function is registered with the `$injector` under the filter name suffix with
+     * `Filter`.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     *   it('should be the same instance', inject(
+     *     function($filterProvider) {
+     *       $filterProvider.register('reverse', function(){
+     *         return ...;
+     *       });
+     *     },
+     *     function($filter, reverseFilter) {
+     *       expect($filter('reverse')).toBe(reverseFilter);
+     *     });
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * For more information about how AngularJS filters work, and how to create your own filters, see
+     * {@link guide/filter Filters} in the AngularJS Developer Guide.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc service
+     * @name $filter
+     * @kind function
+     * @description
+     * Filters are used for formatting data displayed to the user.
+     *
+     * They can be used in view templates, controllers or services. AngularJS comes
+     * with a collection of [built-in filters](api/ng/filter), but it is easy to
+     * define your own as well.
+     *
+     * The general syntax in templates is as follows:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * {{ expression [| filter_name[:parameter_value] ... ] }}
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param {String} name Name of the filter function to retrieve
+     * @return {Function} the filter function
+     * @example
+       <example name="$filter" module="filterExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="MainCtrl">
+            <h3>{{ originalText }}</h3>
+            <h3>{{ filteredText }}</h3>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+
+         <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('filterExample', [])
+          .controller('MainCtrl', function($scope, $filter) {
+            $scope.originalText = 'hello';
+            $scope.filteredText = $filter('uppercase')($scope.originalText);
+          });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+      */
+    $FilterProvider.$inject = ['$provide'];
+    /** @this */
+    function $FilterProvider($provide) {
+        var suffix = 'Filter';
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name $filterProvider#register
+         * @param {string|Object} name Name of the filter function, or an object map of filters where
+         *    the keys are the filter names and the values are the filter factories.
+         *
+         *    <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         *    **Note:** Filter names must be valid AngularJS {@link expression} identifiers, such as `uppercase` or `orderBy`.
+         *    Names with special characters, such as hyphens and dots, are not allowed. If you wish to namespace
+         *    your filters, then you can use capitalization (`myappSubsectionFilterx`) or underscores
+         *    (`myapp_subsection_filterx`).
+         *    </div>
+         * @param {Function} factory If the first argument was a string, a factory function for the filter to be registered.
+         * @returns {Object} Registered filter instance, or if a map of filters was provided then a map
+         *    of the registered filter instances.
+         */
+        function register(name, factory) {
+            if (isObject(name)) {
+                var filters = {};
+                forEach(name, function (filter, key) {
+                    filters[key] = register(key, filter);
+                });
+                return filters;
+            } else {
+                return $provide.factory(name + suffix, factory);
+            }
+        }
+        this.register = register;
+
+        this.$get = ['$injector', function ($injector) {
+            return function (name) {
+                return $injector.get(name + suffix);
+            };
+        }];
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /* global
+          currencyFilter: false,
+          dateFilter: false,
+          filterFilter: false,
+          jsonFilter: false,
+          limitToFilter: false,
+          lowercaseFilter: false,
+          numberFilter: false,
+          orderByFilter: false,
+          uppercaseFilter: false
+        */
+
+        register('currency', currencyFilter);
+        register('date', dateFilter);
+        register('filter', filterFilter);
+        register('json', jsonFilter);
+        register('limitTo', limitToFilter);
+        register('lowercase', lowercaseFilter);
+        register('number', numberFilter);
+        register('orderBy', orderByFilter);
+        register('uppercase', uppercaseFilter);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name filter
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Selects a subset of items from `array` and returns it as a new array.
+     *
+     * @param {Array} array The source array.
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     *   **Note**: If the array contains objects that reference themselves, filtering is not possible.
+     * </div>
+     * @param {string|Object|function()} expression The predicate to be used for selecting items from
+     *   `array`.
+     *
+     *   Can be one of:
+     *
+     *   - `string`: The string is used for matching against the contents of the `array`. All strings or
+     *     objects with string properties in `array` that match this string will be returned. This also
+     *     applies to nested object properties.
+     *     The predicate can be negated by prefixing the string with `!`.
+     *
+     *   - `Object`: A pattern object can be used to filter specific properties on objects contained
+     *     by `array`. For example `{name:"M", phone:"1"}` predicate will return an array of items
+     *     which have property `name` containing "M" and property `phone` containing "1". A special
+     *     property name (`$` by default) can be used (e.g. as in `{$: "text"}`) to accept a match
+     *     against any property of the object or its nested object properties. That's equivalent to the
+     *     simple substring match with a `string` as described above. The special property name can be
+     *     overwritten, using the `anyPropertyKey` parameter.
+     *     The predicate can be negated by prefixing the string with `!`.
+     *     For example `{name: "!M"}` predicate will return an array of items which have property `name`
+     *     not containing "M".
+     *
+     *     Note that a named property will match properties on the same level only, while the special
+     *     `$` property will match properties on the same level or deeper. E.g. an array item like
+     *     `{name: {first: 'John', last: 'Doe'}}` will **not** be matched by `{name: 'John'}`, but
+     *     **will** be matched by `{$: 'John'}`.
+     *
+     *   - `function(value, index, array)`: A predicate function can be used to write arbitrary filters.
+     *     The function is called for each element of the array, with the element, its index, and
+     *     the entire array itself as arguments.
+     *
+     *     The final result is an array of those elements that the predicate returned true for.
+     *
+     * @param {function(actual, expected)|true|false} [comparator] Comparator which is used in
+     *     determining if values retrieved using `expression` (when it is not a function) should be
+     *     considered a match based on the expected value (from the filter expression) and actual
+     *     value (from the object in the array).
+     *
+     *   Can be one of:
+     *
+     *   - `function(actual, expected)`:
+     *     The function will be given the object value and the predicate value to compare and
+     *     should return true if both values should be considered equal.
+     *
+     *   - `true`: A shorthand for `function(actual, expected) { return angular.equals(actual, expected)}`.
+     *     This is essentially strict comparison of expected and actual.
+     *
+     *   - `false`: A short hand for a function which will look for a substring match in a case
+     *     insensitive way. Primitive values are converted to strings. Objects are not compared against
+     *     primitives, unless they have a custom `toString` method (e.g. `Date` objects).
+     *
+     *
+     *   Defaults to `false`.
+     *
+     * @param {string} [anyPropertyKey] The special property name that matches against any property.
+     *     By default `$`.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="filter-filter">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-init="friends = [{name:'John', phone:'555-1276'},
+                                    {name:'Mary', phone:'800-BIG-MARY'},
+                                    {name:'Mike', phone:'555-4321'},
+                                    {name:'Adam', phone:'555-5678'},
+                                    {name:'Julie', phone:'555-8765'},
+                                    {name:'Juliette', phone:'555-5678'}]"></div>
+
+           <label>Search: <input ng-model="searchText"></label>
+           <table id="searchTextResults">
+             <tr><th>Name</th><th>Phone</th></tr>
+             <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends | filter:searchText">
+               <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+               <td>{{friend.phone}}</td>
+             </tr>
+           </table>
+           <hr>
+           <label>Any: <input ng-model="search.$"></label> <br>
+           <label>Name only <input ng-model="search.name"></label><br>
+           <label>Phone only <input ng-model="search.phone"></label><br>
+           <label>Equality <input type="checkbox" ng-model="strict"></label><br>
+           <table id="searchObjResults">
+             <tr><th>Name</th><th>Phone</th></tr>
+             <tr ng-repeat="friendObj in friends | filter:search:strict">
+               <td>{{friendObj.name}}</td>
+               <td>{{friendObj.phone}}</td>
+             </tr>
+           </table>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var expectFriendNames = function(expectedNames, key) {
+             element.all(by.repeater(key + ' in friends').column(key + '.name')).then(function(arr) {
+               arr.forEach(function(wd, i) {
+                 expect(wd.getText()).toMatch(expectedNames[i]);
+               });
+             });
+           };
+
+           it('should search across all fields when filtering with a string', function() {
+             var searchText = element(by.model('searchText'));
+             searchText.clear();
+             searchText.sendKeys('m');
+             expectFriendNames(['Mary', 'Mike', 'Adam'], 'friend');
+
+             searchText.clear();
+             searchText.sendKeys('76');
+             expectFriendNames(['John', 'Julie'], 'friend');
+           });
+
+           it('should search in specific fields when filtering with a predicate object', function() {
+             var searchAny = element(by.model('search.$'));
+             searchAny.clear();
+             searchAny.sendKeys('i');
+             expectFriendNames(['Mary', 'Mike', 'Julie', 'Juliette'], 'friendObj');
+           });
+           it('should use a equal comparison when comparator is true', function() {
+             var searchName = element(by.model('search.name'));
+             var strict = element(by.model('strict'));
+             searchName.clear();
+             searchName.sendKeys('Julie');
+             strict.click();
+             expectFriendNames(['Julie'], 'friendObj');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    function filterFilter() {
+        return function (array, expression, comparator, anyPropertyKey) {
+            if (!isArrayLike(array)) {
+                if (array == null) {
+                    return array;
+                } else {
+                    throw minErr('filter')('notarray', 'Expected array but received: {0}', array);
+                }
+            }
+
+            anyPropertyKey = anyPropertyKey || '$';
+            var expressionType = getTypeForFilter(expression);
+            var predicateFn;
+            var matchAgainstAnyProp;
+
+            switch (expressionType) {
+                case 'function':
+                    predicateFn = expression;
+                    break;
+                case 'boolean':
+                case 'null':
+                case 'number':
+                case 'string':
+                    matchAgainstAnyProp = true;
+                    // falls through
+                case 'object':
+                    predicateFn = createPredicateFn(expression, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    return array;
+            }
+
+            return Array.prototype.filter.call(array, predicateFn);
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Helper functions for `filterFilter`
+    function createPredicateFn(expression, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp) {
+        var shouldMatchPrimitives = isObject(expression) && (anyPropertyKey in expression);
+        var predicateFn;
+
+        if (comparator === true) {
+            comparator = equals;
+        } else if (!isFunction(comparator)) {
+            comparator = function (actual, expected) {
+                if (isUndefined(actual)) {
+                    // No substring matching against `undefined`
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if ((actual === null) || (expected === null)) {
+                    // No substring matching against `null`; only match against `null`
+                    return actual === expected;
+                }
+                if (isObject(expected) || (isObject(actual) && !hasCustomToString(actual))) {
+                    // Should not compare primitives against objects, unless they have custom `toString` method
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                actual = lowercase('' + actual);
+                expected = lowercase('' + expected);
+                return actual.indexOf(expected) !== -1;
+            };
+        }
+
+        predicateFn = function (item) {
+            if (shouldMatchPrimitives && !isObject(item)) {
+                return deepCompare(item, expression[anyPropertyKey], comparator, anyPropertyKey, false);
+            }
+            return deepCompare(item, expression, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp);
+        };
+
+        return predicateFn;
+    }
+
+    function deepCompare(actual, expected, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp, dontMatchWholeObject) {
+        var actualType = getTypeForFilter(actual);
+        var expectedType = getTypeForFilter(expected);
+
+        if ((expectedType === 'string') && (expected.charAt(0) === '!')) {
+            return !deepCompare(actual, expected.substring(1), comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp);
+        } else if (isArray(actual)) {
+            // In case `actual` is an array, consider it a match
+            // if ANY of it's items matches `expected`
+            return actual.some(function (item) {
+                return deepCompare(item, expected, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAgainstAnyProp);
+            });
+        }
+
+        switch (actualType) {
+            case 'object':
+                var key;
+                if (matchAgainstAnyProp) {
+                    for (key in actual) {
+                        // Under certain, rare, circumstances, key may not be a string and `charAt` will be undefined
+                        // See: https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/15644
+                        if (key.charAt && (key.charAt(0) !== '$') &&
+                            deepCompare(actual[key], expected, comparator, anyPropertyKey, true)) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return dontMatchWholeObject ? false : deepCompare(actual, expected, comparator, anyPropertyKey, false);
+                } else if (expectedType === 'object') {
+                    for (key in expected) {
+                        var expectedVal = expected[key];
+                        if (isFunction(expectedVal) || isUndefined(expectedVal)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        var matchAnyProperty = key === anyPropertyKey;
+                        var actualVal = matchAnyProperty ? actual : actual[key];
+                        if (!deepCompare(actualVal, expectedVal, comparator, anyPropertyKey, matchAnyProperty, matchAnyProperty)) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    return comparator(actual, expected);
+                }
+            case 'function':
+                return false;
+            default:
+                return comparator(actual, expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Used for easily differentiating between `null` and actual `object`
+    function getTypeForFilter(val) {
+        return (val === null) ? 'null' : typeof val;
+    }
+
+    var MAX_DIGITS = 22;
+    var DECIMAL_SEP = '.';
+    var ZERO_CHAR = '0';
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name currency
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Formats a number as a currency (ie $1,234.56). When no currency symbol is provided, default
+     * symbol for current locale is used.
+     *
+     * @param {number} amount Input to filter.
+     * @param {string=} symbol Currency symbol or identifier to be displayed.
+     * @param {number=} fractionSize Number of decimal places to round the amount to, defaults to default max fraction size for current locale
+     * @returns {string} Formatted number.
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="currencyExample" name="currency-filter">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('currencyExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.amount = 1234.56;
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <input type="number" ng-model="amount" aria-label="amount"> <br>
+             default currency symbol ($): <span id="currency-default">{{amount | currency}}</span><br>
+             custom currency identifier (USD$): <span id="currency-custom">{{amount | currency:"USD$"}}</span><br>
+             no fractions (0): <span id="currency-no-fractions">{{amount | currency:"USD$":0}}</span>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should init with 1234.56', function() {
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-default')).getText()).toBe('$1,234.56');
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-custom')).getText()).toBe('USD$1,234.56');
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-no-fractions')).getText()).toBe('USD$1,235');
+           });
+           it('should update', function() {
+             if (browser.params.browser === 'safari') {
+               // Safari does not understand the minus key. See
+               // https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/481
+               return;
+             }
+             element(by.model('amount')).clear();
+             element(by.model('amount')).sendKeys('-1234');
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-default')).getText()).toBe('-$1,234.00');
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-custom')).getText()).toBe('-USD$1,234.00');
+             expect(element(by.id('currency-no-fractions')).getText()).toBe('-USD$1,234');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    currencyFilter.$inject = ['$locale'];
+
+    function currencyFilter($locale) {
+        var formats = $locale.NUMBER_FORMATS;
+        return function (amount, currencySymbol, fractionSize) {
+            if (isUndefined(currencySymbol)) {
+                currencySymbol = formats.CURRENCY_SYM;
+            }
+
+            if (isUndefined(fractionSize)) {
+                fractionSize = formats.PATTERNS[1].maxFrac;
+            }
+
+            // If the currency symbol is empty, trim whitespace around the symbol
+            var currencySymbolRe = !currencySymbol ? /\s*\u00A4\s*/g : /\u00A4/g;
+
+            // if null or undefined pass it through
+            return (amount == null) ?
+                amount :
+                formatNumber(amount, formats.PATTERNS[1], formats.GROUP_SEP, formats.DECIMAL_SEP, fractionSize).
+            replace(currencySymbolRe, currencySymbol);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name number
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Formats a number as text.
+     *
+     * If the input is null or undefined, it will just be returned.
+     * If the input is infinite (Infinity or -Infinity), the Infinity symbol '∞' or '-∞' is returned, respectively.
+     * If the input is not a number an empty string is returned.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {number|string} number Number to format.
+     * @param {(number|string)=} fractionSize Number of decimal places to round the number to.
+     * If this is not provided then the fraction size is computed from the current locale's number
+     * formatting pattern. In the case of the default locale, it will be 3.
+     * @returns {string} Number rounded to `fractionSize` appropriately formatted based on the current
+     *                   locale (e.g., in the en_US locale it will have "." as the decimal separator and
+     *                   include "," group separators after each third digit).
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="numberFilterExample" name="number-filter">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('numberFilterExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.val = 1234.56789;
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <label>Enter number: <input ng-model='val'></label><br>
+             Default formatting: <span id='number-default'>{{val | number}}</span><br>
+             No fractions: <span>{{val | number:0}}</span><br>
+             Negative number: <span>{{-val | number:4}}</span>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should format numbers', function() {
+             expect(element(by.id('number-default')).getText()).toBe('1,234.568');
+             expect(element(by.binding('val | number:0')).getText()).toBe('1,235');
+             expect(element(by.binding('-val | number:4')).getText()).toBe('-1,234.5679');
+           });
+
+           it('should update', function() {
+             element(by.model('val')).clear();
+             element(by.model('val')).sendKeys('3374.333');
+             expect(element(by.id('number-default')).getText()).toBe('3,374.333');
+             expect(element(by.binding('val | number:0')).getText()).toBe('3,374');
+             expect(element(by.binding('-val | number:4')).getText()).toBe('-3,374.3330');
+          });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    numberFilter.$inject = ['$locale'];
+
+    function numberFilter($locale) {
+        var formats = $locale.NUMBER_FORMATS;
+        return function (number, fractionSize) {
+
+            // if null or undefined pass it through
+            return (number == null) ?
+                number :
+                formatNumber(number, formats.PATTERNS[0], formats.GROUP_SEP, formats.DECIMAL_SEP,
+                    fractionSize);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a number (as a string) into three components that can be used
+     * for formatting the number.
+     *
+     * (Significant bits of this parse algorithm came from https://github.com/MikeMcl/big.js/)
+     *
+     * @param  {string} numStr The number to parse
+     * @return {object} An object describing this number, containing the following keys:
+     *  - d : an array of digits containing leading zeros as necessary
+     *  - i : the number of the digits in `d` that are to the left of the decimal point
+     *  - e : the exponent for numbers that would need more than `MAX_DIGITS` digits in `d`
+     *
+     */
+    function parse(numStr) {
+        var exponent = 0,
+            digits, numberOfIntegerDigits;
+        var i, j, zeros;
+
+        // Decimal point?
+        if ((numberOfIntegerDigits = numStr.indexOf(DECIMAL_SEP)) > -1) {
+            numStr = numStr.replace(DECIMAL_SEP, '');
+        }
+
+        // Exponential form?
+        if ((i = numStr.search(/e/i)) > 0) {
+            // Work out the exponent.
+            if (numberOfIntegerDigits < 0) numberOfIntegerDigits = i;
+            numberOfIntegerDigits += +numStr.slice(i + 1);
+            numStr = numStr.substring(0, i);
+        } else if (numberOfIntegerDigits < 0) {
+            // There was no decimal point or exponent so it is an integer.
+            numberOfIntegerDigits = numStr.length;
+        }
+
+        // Count the number of leading zeros.
+        for (i = 0; numStr.charAt(i) === ZERO_CHAR; i++) { /* empty */ }
+
+        if (i === (zeros = numStr.length)) {
+            // The digits are all zero.
+            digits = [0];
+            numberOfIntegerDigits = 1;
+        } else {
+            // Count the number of trailing zeros
+            zeros--;
+            while (numStr.charAt(zeros) === ZERO_CHAR) zeros--;
+
+            // Trailing zeros are insignificant so ignore them
+            numberOfIntegerDigits -= i;
+            digits = [];
+            // Convert string to array of digits without leading/trailing zeros.
+            for (j = 0; i <= zeros; i++, j++) {
+                digits[j] = +numStr.charAt(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If the number overflows the maximum allowed digits then use an exponent.
+        if (numberOfIntegerDigits > MAX_DIGITS) {
+            digits = digits.splice(0, MAX_DIGITS - 1);
+            exponent = numberOfIntegerDigits - 1;
+            numberOfIntegerDigits = 1;
+        }
+
+        return {
+            d: digits,
+            e: exponent,
+            i: numberOfIntegerDigits
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Round the parsed number to the specified number of decimal places
+     * This function changed the parsedNumber in-place
+     */
+    function roundNumber(parsedNumber, fractionSize, minFrac, maxFrac) {
+        var digits = parsedNumber.d;
+        var fractionLen = digits.length - parsedNumber.i;
+
+        // determine fractionSize if it is not specified; `+fractionSize` converts it to a number
+        fractionSize = (isUndefined(fractionSize)) ? Math.min(Math.max(minFrac, fractionLen), maxFrac) : +fractionSize;
+
+        // The index of the digit to where rounding is to occur
+        var roundAt = fractionSize + parsedNumber.i;
+        var digit = digits[roundAt];
+
+        if (roundAt > 0) {
+            // Drop fractional digits beyond `roundAt`
+            digits.splice(Math.max(parsedNumber.i, roundAt));
+
+            // Set non-fractional digits beyond `roundAt` to 0
+            for (var j = roundAt; j < digits.length; j++) {
+                digits[j] = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // We rounded to zero so reset the parsedNumber
+            fractionLen = Math.max(0, fractionLen);
+            parsedNumber.i = 1;
+            digits.length = Math.max(1, roundAt = fractionSize + 1);
+            digits[0] = 0;
+            for (var i = 1; i < roundAt; i++) digits[i] = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (digit >= 5) {
+            if (roundAt - 1 < 0) {
+                for (var k = 0; k > roundAt; k--) {
+                    digits.unshift(0);
+                    parsedNumber.i++;
+                }
+                digits.unshift(1);
+                parsedNumber.i++;
+            } else {
+                digits[roundAt - 1]++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Pad out with zeros to get the required fraction length
+        for (; fractionLen < Math.max(0, fractionSize); fractionLen++) digits.push(0);
+
+
+        // Do any carrying, e.g. a digit was rounded up to 10
+        var carry = digits.reduceRight(function (carry, d, i, digits) {
+            d = d + carry;
+            digits[i] = d % 10;
+            return Math.floor(d / 10);
+        }, 0);
+        if (carry) {
+            digits.unshift(carry);
+            parsedNumber.i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Format a number into a string
+     * @param  {number} number       The number to format
+     * @param  {{
+     *           minFrac, // the minimum number of digits required in the fraction part of the number
+     *           maxFrac, // the maximum number of digits required in the fraction part of the number
+     *           gSize,   // number of digits in each group of separated digits
+     *           lgSize,  // number of digits in the last group of digits before the decimal separator
+     *           negPre,  // the string to go in front of a negative number (e.g. `-` or `(`))
+     *           posPre,  // the string to go in front of a positive number
+     *           negSuf,  // the string to go after a negative number (e.g. `)`)
+     *           posSuf   // the string to go after a positive number
+     *         }} pattern
+     * @param  {string} groupSep     The string to separate groups of number (e.g. `,`)
+     * @param  {string} decimalSep   The string to act as the decimal separator (e.g. `.`)
+     * @param  {[type]} fractionSize The size of the fractional part of the number
+     * @return {string}              The number formatted as a string
+     */
+    function formatNumber(number, pattern, groupSep, decimalSep, fractionSize) {
+
+        if (!(isString(number) || isNumber(number)) || isNaN(number)) return '';
+
+        var isInfinity = !isFinite(number);
+        var isZero = false;
+        var numStr = Math.abs(number) + '',
+            formattedText = '',
+            parsedNumber;
+
+        if (isInfinity) {
+            formattedText = '\u221e';
+        } else {
+            parsedNumber = parse(numStr);
+
+            roundNumber(parsedNumber, fractionSize, pattern.minFrac, pattern.maxFrac);
+
+            var digits = parsedNumber.d;
+            var integerLen = parsedNumber.i;
+            var exponent = parsedNumber.e;
+            var decimals = [];
+            isZero = digits.reduce(function (isZero, d) {
+                return isZero && !d;
+            }, true);
+
+            // pad zeros for small numbers
+            while (integerLen < 0) {
+                digits.unshift(0);
+                integerLen++;
+            }
+
+            // extract decimals digits
+            if (integerLen > 0) {
+                decimals = digits.splice(integerLen, digits.length);
+            } else {
+                decimals = digits;
+                digits = [0];
+            }
+
+            // format the integer digits with grouping separators
+            var groups = [];
+            if (digits.length >= pattern.lgSize) {
+                groups.unshift(digits.splice(-pattern.lgSize, digits.length).join(''));
+            }
+            while (digits.length > pattern.gSize) {
+                groups.unshift(digits.splice(-pattern.gSize, digits.length).join(''));
+            }
+            if (digits.length) {
+                groups.unshift(digits.join(''));
+            }
+            formattedText = groups.join(groupSep);
+
+            // append the decimal digits
+            if (decimals.length) {
+                formattedText += decimalSep + decimals.join('');
+            }
+
+            if (exponent) {
+                formattedText += 'e+' + exponent;
+            }
+        }
+        if (number < 0 && !isZero) {
+            return pattern.negPre + formattedText + pattern.negSuf;
+        } else {
+            return pattern.posPre + formattedText + pattern.posSuf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function padNumber(num, digits, trim, negWrap) {
+        var neg = '';
+        if (num < 0 || (negWrap && num <= 0)) {
+            if (negWrap) {
+                num = -num + 1;
+            } else {
+                num = -num;
+                neg = '-';
+            }
+        }
+        num = '' + num;
+        while (num.length < digits) num = ZERO_CHAR + num;
+        if (trim) {
+            num = num.substr(num.length - digits);
+        }
+        return neg + num;
+    }
+
+
+    function dateGetter(name, size, offset, trim, negWrap) {
+        offset = offset || 0;
+        return function (date) {
+            var value = date['get' + name]();
+            if (offset > 0 || value > -offset) {
+                value += offset;
+            }
+            if (value === 0 && offset === -12) value = 12;
+            return padNumber(value, size, trim, negWrap);
+        };
+    }
+
+    function dateStrGetter(name, shortForm, standAlone) {
+        return function (date, formats) {
+            var value = date['get' + name]();
+            var propPrefix = (standAlone ? 'STANDALONE' : '') + (shortForm ? 'SHORT' : '');
+            var get = uppercase(propPrefix + name);
+
+            return formats[get][value];
+        };
+    }
+
+    function timeZoneGetter(date, formats, offset) {
+        var zone = -1 * offset;
+        var paddedZone = (zone >= 0) ? '+' : '';
+
+        paddedZone += padNumber(Math[zone > 0 ? 'floor' : 'ceil'](zone / 60), 2) +
+            padNumber(Math.abs(zone % 60), 2);
+
+        return paddedZone;
+    }
+
+    function getFirstThursdayOfYear(year) {
+        // 0 = index of January
+        var dayOfWeekOnFirst = (new Date(year, 0, 1)).getDay();
+        // 4 = index of Thursday (+1 to account for 1st = 5)
+        // 11 = index of *next* Thursday (+1 account for 1st = 12)
+        return new Date(year, 0, ((dayOfWeekOnFirst <= 4) ? 5 : 12) - dayOfWeekOnFirst);
+    }
+
+    function getThursdayThisWeek(datetime) {
+        return new Date(datetime.getFullYear(), datetime.getMonth(),
+            // 4 = index of Thursday
+            datetime.getDate() + (4 - datetime.getDay()));
+    }
+
+    function weekGetter(size) {
+        return function (date) {
+            var firstThurs = getFirstThursdayOfYear(date.getFullYear()),
+                thisThurs = getThursdayThisWeek(date);
+
+            var diff = +thisThurs - +firstThurs,
+                result = 1 + Math.round(diff / 6.048e8); // 6.048e8 ms per week
+
+            return padNumber(result, size);
+        };
+    }
+
+    function ampmGetter(date, formats) {
+        return date.getHours() < 12 ? formats.AMPMS[0] : formats.AMPMS[1];
+    }
+
+    function eraGetter(date, formats) {
+        return date.getFullYear() <= 0 ? formats.ERAS[0] : formats.ERAS[1];
+    }
+
+    function longEraGetter(date, formats) {
+        return date.getFullYear() <= 0 ? formats.ERANAMES[0] : formats.ERANAMES[1];
+    }
+
+    var DATE_FORMATS = {
+        yyyy: dateGetter('FullYear', 4, 0, false, true),
+        yy: dateGetter('FullYear', 2, 0, true, true),
+        y: dateGetter('FullYear', 1, 0, false, true),
+        MMMM: dateStrGetter('Month'),
+        MMM: dateStrGetter('Month', true),
+        MM: dateGetter('Month', 2, 1),
+        M: dateGetter('Month', 1, 1),
+        LLLL: dateStrGetter('Month', false, true),
+        dd: dateGetter('Date', 2),
+        d: dateGetter('Date', 1),
+        HH: dateGetter('Hours', 2),
+        H: dateGetter('Hours', 1),
+        hh: dateGetter('Hours', 2, -12),
+        h: dateGetter('Hours', 1, -12),
+        mm: dateGetter('Minutes', 2),
+        m: dateGetter('Minutes', 1),
+        ss: dateGetter('Seconds', 2),
+        s: dateGetter('Seconds', 1),
+        // while ISO 8601 requires fractions to be prefixed with `.` or `,`
+        // we can be just safely rely on using `sss` since we currently don't support single or two digit fractions
+        sss: dateGetter('Milliseconds', 3),
+        EEEE: dateStrGetter('Day'),
+        EEE: dateStrGetter('Day', true),
+        a: ampmGetter,
+        Z: timeZoneGetter,
+        ww: weekGetter(2),
+        w: weekGetter(1),
+        G: eraGetter,
+        GG: eraGetter,
+        GGG: eraGetter,
+        GGGG: longEraGetter
+    };
+
+    var DATE_FORMATS_SPLIT = /((?:[^yMLdHhmsaZEwG']+)|(?:'(?:[^']|'')*')|(?:E+|y+|M+|L+|d+|H+|h+|m+|s+|a|Z|G+|w+))([\s\S]*)/,
+        NUMBER_STRING = /^-?\d+$/;
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name date
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     *   Formats `date` to a string based on the requested `format`.
+     *
+     *   `format` string can be composed of the following elements:
+     *
+     *   * `'yyyy'`: 4 digit representation of year (e.g. AD 1 => 0001, AD 2010 => 2010)
+     *   * `'yy'`: 2 digit representation of year, padded (00-99). (e.g. AD 2001 => 01, AD 2010 => 10)
+     *   * `'y'`: 1 digit representation of year, e.g. (AD 1 => 1, AD 199 => 199)
+     *   * `'MMMM'`: Month in year (January-December)
+     *   * `'MMM'`: Month in year (Jan-Dec)
+     *   * `'MM'`: Month in year, padded (01-12)
+     *   * `'M'`: Month in year (1-12)
+     *   * `'LLLL'`: Stand-alone month in year (January-December)
+     *   * `'dd'`: Day in month, padded (01-31)
+     *   * `'d'`: Day in month (1-31)
+     *   * `'EEEE'`: Day in Week,(Sunday-Saturday)
+     *   * `'EEE'`: Day in Week, (Sun-Sat)
+     *   * `'HH'`: Hour in day, padded (00-23)
+     *   * `'H'`: Hour in day (0-23)
+     *   * `'hh'`: Hour in AM/PM, padded (01-12)
+     *   * `'h'`: Hour in AM/PM, (1-12)
+     *   * `'mm'`: Minute in hour, padded (00-59)
+     *   * `'m'`: Minute in hour (0-59)
+     *   * `'ss'`: Second in minute, padded (00-59)
+     *   * `'s'`: Second in minute (0-59)
+     *   * `'sss'`: Millisecond in second, padded (000-999)
+     *   * `'a'`: AM/PM marker
+     *   * `'Z'`: 4 digit (+sign) representation of the timezone offset (-1200-+1200)
+     *   * `'ww'`: Week of year, padded (00-53). Week 01 is the week with the first Thursday of the year
+     *   * `'w'`: Week of year (0-53). Week 1 is the week with the first Thursday of the year
+     *   * `'G'`, `'GG'`, `'GGG'`: The abbreviated form of the era string (e.g. 'AD')
+     *   * `'GGGG'`: The long form of the era string (e.g. 'Anno Domini')
+     *
+     *   `format` string can also be one of the following predefined
+     *   {@link guide/i18n localizable formats}:
+     *
+     *   * `'medium'`: equivalent to `'MMM d, y h:mm:ss a'` for en_US locale
+     *     (e.g. Sep 3, 2010 12:05:08 PM)
+     *   * `'short'`: equivalent to `'M/d/yy h:mm a'` for en_US  locale (e.g. 9/3/10 12:05 PM)
+     *   * `'fullDate'`: equivalent to `'EEEE, MMMM d, y'` for en_US  locale
+     *     (e.g. Friday, September 3, 2010)
+     *   * `'longDate'`: equivalent to `'MMMM d, y'` for en_US  locale (e.g. September 3, 2010)
+     *   * `'mediumDate'`: equivalent to `'MMM d, y'` for en_US  locale (e.g. Sep 3, 2010)
+     *   * `'shortDate'`: equivalent to `'M/d/yy'` for en_US locale (e.g. 9/3/10)
+     *   * `'mediumTime'`: equivalent to `'h:mm:ss a'` for en_US locale (e.g. 12:05:08 PM)
+     *   * `'shortTime'`: equivalent to `'h:mm a'` for en_US locale (e.g. 12:05 PM)
+     *
+     *   `format` string can contain literal values. These need to be escaped by surrounding with single quotes (e.g.
+     *   `"h 'in the morning'"`). In order to output a single quote, escape it - i.e., two single quotes in a sequence
+     *   (e.g. `"h 'o''clock'"`).
+     *
+     *   Any other characters in the `format` string will be output as-is.
+     *
+     * @param {(Date|number|string)} date Date to format either as Date object, milliseconds (string or
+     *    number) or various ISO 8601 datetime string formats (e.g. yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss.sssZ and its
+     *    shorter versions like yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mmZ, yyyy-MM-dd or yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ). If no timezone is
+     *    specified in the string input, the time is considered to be in the local timezone.
+     * @param {string=} format Formatting rules (see Description). If not specified,
+     *    `mediumDate` is used.
+     * @param {string=} timezone Timezone to be used for formatting. It understands UTC/GMT and the
+     *    continental US time zone abbreviations, but for general use, use a time zone offset, for
+     *    example, `'+0430'` (4 hours, 30 minutes east of the Greenwich meridian)
+     *    If not specified, the timezone of the browser will be used.
+     * @returns {string} Formatted string or the input if input is not recognized as date/millis.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="filter-date">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <span ng-non-bindable>{{1288323623006 | date:'medium'}}</span>:
+               <span>{{1288323623006 | date:'medium'}}</span><br>
+           <span ng-non-bindable>{{1288323623006 | date:'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss Z'}}</span>:
+              <span>{{1288323623006 | date:'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss Z'}}</span><br>
+           <span ng-non-bindable>{{1288323623006 | date:'MM/dd/yyyy @ h:mma'}}</span>:
+              <span>{{'1288323623006' | date:'MM/dd/yyyy @ h:mma'}}</span><br>
+           <span ng-non-bindable>{{1288323623006 | date:"MM/dd/yyyy 'at' h:mma"}}</span>:
+              <span>{{'1288323623006' | date:"MM/dd/yyyy 'at' h:mma"}}</span><br>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should format date', function() {
+             expect(element(by.binding("1288323623006 | date:'medium'")).getText()).
+                toMatch(/Oct 2\d, 2010 \d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2} (AM|PM)/);
+             expect(element(by.binding("1288323623006 | date:'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss Z'")).getText()).
+                toMatch(/2010-10-2\d \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} (-|\+)?\d{4}/);
+             expect(element(by.binding("'1288323623006' | date:'MM/dd/yyyy @ h:mma'")).getText()).
+                toMatch(/10\/2\d\/2010 @ \d{1,2}:\d{2}(AM|PM)/);
+             expect(element(by.binding("'1288323623006' | date:\"MM/dd/yyyy 'at' h:mma\"")).getText()).
+                toMatch(/10\/2\d\/2010 at \d{1,2}:\d{2}(AM|PM)/);
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    dateFilter.$inject = ['$locale'];
+
+    function dateFilter($locale) {
+
+
+        var R_ISO8601_STR = /^(\d{4})-?(\d\d)-?(\d\d)(?:T(\d\d)(?::?(\d\d)(?::?(\d\d)(?:\.(\d+))?)?)?(Z|([+-])(\d\d):?(\d\d))?)?$/;
+        // 1        2       3         4          5          6          7          8  9     10      11
+        function jsonStringToDate(string) {
+            var match;
+            if ((match = string.match(R_ISO8601_STR))) {
+                var date = new Date(0),
+                    tzHour = 0,
+                    tzMin = 0,
+                    dateSetter = match[8] ? date.setUTCFullYear : date.setFullYear,
+                    timeSetter = match[8] ? date.setUTCHours : date.setHours;
+
+                if (match[9]) {
+                    tzHour = toInt(match[9] + match[10]);
+                    tzMin = toInt(match[9] + match[11]);
+                }
+                dateSetter.call(date, toInt(match[1]), toInt(match[2]) - 1, toInt(match[3]));
+                var h = toInt(match[4] || 0) - tzHour;
+                var m = toInt(match[5] || 0) - tzMin;
+                var s = toInt(match[6] || 0);
+                var ms = Math.round(parseFloat('0.' + (match[7] || 0)) * 1000);
+                timeSetter.call(date, h, m, s, ms);
+                return date;
+            }
+            return string;
+        }
+
+
+        return function (date, format, timezone) {
+            var text = '',
+                parts = [],
+                fn, match;
+
+            format = format || 'mediumDate';
+            format = $locale.DATETIME_FORMATS[format] || format;
+            if (isString(date)) {
+                date = NUMBER_STRING.test(date) ? toInt(date) : jsonStringToDate(date);
+            }
+
+            if (isNumber(date)) {
+                date = new Date(date);
+            }
+
+            if (!isDate(date) || !isFinite(date.getTime())) {
+                return date;
+            }
+
+            while (format) {
+                match = DATE_FORMATS_SPLIT.exec(format);
+                if (match) {
+                    parts = concat(parts, match, 1);
+                    format = parts.pop();
+                } else {
+                    parts.push(format);
+                    format = null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var dateTimezoneOffset = date.getTimezoneOffset();
+            if (timezone) {
+                dateTimezoneOffset = timezoneToOffset(timezone, dateTimezoneOffset);
+                date = convertTimezoneToLocal(date, timezone, true);
+            }
+            forEach(parts, function (value) {
+                fn = DATE_FORMATS[value];
+                text += fn ? fn(date, $locale.DATETIME_FORMATS, dateTimezoneOffset) :
+                    value === '\'\'' ? '\'' : value.replace(/(^'|'$)/g, '').replace(/''/g, '\'');
+            });
+
+            return text;
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name json
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     *   Allows you to convert a JavaScript object into JSON string.
+     *
+     *   This filter is mostly useful for debugging. When using the double curly {{value}} notation
+     *   the binding is automatically converted to JSON.
+     *
+     * @param {*} object Any JavaScript object (including arrays and primitive types) to filter.
+     * @param {number=} spacing The number of spaces to use per indentation, defaults to 2.
+     * @returns {string} JSON string.
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="filter-json">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <pre id="default-spacing">{{ {'name':'value'} | json }}</pre>
+           <pre id="custom-spacing">{{ {'name':'value'} | json:4 }}</pre>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should jsonify filtered objects', function() {
+             expect(element(by.id('default-spacing')).getText()).toMatch(/\{\n {2}"name": ?"value"\n}/);
+             expect(element(by.id('custom-spacing')).getText()).toMatch(/\{\n {4}"name": ?"value"\n}/);
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     *
+     */
+    function jsonFilter() {
+        return function (object, spacing) {
+            if (isUndefined(spacing)) {
+                spacing = 2;
+            }
+            return toJson(object, spacing);
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name lowercase
+     * @kind function
+     * @description
+     * Converts string to lowercase.
+     *
+     * See the {@link ng.uppercase uppercase filter documentation} for a functionally identical example.
+     *
+     * @see angular.lowercase
+     */
+    var lowercaseFilter = valueFn(lowercase);
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name uppercase
+     * @kind function
+     * @description
+     * Converts string to uppercase.
+     * @example
+       <example module="uppercaseFilterExample" name="filter-uppercase">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('uppercaseFilterExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.title = 'This is a title';
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <!-- This title should be formatted normally -->
+             <h1>{{title}}</h1>
+             <!-- This title should be capitalized -->
+             <h1>{{title | uppercase}}</h1>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var uppercaseFilter = valueFn(uppercase);
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name limitTo
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Creates a new array or string containing only a specified number of elements. The elements are
+     * taken from either the beginning or the end of the source array, string or number, as specified by
+     * the value and sign (positive or negative) of `limit`. Other array-like objects are also supported
+     * (e.g. array subclasses, NodeLists, jqLite/jQuery collections etc). If a number is used as input,
+     * it is converted to a string.
+     *
+     * @param {Array|ArrayLike|string|number} input - Array/array-like, string or number to be limited.
+     * @param {string|number} limit - The length of the returned array or string. If the `limit` number
+     *     is positive, `limit` number of items from the beginning of the source array/string are copied.
+     *     If the number is negative, `limit` number  of items from the end of the source array/string
+     *     are copied. The `limit` will be trimmed if it exceeds `array.length`. If `limit` is undefined,
+     *     the input will be returned unchanged.
+     * @param {(string|number)=} begin - Index at which to begin limitation. As a negative index,
+     *     `begin` indicates an offset from the end of `input`. Defaults to `0`.
+     * @returns {Array|string} A new sub-array or substring of length `limit` or less if the input had
+     *     less than `limit` elements.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="limitToExample" name="limit-to-filter">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('limitToExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9];
+                 $scope.letters = "abcdefghi";
+                 $scope.longNumber = 2345432342;
+                 $scope.numLimit = 3;
+                 $scope.letterLimit = 3;
+                 $scope.longNumberLimit = 3;
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <label>
+                Limit {{numbers}} to:
+                <input type="number" step="1" ng-model="numLimit">
+             </label>
+             <p>Output numbers: {{ numbers | limitTo:numLimit }}</p>
+             <label>
+                Limit {{letters}} to:
+                <input type="number" step="1" ng-model="letterLimit">
+             </label>
+             <p>Output letters: {{ letters | limitTo:letterLimit }}</p>
+             <label>
+                Limit {{longNumber}} to:
+                <input type="number" step="1" ng-model="longNumberLimit">
+             </label>
+             <p>Output long number: {{ longNumber | limitTo:longNumberLimit }}</p>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var numLimitInput = element(by.model('numLimit'));
+           var letterLimitInput = element(by.model('letterLimit'));
+           var longNumberLimitInput = element(by.model('longNumberLimit'));
+           var limitedNumbers = element(by.binding('numbers | limitTo:numLimit'));
+           var limitedLetters = element(by.binding('letters | limitTo:letterLimit'));
+           var limitedLongNumber = element(by.binding('longNumber | limitTo:longNumberLimit'));
+
+           it('should limit the number array to first three items', function() {
+             expect(numLimitInput.getAttribute('value')).toBe('3');
+             expect(letterLimitInput.getAttribute('value')).toBe('3');
+             expect(longNumberLimitInput.getAttribute('value')).toBe('3');
+             expect(limitedNumbers.getText()).toEqual('Output numbers: [1,2,3]');
+             expect(limitedLetters.getText()).toEqual('Output letters: abc');
+             expect(limitedLongNumber.getText()).toEqual('Output long number: 234');
+           });
+
+           // There is a bug in safari and protractor that doesn't like the minus key
+           // it('should update the output when -3 is entered', function() {
+           //   numLimitInput.clear();
+           //   numLimitInput.sendKeys('-3');
+           //   letterLimitInput.clear();
+           //   letterLimitInput.sendKeys('-3');
+           //   longNumberLimitInput.clear();
+           //   longNumberLimitInput.sendKeys('-3');
+           //   expect(limitedNumbers.getText()).toEqual('Output numbers: [7,8,9]');
+           //   expect(limitedLetters.getText()).toEqual('Output letters: ghi');
+           //   expect(limitedLongNumber.getText()).toEqual('Output long number: 342');
+           // });
+
+           it('should not exceed the maximum size of input array', function() {
+             numLimitInput.clear();
+             numLimitInput.sendKeys('100');
+             letterLimitInput.clear();
+             letterLimitInput.sendKeys('100');
+             longNumberLimitInput.clear();
+             longNumberLimitInput.sendKeys('100');
+             expect(limitedNumbers.getText()).toEqual('Output numbers: [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+             expect(limitedLetters.getText()).toEqual('Output letters: abcdefghi');
+             expect(limitedLongNumber.getText()).toEqual('Output long number: 2345432342');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+    */
+    function limitToFilter() {
+        return function (input, limit, begin) {
+            if (Math.abs(Number(limit)) === Infinity) {
+                limit = Number(limit);
+            } else {
+                limit = toInt(limit);
+            }
+            if (isNumberNaN(limit)) return input;
+
+            if (isNumber(input)) input = input.toString();
+            if (!isArrayLike(input)) return input;
+
+            begin = (!begin || isNaN(begin)) ? 0 : toInt(begin);
+            begin = (begin < 0) ? Math.max(0, input.length + begin) : begin;
+
+            if (limit >= 0) {
+                return sliceFn(input, begin, begin + limit);
+            } else {
+                if (begin === 0) {
+                    return sliceFn(input, limit, input.length);
+                } else {
+                    return sliceFn(input, Math.max(0, begin + limit), begin);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    function sliceFn(input, begin, end) {
+        if (isString(input)) return input.slice(begin, end);
+
+        return slice.call(input, begin, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc filter
+     * @name orderBy
+     * @kind function
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Returns an array containing the items from the specified `collection`, ordered by a `comparator`
+     * function based on the values computed using the `expression` predicate.
+     *
+     * For example, `[{id: 'foo'}, {id: 'bar'}] | orderBy:'id'` would result in
+     * `[{id: 'bar'}, {id: 'foo'}]`.
+     *
+     * The `collection` can be an Array or array-like object (e.g. NodeList, jQuery object, TypedArray,
+     * String, etc).
+     *
+     * The `expression` can be a single predicate, or a list of predicates each serving as a tie-breaker
+     * for the preceding one. The `expression` is evaluated against each item and the output is used
+     * for comparing with other items.
+     *
+     * You can change the sorting order by setting `reverse` to `true`. By default, items are sorted in
+     * ascending order.
+     *
+     * The comparison is done using the `comparator` function. If none is specified, a default, built-in
+     * comparator is used (see below for details - in a nutshell, it compares numbers numerically and
+     * strings alphabetically).
+     *
+     * ### Under the hood
+     *
+     * Ordering the specified `collection` happens in two phases:
+     *
+     * 1. All items are passed through the predicate (or predicates), and the returned values are saved
+     *    along with their type (`string`, `number` etc). For example, an item `{label: 'foo'}`, passed
+     *    through a predicate that extracts the value of the `label` property, would be transformed to:
+     *    ```
+     *    {
+     *      value: 'foo',
+     *      type: 'string',
+     *      index: ...
+     *    }
+     *    ```
+     * 2. The comparator function is used to sort the items, based on the derived values, types and
+     *    indices.
+     *
+     * If you use a custom comparator, it will be called with pairs of objects of the form
+     * `{value: ..., type: '...', index: ...}` and is expected to return `0` if the objects are equal
+     * (as far as the comparator is concerned), `-1` if the 1st one should be ranked higher than the
+     * second, or `1` otherwise.
+     *
+     * In order to ensure that the sorting will be deterministic across platforms, if none of the
+     * specified predicates can distinguish between two items, `orderBy` will automatically introduce a
+     * dummy predicate that returns the item's index as `value`.
+     * (If you are using a custom comparator, make sure it can handle this predicate as well.)
+     *
+     * If a custom comparator still can't distinguish between two items, then they will be sorted based
+     * on their index using the built-in comparator.
+     *
+     * Finally, in an attempt to simplify things, if a predicate returns an object as the extracted
+     * value for an item, `orderBy` will try to convert that object to a primitive value, before passing
+     * it to the comparator. The following rules govern the conversion:
+     *
+     * 1. If the object has a `valueOf()` method that returns a primitive, its return value will be
+     *    used instead.<br />
+     *    (If the object has a `valueOf()` method that returns another object, then the returned object
+     *    will be used in subsequent steps.)
+     * 2. If the object has a custom `toString()` method (i.e. not the one inherited from `Object`) that
+     *    returns a primitive, its return value will be used instead.<br />
+     *    (If the object has a `toString()` method that returns another object, then the returned object
+     *    will be used in subsequent steps.)
+     * 3. No conversion; the object itself is used.
+     *
+     * ### The default comparator
+     *
+     * The default, built-in comparator should be sufficient for most usecases. In short, it compares
+     * numbers numerically, strings alphabetically (and case-insensitively), for objects falls back to
+     * using their index in the original collection, and sorts values of different types by type.
+     *
+     * More specifically, it follows these steps to determine the relative order of items:
+     *
+     * 1. If the compared values are of different types, compare the types themselves alphabetically.
+     * 2. If both values are of type `string`, compare them alphabetically in a case- and
+     *    locale-insensitive way.
+     * 3. If both values are objects, compare their indices instead.
+     * 4. Otherwise, return:
+     *    -  `0`, if the values are equal (by strict equality comparison, i.e. using `===`).
+     *    - `-1`, if the 1st value is "less than" the 2nd value (compared using the `<` operator).
+     *    -  `1`, otherwise.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If you notice numbers not being sorted as expected, make sure they are actually being
+     *           saved as numbers and not strings.
+     * **Note:** For the purpose of sorting, `null` values are treated as the string `'null'` (i.e.
+     *           `type: 'string'`, `value: 'null'`). This may cause unexpected sort order relative to
+     *           other values.
+     *
+     * @param {Array|ArrayLike} collection - The collection (array or array-like object) to sort.
+     * @param {(Function|string|Array.<Function|string>)=} expression - A predicate (or list of
+     *    predicates) to be used by the comparator to determine the order of elements.
+     *
+     *    Can be one of:
+     *
+     *    - `Function`: A getter function. This function will be called with each item as argument and
+     *      the return value will be used for sorting.
+     *    - `string`: An AngularJS expression. This expression will be evaluated against each item and the
+     *      result will be used for sorting. For example, use `'label'` to sort by a property called
+     *      `label` or `'label.substring(0, 3)'` to sort by the first 3 characters of the `label`
+     *      property.<br />
+     *      (The result of a constant expression is interpreted as a property name to be used for
+     *      comparison. For example, use `'"special name"'` (note the extra pair of quotes) to sort by a
+     *      property called `special name`.)<br />
+     *      An expression can be optionally prefixed with `+` or `-` to control the sorting direction,
+     *      ascending or descending. For example, `'+label'` or `'-label'`. If no property is provided,
+     *      (e.g. `'+'` or `'-'`), the collection element itself is used in comparisons.
+     *    - `Array`: An array of function and/or string predicates. If a predicate cannot determine the
+     *      relative order of two items, the next predicate is used as a tie-breaker.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If the predicate is missing or empty then it defaults to `'+'`.
+     *
+     * @param {boolean=} reverse - If `true`, reverse the sorting order.
+     * @param {(Function)=} comparator - The comparator function used to determine the relative order of
+     *    value pairs. If omitted, the built-in comparator will be used.
+     *
+     * @returns {Array} - The sorted array.
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Ordering a table with `ngRepeat`
+     *
+     * The example below demonstrates a simple {@link ngRepeat ngRepeat}, where the data is sorted by
+     * age in descending order (expression is set to `'-age'`). The `comparator` is not set, which means
+     * it defaults to the built-in comparator.
+     *
+       <example name="orderBy-static" module="orderByExample1">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <table class="friends">
+               <tr>
+                 <th>Name</th>
+                 <th>Phone Number</th>
+                 <th>Age</th>
+               </tr>
+               <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends | orderBy:'-age'">
+                 <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.phone}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.age}}</td>
+               </tr>
+             </table>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('orderByExample1', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               $scope.friends = [
+                 {name: 'John',   phone: '555-1212',  age: 10},
+                 {name: 'Mary',   phone: '555-9876',  age: 19},
+                 {name: 'Mike',   phone: '555-4321',  age: 21},
+                 {name: 'Adam',   phone: '555-5678',  age: 35},
+                 {name: 'Julie',  phone: '555-8765',  age: 29}
+               ];
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .friends {
+             border-collapse: collapse;
+           }
+
+           .friends th {
+             border-bottom: 1px solid;
+           }
+           .friends td, .friends th {
+             border-left: 1px solid;
+             padding: 5px 10px;
+           }
+           .friends td:first-child, .friends th:first-child {
+             border-left: none;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           // Element locators
+           var names = element.all(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name'));
+
+           it('should sort friends by age in reverse order', function() {
+             expect(names.get(0).getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(names.get(1).getText()).toBe('Julie');
+             expect(names.get(2).getText()).toBe('Mike');
+             expect(names.get(3).getText()).toBe('Mary');
+             expect(names.get(4).getText()).toBe('John');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     * <hr />
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Changing parameters dynamically
+     *
+     * All parameters can be changed dynamically. The next example shows how you can make the columns of
+     * a table sortable, by binding the `expression` and `reverse` parameters to scope properties.
+     *
+       <example name="orderBy-dynamic" module="orderByExample2">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <pre>Sort by = {{propertyName}}; reverse = {{reverse}}</pre>
+             <hr/>
+             <button ng-click="propertyName = null; reverse = false">Set to unsorted</button>
+             <hr/>
+             <table class="friends">
+               <tr>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('name')">Name</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'name'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('phone')">Phone Number</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'phone'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('age')">Age</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'age'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+               </tr>
+               <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends | orderBy:propertyName:reverse">
+                 <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.phone}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.age}}</td>
+               </tr>
+             </table>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('orderByExample2', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               var friends = [
+                 {name: 'John',   phone: '555-1212',  age: 10},
+                 {name: 'Mary',   phone: '555-9876',  age: 19},
+                 {name: 'Mike',   phone: '555-4321',  age: 21},
+                 {name: 'Adam',   phone: '555-5678',  age: 35},
+                 {name: 'Julie',  phone: '555-8765',  age: 29}
+               ];
+
+               $scope.propertyName = 'age';
+               $scope.reverse = true;
+               $scope.friends = friends;
+
+               $scope.sortBy = function(propertyName) {
+                 $scope.reverse = ($scope.propertyName === propertyName) ? !$scope.reverse : false;
+                 $scope.propertyName = propertyName;
+               };
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .friends {
+             border-collapse: collapse;
+           }
+
+           .friends th {
+             border-bottom: 1px solid;
+           }
+           .friends td, .friends th {
+             border-left: 1px solid;
+             padding: 5px 10px;
+           }
+           .friends td:first-child, .friends th:first-child {
+             border-left: none;
+           }
+
+           .sortorder:after {
+             content: '\25b2';   // BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE
+           }
+           .sortorder.reverse:after {
+             content: '\25bc';   // BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           // Element locators
+           var unsortButton = element(by.partialButtonText('unsorted'));
+           var nameHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Name'));
+           var phoneHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Phone'));
+           var ageHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Age'));
+           var firstName = element(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name').row(0));
+           var lastName = element(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name').row(4));
+
+           it('should sort friends by some property, when clicking on the column header', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             phoneHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Mary');
+
+             nameHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Mike');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+           });
+
+           it('should sort friends in reverse order, when clicking on the same column', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+           });
+
+           it('should restore the original order, when clicking "Set to unsorted"', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             unsortButton.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Julie');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     * <hr />
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Using `orderBy` inside a controller
+     *
+     * It is also possible to call the `orderBy` filter manually, by injecting `orderByFilter`, and
+     * calling it with the desired parameters. (Alternatively, you could inject the `$filter` factory
+     * and retrieve the `orderBy` filter with `$filter('orderBy')`.)
+     *
+       <example name="orderBy-call-manually" module="orderByExample3">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <pre>Sort by = {{propertyName}}; reverse = {{reverse}}</pre>
+             <hr/>
+             <button ng-click="sortBy(null)">Set to unsorted</button>
+             <hr/>
+             <table class="friends">
+               <tr>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('name')">Name</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'name'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('phone')">Phone Number</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'phone'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+                 <th>
+                   <button ng-click="sortBy('age')">Age</button>
+                   <span class="sortorder" ng-show="propertyName === 'age'" ng-class="{reverse: reverse}"></span>
+                 </th>
+               </tr>
+               <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends">
+                 <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.phone}}</td>
+                 <td>{{friend.age}}</td>
+               </tr>
+             </table>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('orderByExample3', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', 'orderByFilter', function($scope, orderBy) {
+               var friends = [
+                 {name: 'John',   phone: '555-1212',  age: 10},
+                 {name: 'Mary',   phone: '555-9876',  age: 19},
+                 {name: 'Mike',   phone: '555-4321',  age: 21},
+                 {name: 'Adam',   phone: '555-5678',  age: 35},
+                 {name: 'Julie',  phone: '555-8765',  age: 29}
+               ];
+
+               $scope.propertyName = 'age';
+               $scope.reverse = true;
+               $scope.friends = orderBy(friends, $scope.propertyName, $scope.reverse);
+
+               $scope.sortBy = function(propertyName) {
+                 $scope.reverse = (propertyName !== null && $scope.propertyName === propertyName)
+                     ? !$scope.reverse : false;
+                 $scope.propertyName = propertyName;
+                 $scope.friends = orderBy(friends, $scope.propertyName, $scope.reverse);
+               };
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .friends {
+             border-collapse: collapse;
+           }
+
+           .friends th {
+             border-bottom: 1px solid;
+           }
+           .friends td, .friends th {
+             border-left: 1px solid;
+             padding: 5px 10px;
+           }
+           .friends td:first-child, .friends th:first-child {
+             border-left: none;
+           }
+
+           .sortorder:after {
+             content: '\25b2';   // BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE
+           }
+           .sortorder.reverse:after {
+             content: '\25bc';   // BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           // Element locators
+           var unsortButton = element(by.partialButtonText('unsorted'));
+           var nameHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Name'));
+           var phoneHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Phone'));
+           var ageHeader = element(by.partialButtonText('Age'));
+           var firstName = element(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name').row(0));
+           var lastName = element(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name').row(4));
+
+           it('should sort friends by some property, when clicking on the column header', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             phoneHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Mary');
+
+             nameHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Mike');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+           });
+
+           it('should sort friends in reverse order, when clicking on the same column', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+
+             ageHeader.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+           });
+
+           it('should restore the original order, when clicking "Set to unsorted"', function() {
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('John');
+
+             unsortButton.click();
+             expect(firstName.getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(lastName.getText()).toBe('Julie');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     * <hr />
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Using a custom comparator
+     *
+     * If you have very specific requirements about the way items are sorted, you can pass your own
+     * comparator function. For example, you might need to compare some strings in a locale-sensitive
+     * way. (When specifying a custom comparator, you also need to pass a value for the `reverse`
+     * argument - passing `false` retains the default sorting order, i.e. ascending.)
+     *
+       <example name="orderBy-custom-comparator" module="orderByExample4">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <div class="friends-container custom-comparator">
+               <h3>Locale-sensitive Comparator</h3>
+               <table class="friends">
+                 <tr>
+                   <th>Name</th>
+                   <th>Favorite Letter</th>
+                 </tr>
+                 <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends | orderBy:'favoriteLetter':false:localeSensitiveComparator">
+                   <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+                   <td>{{friend.favoriteLetter}}</td>
+                 </tr>
+               </table>
+             </div>
+             <div class="friends-container default-comparator">
+               <h3>Default Comparator</h3>
+               <table class="friends">
+                 <tr>
+                   <th>Name</th>
+                   <th>Favorite Letter</th>
+                 </tr>
+                 <tr ng-repeat="friend in friends | orderBy:'favoriteLetter'">
+                   <td>{{friend.name}}</td>
+                   <td>{{friend.favoriteLetter}}</td>
+                 </tr>
+               </table>
+             </div>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('orderByExample4', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               $scope.friends = [
+                 {name: 'John',   favoriteLetter: 'Ä'},
+                 {name: 'Mary',   favoriteLetter: 'Ü'},
+                 {name: 'Mike',   favoriteLetter: 'Ö'},
+                 {name: 'Adam',   favoriteLetter: 'H'},
+                 {name: 'Julie',  favoriteLetter: 'Z'}
+               ];
+
+               $scope.localeSensitiveComparator = function(v1, v2) {
+                 // If we don't get strings, just compare by index
+                 if (v1.type !== 'string' || v2.type !== 'string') {
+                   return (v1.index < v2.index) ? -1 : 1;
+                 }
+
+                 // Compare strings alphabetically, taking locale into account
+                 return v1.value.localeCompare(v2.value);
+               };
+             }]);
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .friends-container {
+             display: inline-block;
+             margin: 0 30px;
+           }
+
+           .friends {
+             border-collapse: collapse;
+           }
+
+           .friends th {
+             border-bottom: 1px solid;
+           }
+           .friends td, .friends th {
+             border-left: 1px solid;
+             padding: 5px 10px;
+           }
+           .friends td:first-child, .friends th:first-child {
+             border-left: none;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           // Element locators
+           var container = element(by.css('.custom-comparator'));
+           var names = container.all(by.repeater('friends').column('friend.name'));
+
+           it('should sort friends by favorite letter (in correct alphabetical order)', function() {
+             expect(names.get(0).getText()).toBe('John');
+             expect(names.get(1).getText()).toBe('Adam');
+             expect(names.get(2).getText()).toBe('Mike');
+             expect(names.get(3).getText()).toBe('Mary');
+             expect(names.get(4).getText()).toBe('Julie');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     *
+     */
+    orderByFilter.$inject = ['$parse'];
+
+    function orderByFilter($parse) {
+        return function (array, sortPredicate, reverseOrder, compareFn) {
+
+            if (array == null) return array;
+            if (!isArrayLike(array)) {
+                throw minErr('orderBy')('notarray', 'Expected array but received: {0}', array);
+            }
+
+            if (!isArray(sortPredicate)) {
+                sortPredicate = [sortPredicate];
+            }
+            if (sortPredicate.length === 0) {
+                sortPredicate = ['+'];
+            }
+
+            var predicates = processPredicates(sortPredicate);
+
+            var descending = reverseOrder ? -1 : 1;
+
+            // Define the `compare()` function. Use a default comparator if none is specified.
+            var compare = isFunction(compareFn) ? compareFn : defaultCompare;
+
+            // The next three lines are a version of a Swartzian Transform idiom from Perl
+            // (sometimes called the Decorate-Sort-Undecorate idiom)
+            // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartzian_transform
+            var compareValues = Array.prototype.map.call(array, getComparisonObject);
+            compareValues.sort(doComparison);
+            array = compareValues.map(function (item) {
+                return item.value;
+            });
+
+            return array;
+
+            function getComparisonObject(value, index) {
+                // NOTE: We are adding an extra `tieBreaker` value based on the element's index.
+                // This will be used to keep the sort stable when none of the input predicates can
+                // distinguish between two elements.
+                return {
+                    value: value,
+                    tieBreaker: {
+                        value: index,
+                        type: 'number',
+                        index: index
+                    },
+                    predicateValues: predicates.map(function (predicate) {
+                        return getPredicateValue(predicate.get(value), index);
+                    })
+                };
+            }
+
+            function doComparison(v1, v2) {
+                for (var i = 0, ii = predicates.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                    var result = compare(v1.predicateValues[i], v2.predicateValues[i]);
+                    if (result) {
+                        return result * predicates[i].descending * descending;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return (compare(v1.tieBreaker, v2.tieBreaker) || defaultCompare(v1.tieBreaker, v2.tieBreaker)) * descending;
+            }
+        };
+
+        function processPredicates(sortPredicates) {
+            return sortPredicates.map(function (predicate) {
+                var descending = 1,
+                    get = identity;
+
+                if (isFunction(predicate)) {
+                    get = predicate;
+                } else if (isString(predicate)) {
+                    if ((predicate.charAt(0) === '+' || predicate.charAt(0) === '-')) {
+                        descending = predicate.charAt(0) === '-' ? -1 : 1;
+                        predicate = predicate.substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (predicate !== '') {
+                        get = $parse(predicate);
+                        if (get.constant) {
+                            var key = get();
+                            get = function (value) {
+                                return value[key];
+                            };
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return {
+                    get: get,
+                    descending: descending
+                };
+            });
+        }
+
+        function isPrimitive(value) {
+            switch (typeof value) {
+                case 'number':
+                    /* falls through */
+                case 'boolean':
+                    /* falls through */
+                case 'string':
+                    return true;
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function objectValue(value) {
+            // If `valueOf` is a valid function use that
+            if (isFunction(value.valueOf)) {
+                value = value.valueOf();
+                if (isPrimitive(value)) return value;
+            }
+            // If `toString` is a valid function and not the one from `Object.prototype` use that
+            if (hasCustomToString(value)) {
+                value = value.toString();
+                if (isPrimitive(value)) return value;
+            }
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        function getPredicateValue(value, index) {
+            var type = typeof value;
+            if (value === null) {
+                type = 'string';
+                value = 'null';
+            } else if (type === 'object') {
+                value = objectValue(value);
+            }
+            return {
+                value: value,
+                type: type,
+                index: index
+            };
+        }
+
+        function defaultCompare(v1, v2) {
+            var result = 0;
+            var type1 = v1.type;
+            var type2 = v2.type;
+
+            if (type1 === type2) {
+                var value1 = v1.value;
+                var value2 = v2.value;
+
+                if (type1 === 'string') {
+                    // Compare strings case-insensitively
+                    value1 = value1.toLowerCase();
+                    value2 = value2.toLowerCase();
+                } else if (type1 === 'object') {
+                    // For basic objects, use the position of the object
+                    // in the collection instead of the value
+                    if (isObject(value1)) value1 = v1.index;
+                    if (isObject(value2)) value2 = v2.index;
+                }
+
+                if (value1 !== value2) {
+                    result = value1 < value2 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            } else {
+                result = type1 < type2 ? -1 : 1;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function ngDirective(directive) {
+        if (isFunction(directive)) {
+            directive = {
+                link: directive
+            };
+        }
+        directive.restrict = directive.restrict || 'AC';
+        return valueFn(directive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name a
+     * @restrict E
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Modifies the default behavior of the html a tag so that the default action is prevented when
+     * the href attribute is empty.
+     *
+     * For dynamically creating `href` attributes for a tags, see the {@link ng.ngHref `ngHref`} directive.
+     */
+    var htmlAnchorDirective = valueFn({
+        restrict: 'E',
+        compile: function (element, attr) {
+            if (!attr.href && !attr.xlinkHref) {
+                return function (scope, element) {
+                    // If the linked element is not an anchor tag anymore, do nothing
+                    if (element[0].nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'a') return;
+
+                    // SVGAElement does not use the href attribute, but rather the 'xlinkHref' attribute.
+                    var href = toString.call(element.prop('href')) === '[object SVGAnimatedString]' ?
+                        'xlink:href' : 'href';
+                    element.on('click', function (event) {
+                        // if we have no href url, then don't navigate anywhere.
+                        if (!element.attr(href)) {
+                            event.preventDefault();
+                        }
+                    });
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngHref
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 99
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Using AngularJS markup like `{{hash}}` in an href attribute will
+     * make the link go to the wrong URL if the user clicks it before
+     * AngularJS has a chance to replace the `{{hash}}` markup with its
+     * value. Until AngularJS replaces the markup the link will be broken
+     * and will most likely return a 404 error. The `ngHref` directive
+     * solves this problem.
+     *
+     * The wrong way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <a href="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}}">link1</a>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The correct way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <a ng-href="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}}">link1</a>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @element A
+     * @param {template} ngHref any string which can contain `{{}}` markup.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * This example shows various combinations of `href`, `ng-href` and `ng-click` attributes
+     * in links and their different behaviors:
+        <example name="ng-href">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <input ng-model="value" /><br />
+            <a id="link-1" href ng-click="value = 1">link 1</a> (link, don't reload)<br />
+            <a id="link-2" href="" ng-click="value = 2">link 2</a> (link, don't reload)<br />
+            <a id="link-3" ng-href="/{{'123'}}">link 3</a> (link, reload!)<br />
+            <a id="link-4" href="" name="xx" ng-click="value = 4">anchor</a> (link, don't reload)<br />
+            <a id="link-5" name="xxx" ng-click="value = 5">anchor</a> (no link)<br />
+            <a id="link-6" ng-href="{{value}}">link</a> (link, change location)
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should execute ng-click but not reload when href without value', function() {
+              element(by.id('link-1')).click();
+              expect(element(by.model('value')).getAttribute('value')).toEqual('1');
+              expect(element(by.id('link-1')).getAttribute('href')).toBe('');
+            });
+
+            it('should execute ng-click but not reload when href empty string', function() {
+              element(by.id('link-2')).click();
+              expect(element(by.model('value')).getAttribute('value')).toEqual('2');
+              expect(element(by.id('link-2')).getAttribute('href')).toBe('');
+            });
+
+            it('should execute ng-click and change url when ng-href specified', function() {
+              expect(element(by.id('link-3')).getAttribute('href')).toMatch(/\/123$/);
+
+              element(by.id('link-3')).click();
+
+              // At this point, we navigate away from an AngularJS page, so we need
+              // to use browser.driver to get the base webdriver.
+
+              browser.wait(function() {
+                return browser.driver.getCurrentUrl().then(function(url) {
+                  return url.match(/\/123$/);
+                });
+              }, 5000, 'page should navigate to /123');
+            });
+
+            it('should execute ng-click but not reload when href empty string and name specified', function() {
+              element(by.id('link-4')).click();
+              expect(element(by.model('value')).getAttribute('value')).toEqual('4');
+              expect(element(by.id('link-4')).getAttribute('href')).toBe('');
+            });
+
+            it('should execute ng-click but not reload when no href but name specified', function() {
+              element(by.id('link-5')).click();
+              expect(element(by.model('value')).getAttribute('value')).toEqual('5');
+              expect(element(by.id('link-5')).getAttribute('href')).toBe(null);
+            });
+
+            it('should only change url when only ng-href', function() {
+              element(by.model('value')).clear();
+              element(by.model('value')).sendKeys('6');
+              expect(element(by.id('link-6')).getAttribute('href')).toMatch(/\/6$/);
+
+              element(by.id('link-6')).click();
+
+              // At this point, we navigate away from an AngularJS page, so we need
+              // to use browser.driver to get the base webdriver.
+              browser.wait(function() {
+                return browser.driver.getCurrentUrl().then(function(url) {
+                  return url.match(/\/6$/);
+                });
+              }, 5000, 'page should navigate to /6');
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngSrc
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 99
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Using AngularJS markup like `{{hash}}` in a `src` attribute doesn't
+     * work right: The browser will fetch from the URL with the literal
+     * text `{{hash}}` until AngularJS replaces the expression inside
+     * `{{hash}}`. The `ngSrc` directive solves this problem.
+     *
+     * The buggy way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <img src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}}" alt="Description"/>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The correct way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <img ng-src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}}" alt="Description" />
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @element IMG
+     * @param {template} ngSrc any string which can contain `{{}}` markup.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngSrcset
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 99
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Using AngularJS markup like `{{hash}}` in a `srcset` attribute doesn't
+     * work right: The browser will fetch from the URL with the literal
+     * text `{{hash}}` until AngularJS replaces the expression inside
+     * `{{hash}}`. The `ngSrcset` directive solves this problem.
+     *
+     * The buggy way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <img srcset="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}} 2x" alt="Description"/>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The correct way to write it:
+     * ```html
+     * <img ng-srcset="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{{hash}} 2x" alt="Description" />
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @element IMG
+     * @param {template} ngSrcset any string which can contain `{{}}` markup.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngDisabled
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * This directive sets the `disabled` attribute on the element (typically a form control,
+     * e.g. `input`, `button`, `select` etc.) if the
+     * {@link guide/expression expression} inside `ngDisabled` evaluates to truthy.
+     *
+     * A special directive is necessary because we cannot use interpolation inside the `disabled`
+     * attribute. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide} for more info.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="ng-disabled">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <label>Click me to toggle: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked"></label><br/>
+            <button ng-model="button" ng-disabled="checked">Button</button>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should toggle button', function() {
+              expect(element(by.css('button')).getAttribute('disabled')).toBeFalsy();
+              element(by.model('checked')).click();
+              expect(element(by.css('button')).getAttribute('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     *
+     * @element INPUT
+     * @param {expression} ngDisabled If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy,
+     *     then the `disabled` attribute will be set on the element
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngChecked
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Sets the `checked` attribute on the element, if the expression inside `ngChecked` is truthy.
+     *
+     * Note that this directive should not be used together with {@link ngModel `ngModel`},
+     * as this can lead to unexpected behavior.
+     *
+     * A special directive is necessary because we cannot use interpolation inside the `checked`
+     * attribute. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide} for more info.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="ng-checked">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <label>Check me to check both: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="leader"></label><br/>
+            <input id="checkFollower" type="checkbox" ng-checked="leader" aria-label="Follower input">
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should check both checkBoxes', function() {
+              expect(element(by.id('checkFollower')).getAttribute('checked')).toBeFalsy();
+              element(by.model('leader')).click();
+              expect(element(by.id('checkFollower')).getAttribute('checked')).toBeTruthy();
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     *
+     * @element INPUT
+     * @param {expression} ngChecked If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy,
+     *     then the `checked` attribute will be set on the element
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngReadonly
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Sets the `readonly` attribute on the element, if the expression inside `ngReadonly` is truthy.
+     * Note that `readonly` applies only to `input` elements with specific types. [See the input docs on
+     * MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#attr-readonly) for more information.
+     *
+     * A special directive is necessary because we cannot use interpolation inside the `readonly`
+     * attribute. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide} for more info.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="ng-readonly">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <label>Check me to make text readonly: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked"></label><br/>
+            <input type="text" ng-readonly="checked" value="I'm AngularJS" aria-label="Readonly field" />
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should toggle readonly attr', function() {
+              expect(element(by.css('[type="text"]')).getAttribute('readonly')).toBeFalsy();
+              element(by.model('checked')).click();
+              expect(element(by.css('[type="text"]')).getAttribute('readonly')).toBeTruthy();
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     *
+     * @element INPUT
+     * @param {expression} ngReadonly If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy,
+     *     then special attribute "readonly" will be set on the element
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngSelected
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Sets the `selected` attribute on the element, if the expression inside `ngSelected` is truthy.
+     *
+     * A special directive is necessary because we cannot use interpolation inside the `selected`
+     * attribute. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide} for more info.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     *   **Note:** `ngSelected` does not interact with the `select` and `ngModel` directives, it only
+     *   sets the `selected` attribute on the element. If you are using `ngModel` on the select, you
+     *   should not use `ngSelected` on the options, as `ngModel` will set the select value and
+     *   selected options.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="ng-selected">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <label>Check me to select: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="selected"></label><br/>
+            <select aria-label="ngSelected demo">
+              <option>Hello!</option>
+              <option id="greet" ng-selected="selected">Greetings!</option>
+            </select>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should select Greetings!', function() {
+              expect(element(by.id('greet')).getAttribute('selected')).toBeFalsy();
+              element(by.model('selected')).click();
+              expect(element(by.id('greet')).getAttribute('selected')).toBeTruthy();
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     *
+     * @element OPTION
+     * @param {expression} ngSelected If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy,
+     *     then special attribute "selected" will be set on the element
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngOpen
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * Sets the `open` attribute on the element, if the expression inside `ngOpen` is truthy.
+     *
+     * A special directive is necessary because we cannot use interpolation inside the `open`
+     * attribute. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide} for more info.
+     *
+     * ## A note about browser compatibility
+     *
+     * Internet Explorer and Edge do not support the `details` element, it is
+     * recommended to use {@link ng.ngShow} and {@link ng.ngHide} instead.
+     *
+     * @example
+         <example name="ng-open">
+           <file name="index.html">
+             <label>Toggle details: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="open"></label><br/>
+             <details id="details" ng-open="open">
+                <summary>List</summary>
+                <ul>
+                  <li>Apple</li>
+                  <li>Orange</li>
+                  <li>Durian</li>
+                </ul>
+             </details>
+           </file>
+           <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+             it('should toggle open', function() {
+               expect(element(by.id('details')).getAttribute('open')).toBeFalsy();
+               element(by.model('open')).click();
+               expect(element(by.id('details')).getAttribute('open')).toBeTruthy();
+             });
+           </file>
+         </example>
+     *
+     * @element DETAILS
+     * @param {expression} ngOpen If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy,
+     *     then special attribute "open" will be set on the element
+     */
+
+    var ngAttributeAliasDirectives = {};
+
+    // boolean attrs are evaluated
+    forEach(BOOLEAN_ATTR, function (propName, attrName) {
+        // binding to multiple is not supported
+        if (propName === 'multiple') return;
+
+        function defaultLinkFn(scope, element, attr) {
+            scope.$watch(attr[normalized], function ngBooleanAttrWatchAction(value) {
+                attr.$set(attrName, !!value);
+            });
+        }
+
+        var normalized = directiveNormalize('ng-' + attrName);
+        var linkFn = defaultLinkFn;
+
+        if (propName === 'checked') {
+            linkFn = function (scope, element, attr) {
+                // ensuring ngChecked doesn't interfere with ngModel when both are set on the same input
+                if (attr.ngModel !== attr[normalized]) {
+                    defaultLinkFn(scope, element, attr);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        ngAttributeAliasDirectives[normalized] = function () {
+            return {
+                restrict: 'A',
+                priority: 100,
+                link: linkFn
+            };
+        };
+    });
+
+    // aliased input attrs are evaluated
+    forEach(ALIASED_ATTR, function (htmlAttr, ngAttr) {
+        ngAttributeAliasDirectives[ngAttr] = function () {
+            return {
+                priority: 100,
+                link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                    //special case ngPattern when a literal regular expression value
+                    //is used as the expression (this way we don't have to watch anything).
+                    if (ngAttr === 'ngPattern' && attr.ngPattern.charAt(0) === '/') {
+                        var match = attr.ngPattern.match(REGEX_STRING_REGEXP);
+                        if (match) {
+                            attr.$set('ngPattern', new RegExp(match[1], match[2]));
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    scope.$watch(attr[ngAttr], function ngAttrAliasWatchAction(value) {
+                        attr.$set(ngAttr, value);
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+        };
+    });
+
+    // ng-src, ng-srcset, ng-href are interpolated
+    forEach(['src', 'srcset', 'href'], function (attrName) {
+        var normalized = directiveNormalize('ng-' + attrName);
+        ngAttributeAliasDirectives[normalized] = function () {
+            return {
+                priority: 99, // it needs to run after the attributes are interpolated
+                link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                    var propName = attrName,
+                        name = attrName;
+
+                    if (attrName === 'href' &&
+                        toString.call(element.prop('href')) === '[object SVGAnimatedString]') {
+                        name = 'xlinkHref';
+                        attr.$attr[name] = 'xlink:href';
+                        propName = null;
+                    }
+
+                    attr.$observe(normalized, function (value) {
+                        if (!value) {
+                            if (attrName === 'href') {
+                                attr.$set(name, null);
+                            }
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        attr.$set(name, value);
+
+                        // Support: IE 9-11 only
+                        // On IE, if "ng:src" directive declaration is used and "src" attribute doesn't exist
+                        // then calling element.setAttribute('src', 'foo') doesn't do anything, so we need
+                        // to set the property as well to achieve the desired effect.
+                        // We use attr[attrName] value since $set can sanitize the url.
+                        if (msie && propName) element.prop(propName, attr[name]);
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+        };
+    });
+
+    /* global -nullFormCtrl, -PENDING_CLASS, -SUBMITTED_CLASS
+     */
+    var nullFormCtrl = {
+            $addControl: noop,
+            $$renameControl: nullFormRenameControl,
+            $removeControl: noop,
+            $setValidity: noop,
+            $setDirty: noop,
+            $setPristine: noop,
+            $setSubmitted: noop
+        },
+        PENDING_CLASS = 'ng-pending',
+        SUBMITTED_CLASS = 'ng-submitted';
+
+    function nullFormRenameControl(control, name) {
+        control.$name = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name form.FormController
+     *
+     * @property {boolean} $pristine True if user has not interacted with the form yet.
+     * @property {boolean} $dirty True if user has already interacted with the form.
+     * @property {boolean} $valid True if all of the containing forms and controls are valid.
+     * @property {boolean} $invalid True if at least one containing control or form is invalid.
+     * @property {boolean} $submitted True if user has submitted the form even if its invalid.
+     *
+     * @property {Object} $pending An object hash, containing references to controls or forms with
+     *  pending validators, where:
+     *
+     *  - keys are validations tokens (error names).
+     *  - values are arrays of controls or forms that have a pending validator for the given error name.
+     *
+     * See {@link form.FormController#$error $error} for a list of built-in validation tokens.
+     *
+     * @property {Object} $error An object hash, containing references to controls or forms with failing
+     *  validators, where:
+     *
+     *  - keys are validation tokens (error names),
+     *  - values are arrays of controls or forms that have a failing validator for the given error name.
+     *
+     *  Built-in validation tokens:
+     *  - `email`
+     *  - `max`
+     *  - `maxlength`
+     *  - `min`
+     *  - `minlength`
+     *  - `number`
+     *  - `pattern`
+     *  - `required`
+     *  - `url`
+     *  - `date`
+     *  - `datetimelocal`
+     *  - `time`
+     *  - `week`
+     *  - `month`
+     *
+     * @description
+     * `FormController` keeps track of all its controls and nested forms as well as the state of them,
+     * such as being valid/invalid or dirty/pristine.
+     *
+     * Each {@link ng.directive:form form} directive creates an instance
+     * of `FormController`.
+     *
+     */
+    //asks for $scope to fool the BC controller module
+    FormController.$inject = ['$element', '$attrs', '$scope', '$animate', '$interpolate'];
+
+    function FormController($element, $attrs, $scope, $animate, $interpolate) {
+        this.$$controls = [];
+
+        // init state
+        this.$error = {};
+        this.$$success = {};
+        this.$pending = undefined;
+        this.$name = $interpolate($attrs.name || $attrs.ngForm || '')($scope);
+        this.$dirty = false;
+        this.$pristine = true;
+        this.$valid = true;
+        this.$invalid = false;
+        this.$submitted = false;
+        this.$$parentForm = nullFormCtrl;
+
+        this.$$element = $element;
+        this.$$animate = $animate;
+
+        setupValidity(this);
+    }
+
+    FormController.prototype = {
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$rollbackViewValue
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Rollback all form controls pending updates to the `$modelValue`.
+         *
+         * Updates may be pending by a debounced event or because the input is waiting for a some future
+         * event defined in `ng-model-options`. This method is typically needed by the reset button of
+         * a form that uses `ng-model-options` to pend updates.
+         */
+        $rollbackViewValue: function () {
+            forEach(this.$$controls, function (control) {
+                control.$rollbackViewValue();
+            });
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$commitViewValue
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Commit all form controls pending updates to the `$modelValue`.
+         *
+         * Updates may be pending by a debounced event or because the input is waiting for a some future
+         * event defined in `ng-model-options`. This method is rarely needed as `NgModelController`
+         * usually handles calling this in response to input events.
+         */
+        $commitViewValue: function () {
+            forEach(this.$$controls, function (control) {
+                control.$commitViewValue();
+            });
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$addControl
+         * @param {object} control control object, either a {@link form.FormController} or an
+         * {@link ngModel.NgModelController}
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Register a control with the form. Input elements using ngModelController do this automatically
+         * when they are linked.
+         *
+         * Note that the current state of the control will not be reflected on the new parent form. This
+         * is not an issue with normal use, as freshly compiled and linked controls are in a `$pristine`
+         * state.
+         *
+         * However, if the method is used programmatically, for example by adding dynamically created controls,
+         * or controls that have been previously removed without destroying their corresponding DOM element,
+         * it's the developers responsibility to make sure the current state propagates to the parent form.
+         *
+         * For example, if an input control is added that is already `$dirty` and has `$error` properties,
+         * calling `$setDirty()` and `$validate()` afterwards will propagate the state to the parent form.
+         */
+        $addControl: function (control) {
+            // Breaking change - before, inputs whose name was "hasOwnProperty" were quietly ignored
+            // and not added to the scope.  Now we throw an error.
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(control.$name, 'input');
+            this.$$controls.push(control);
+
+            if (control.$name) {
+                this[control.$name] = control;
+            }
+
+            control.$$parentForm = this;
+        },
+
+        // Private API: rename a form control
+        $$renameControl: function (control, newName) {
+            var oldName = control.$name;
+
+            if (this[oldName] === control) {
+                delete this[oldName];
+            }
+            this[newName] = control;
+            control.$name = newName;
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$removeControl
+         * @param {object} control control object, either a {@link form.FormController} or an
+         * {@link ngModel.NgModelController}
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Deregister a control from the form.
+         *
+         * Input elements using ngModelController do this automatically when they are destroyed.
+         *
+         * Note that only the removed control's validation state (`$errors`etc.) will be removed from the
+         * form. `$dirty`, `$submitted` states will not be changed, because the expected behavior can be
+         * different from case to case. For example, removing the only `$dirty` control from a form may or
+         * may not mean that the form is still `$dirty`.
+         */
+        $removeControl: function (control) {
+            if (control.$name && this[control.$name] === control) {
+                delete this[control.$name];
+            }
+            forEach(this.$pending, function (value, name) {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-invalid-this
+                this.$setValidity(name, null, control);
+            }, this);
+            forEach(this.$error, function (value, name) {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-invalid-this
+                this.$setValidity(name, null, control);
+            }, this);
+            forEach(this.$$success, function (value, name) {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-invalid-this
+                this.$setValidity(name, null, control);
+            }, this);
+
+            arrayRemove(this.$$controls, control);
+            control.$$parentForm = nullFormCtrl;
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$setDirty
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the form to a dirty state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to add the 'ng-dirty' class and set the form to a dirty
+         * state (ng-dirty class). This method will also propagate to parent forms.
+         */
+        $setDirty: function () {
+            this.$$animate.removeClass(this.$$element, PRISTINE_CLASS);
+            this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, DIRTY_CLASS);
+            this.$dirty = true;
+            this.$pristine = false;
+            this.$$parentForm.$setDirty();
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$setPristine
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the form to its pristine state.
+         *
+         * This method sets the form's `$pristine` state to true, the `$dirty` state to false, removes
+         * the `ng-dirty` class and adds the `ng-pristine` class. Additionally, it sets the `$submitted`
+         * state to false.
+         *
+         * This method will also propagate to all the controls contained in this form.
+         *
+         * Setting a form back to a pristine state is often useful when we want to 'reuse' a form after
+         * saving or resetting it.
+         */
+        $setPristine: function () {
+            this.$$animate.setClass(this.$$element, PRISTINE_CLASS, DIRTY_CLASS + ' ' + SUBMITTED_CLASS);
+            this.$dirty = false;
+            this.$pristine = true;
+            this.$submitted = false;
+            forEach(this.$$controls, function (control) {
+                control.$setPristine();
+            });
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$setUntouched
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the form to its untouched state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to remove the 'ng-touched' class and set the form controls to their
+         * untouched state (ng-untouched class).
+         *
+         * Setting a form controls back to their untouched state is often useful when setting the form
+         * back to its pristine state.
+         */
+        $setUntouched: function () {
+            forEach(this.$$controls, function (control) {
+                control.$setUntouched();
+            });
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name form.FormController#$setSubmitted
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the form to its submitted state.
+         */
+        $setSubmitted: function () {
+            this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, SUBMITTED_CLASS);
+            this.$submitted = true;
+            this.$$parentForm.$setSubmitted();
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name form.FormController#$setValidity
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Change the validity state of the form, and notify the parent form (if any).
+     *
+     * Application developers will rarely need to call this method directly. It is used internally, by
+     * {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$setValidity NgModelController.$setValidity()}, to propagate a
+     * control's validity state to the parent `FormController`.
+     *
+     * @param {string} validationErrorKey Name of the validator. The `validationErrorKey` will be
+     *        assigned to either `$error[validationErrorKey]` or `$pending[validationErrorKey]` (for
+     *        unfulfilled `$asyncValidators`), so that it is available for data-binding. The
+     *        `validationErrorKey` should be in camelCase and will get converted into dash-case for
+     *        class name. Example: `myError` will result in `ng-valid-my-error` and
+     *        `ng-invalid-my-error` classes and can be bound to as `{{ someForm.$error.myError }}`.
+     * @param {boolean} isValid Whether the current state is valid (true), invalid (false), pending
+     *        (undefined),  or skipped (null). Pending is used for unfulfilled `$asyncValidators`.
+     *        Skipped is used by AngularJS when validators do not run because of parse errors and when
+     *        `$asyncValidators` do not run because any of the `$validators` failed.
+     * @param {NgModelController | FormController} controller - The controller whose validity state is
+     *        triggering the change.
+     */
+    addSetValidityMethod({
+        clazz: FormController,
+        set: function (object, property, controller) {
+            var list = object[property];
+            if (!list) {
+                object[property] = [controller];
+            } else {
+                var index = list.indexOf(controller);
+                if (index === -1) {
+                    list.push(controller);
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        unset: function (object, property, controller) {
+            var list = object[property];
+            if (!list) {
+                return;
+            }
+            arrayRemove(list, controller);
+            if (list.length === 0) {
+                delete object[property];
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngForm
+     * @restrict EAC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Nestable alias of {@link ng.directive:form `form`} directive. HTML
+     * does not allow nesting of form elements. It is useful to nest forms, for example if the validity of a
+     * sub-group of controls needs to be determined.
+     *
+     * Note: the purpose of `ngForm` is to group controls,
+     * but not to be a replacement for the `<form>` tag with all of its capabilities
+     * (e.g. posting to the server, ...).
+     *
+     * @param {string=} ngForm|name Name of the form. If specified, the form controller will be published into
+     *                       related scope, under this name.
+     *
+     */
+
+    /**
+    * @ngdoc directive
+    * @name form
+    * @restrict E
+    *
+    * @description
+    * Directive that instantiates
+    * {@link form.FormController FormController}.
+    *
+    * If the `name` attribute is specified, the form controller is published onto the current scope under
+    * this name.
+    *
+    * ## Alias: {@link ng.directive:ngForm `ngForm`}
+    *
+    * In AngularJS, forms can be nested. This means that the outer form is valid when all of the child
+    * forms are valid as well. However, browsers do not allow nesting of `<form>` elements, so
+    * AngularJS provides the {@link ng.directive:ngForm `ngForm`} directive, which behaves identically to
+    * `form` but can be nested. Nested forms can be useful, for example, if the validity of a sub-group
+    * of controls needs to be determined.
+    *
+    * ## CSS classes
+    *  - `ng-valid` is set if the form is valid.
+    *  - `ng-invalid` is set if the form is invalid.
+    *  - `ng-pending` is set if the form is pending.
+    *  - `ng-pristine` is set if the form is pristine.
+    *  - `ng-dirty` is set if the form is dirty.
+    *  - `ng-submitted` is set if the form was submitted.
+    *
+    * Keep in mind that ngAnimate can detect each of these classes when added and removed.
+    *
+    *
+    * ## Submitting a form and preventing the default action
+    *
+    * Since the role of forms in client-side AngularJS applications is different than in classical
+    * roundtrip apps, it is desirable for the browser not to translate the form submission into a full
+    * page reload that sends the data to the server. Instead some javascript logic should be triggered
+    * to handle the form submission in an application-specific way.
+    *
+    * For this reason, AngularJS prevents the default action (form submission to the server) unless the
+    * `<form>` element has an `action` attribute specified.
+    *
+    * You can use one of the following two ways to specify what javascript method should be called when
+    * a form is submitted:
+    *
+    * - {@link ng.directive:ngSubmit ngSubmit} directive on the form element
+    * - {@link ng.directive:ngClick ngClick} directive on the first
+     *  button or input field of type submit (input[type=submit])
+    *
+    * To prevent double execution of the handler, use only one of the {@link ng.directive:ngSubmit ngSubmit}
+    * or {@link ng.directive:ngClick ngClick} directives.
+    * This is because of the following form submission rules in the HTML specification:
+    *
+    * - If a form has only one input field then hitting enter in this field triggers form submit
+    * (`ngSubmit`)
+    * - if a form has 2+ input fields and no buttons or input[type=submit] then hitting enter
+    * doesn't trigger submit
+    * - if a form has one or more input fields and one or more buttons or input[type=submit] then
+    * hitting enter in any of the input fields will trigger the click handler on the *first* button or
+    * input[type=submit] (`ngClick`) *and* a submit handler on the enclosing form (`ngSubmit`)
+    *
+    * Any pending `ngModelOptions` changes will take place immediately when an enclosing form is
+    * submitted. Note that `ngClick` events will occur before the model is updated. Use `ngSubmit`
+    * to have access to the updated model.
+    *
+    * @animations
+    * Animations in ngForm are triggered when any of the associated CSS classes are added and removed.
+    * These classes are: `.ng-pristine`, `.ng-dirty`, `.ng-invalid` and `.ng-valid` as well as any
+    * other validations that are performed within the form. Animations in ngForm are similar to how
+    * they work in ngClass and animations can be hooked into using CSS transitions, keyframes as well
+    * as JS animations.
+    *
+    * The following example shows a simple way to utilize CSS transitions to style a form element
+    * that has been rendered as invalid after it has been validated:
+    *
+    * <pre>
+    * //be sure to include ngAnimate as a module to hook into more
+    * //advanced animations
+    * .my-form {
+    *   transition:0.5s linear all;
+    *   background: white;
+    * }
+    * .my-form.ng-invalid {
+    *   background: red;
+    *   color:white;
+    * }
+    * </pre>
+    *
+    * @example
+       <example name="ng-form" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" fixBase="true" module="formExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <script>
+            angular.module('formExample', [])
+              .controller('FormController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.userType = 'guest';
+              }]);
+          </script>
+          <style>
+           .my-form {
+             transition:all linear 0.5s;
+             background: transparent;
+           }
+           .my-form.ng-invalid {
+             background: red;
+           }
+          </style>
+          <form name="myForm" ng-controller="FormController" class="my-form">
+            userType: <input name="input" ng-model="userType" required>
+            <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">Required!</span><br>
+            <code>userType = {{userType}}</code><br>
+            <code>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</code><br>
+            <code>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</code><br>
+            <code>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</code><br>
+            <code>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</code><br>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should initialize to model', function() {
+             var userType = element(by.binding('userType'));
+             var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+             expect(userType.getText()).toContain('guest');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+           });
+
+           it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+             var userType = element(by.binding('userType'));
+             var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+             var userInput = element(by.model('userType'));
+
+             userInput.clear();
+             userInput.sendKeys('');
+
+             expect(userType.getText()).toEqual('userType =');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+    *
+    * @param {string=} name Name of the form. If specified, the form controller will be published into
+    *                       related scope, under this name.
+    */
+    var formDirectiveFactory = function (isNgForm) {
+        return ['$timeout', '$parse', function ($timeout, $parse) {
+            var formDirective = {
+                name: 'form',
+                restrict: isNgForm ? 'EAC' : 'E',
+                require: ['form', '^^?form'], //first is the form's own ctrl, second is an optional parent form
+                controller: FormController,
+                compile: function ngFormCompile(formElement, attr) {
+                    // Setup initial state of the control
+                    formElement.addClass(PRISTINE_CLASS).addClass(VALID_CLASS);
+
+                    var nameAttr = attr.name ? 'name' : (isNgForm && attr.ngForm ? 'ngForm' : false);
+
+                    return {
+                        pre: function ngFormPreLink(scope, formElement, attr, ctrls) {
+                            var controller = ctrls[0];
+
+                            // if `action` attr is not present on the form, prevent the default action (submission)
+                            if (!('action' in attr)) {
+                                // we can't use jq events because if a form is destroyed during submission the default
+                                // action is not prevented. see #1238
+                                //
+                                // IE 9 is not affected because it doesn't fire a submit event and try to do a full
+                                // page reload if the form was destroyed by submission of the form via a click handler
+                                // on a button in the form. Looks like an IE9 specific bug.
+                                var handleFormSubmission = function (event) {
+                                    scope.$apply(function () {
+                                        controller.$commitViewValue();
+                                        controller.$setSubmitted();
+                                    });
+
+                                    event.preventDefault();
+                                };
+
+                                formElement[0].addEventListener('submit', handleFormSubmission);
+
+                                // unregister the preventDefault listener so that we don't not leak memory but in a
+                                // way that will achieve the prevention of the default action.
+                                formElement.on('$destroy', function () {
+                                    $timeout(function () {
+                                        formElement[0].removeEventListener('submit', handleFormSubmission);
+                                    }, 0, false);
+                                });
+                            }
+
+                            var parentFormCtrl = ctrls[1] || controller.$$parentForm;
+                            parentFormCtrl.$addControl(controller);
+
+                            var setter = nameAttr ? getSetter(controller.$name) : noop;
+
+                            if (nameAttr) {
+                                setter(scope, controller);
+                                attr.$observe(nameAttr, function (newValue) {
+                                    if (controller.$name === newValue) return;
+                                    setter(scope, undefined);
+                                    controller.$$parentForm.$$renameControl(controller, newValue);
+                                    setter = getSetter(controller.$name);
+                                    setter(scope, controller);
+                                });
+                            }
+                            formElement.on('$destroy', function () {
+                                controller.$$parentForm.$removeControl(controller);
+                                setter(scope, undefined);
+                                extend(controller, nullFormCtrl); //stop propagating child destruction handlers upwards
+                            });
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            };
+
+            return formDirective;
+
+            function getSetter(expression) {
+                if (expression === '') {
+                    //create an assignable expression, so forms with an empty name can be renamed later
+                    return $parse('this[""]').assign;
+                }
+                return $parse(expression).assign || noop;
+            }
+        }];
+    };
+
+    var formDirective = formDirectiveFactory();
+    var ngFormDirective = formDirectiveFactory(true);
+
+
+
+    // helper methods
+    function setupValidity(instance) {
+        instance.$$classCache = {};
+        instance.$$classCache[INVALID_CLASS] = !(instance.$$classCache[VALID_CLASS] = instance.$$element.hasClass(VALID_CLASS));
+    }
+
+    function addSetValidityMethod(context) {
+        var clazz = context.clazz,
+            set = context.set,
+            unset = context.unset;
+
+        clazz.prototype.$setValidity = function (validationErrorKey, state, controller) {
+            if (isUndefined(state)) {
+                createAndSet(this, '$pending', validationErrorKey, controller);
+            } else {
+                unsetAndCleanup(this, '$pending', validationErrorKey, controller);
+            }
+            if (!isBoolean(state)) {
+                unset(this.$error, validationErrorKey, controller);
+                unset(this.$$success, validationErrorKey, controller);
+            } else {
+                if (state) {
+                    unset(this.$error, validationErrorKey, controller);
+                    set(this.$$success, validationErrorKey, controller);
+                } else {
+                    set(this.$error, validationErrorKey, controller);
+                    unset(this.$$success, validationErrorKey, controller);
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.$pending) {
+                cachedToggleClass(this, PENDING_CLASS, true);
+                this.$valid = this.$invalid = undefined;
+                toggleValidationCss(this, '', null);
+            } else {
+                cachedToggleClass(this, PENDING_CLASS, false);
+                this.$valid = isObjectEmpty(this.$error);
+                this.$invalid = !this.$valid;
+                toggleValidationCss(this, '', this.$valid);
+            }
+
+            // re-read the state as the set/unset methods could have
+            // combined state in this.$error[validationError] (used for forms),
+            // where setting/unsetting only increments/decrements the value,
+            // and does not replace it.
+            var combinedState;
+            if (this.$pending && this.$pending[validationErrorKey]) {
+                combinedState = undefined;
+            } else if (this.$error[validationErrorKey]) {
+                combinedState = false;
+            } else if (this.$$success[validationErrorKey]) {
+                combinedState = true;
+            } else {
+                combinedState = null;
+            }
+
+            toggleValidationCss(this, validationErrorKey, combinedState);
+            this.$$parentForm.$setValidity(validationErrorKey, combinedState, this);
+        };
+
+        function createAndSet(ctrl, name, value, controller) {
+            if (!ctrl[name]) {
+                ctrl[name] = {};
+            }
+            set(ctrl[name], value, controller);
+        }
+
+        function unsetAndCleanup(ctrl, name, value, controller) {
+            if (ctrl[name]) {
+                unset(ctrl[name], value, controller);
+            }
+            if (isObjectEmpty(ctrl[name])) {
+                ctrl[name] = undefined;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function cachedToggleClass(ctrl, className, switchValue) {
+            if (switchValue && !ctrl.$$classCache[className]) {
+                ctrl.$$animate.addClass(ctrl.$$element, className);
+                ctrl.$$classCache[className] = true;
+            } else if (!switchValue && ctrl.$$classCache[className]) {
+                ctrl.$$animate.removeClass(ctrl.$$element, className);
+                ctrl.$$classCache[className] = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function toggleValidationCss(ctrl, validationErrorKey, isValid) {
+            validationErrorKey = validationErrorKey ? '-' + snake_case(validationErrorKey, '-') : '';
+
+            cachedToggleClass(ctrl, VALID_CLASS + validationErrorKey, isValid === true);
+            cachedToggleClass(ctrl, INVALID_CLASS + validationErrorKey, isValid === false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function isObjectEmpty(obj) {
+        if (obj) {
+            for (var prop in obj) {
+                if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /* global
+      VALID_CLASS: false,
+      INVALID_CLASS: false,
+      PRISTINE_CLASS: false,
+      DIRTY_CLASS: false,
+      ngModelMinErr: false
+    */
+
+    // Regex code was initially obtained from SO prior to modification: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3143070/javascript-regex-iso-datetime#answer-3143231
+    var ISO_DATE_REGEXP = /^\d{4,}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d:[0-5]\d\.\d+(?:[+-][0-2]\d:[0-5]\d|Z)$/;
+    // See valid URLs in RFC3987 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987)
+    // Note: We are being more lenient, because browsers are too.
+    //   1. Scheme
+    //   2. Slashes
+    //   3. Username
+    //   4. Password
+    //   5. Hostname
+    //   6. Port
+    //   7. Path
+    //   8. Query
+    //   9. Fragment
+    //                 1111111111111111 222   333333    44444        55555555555555555555555     666     77777777     8888888     999
+    var URL_REGEXP = /^[a-z][a-z\d.+-]*:\/*(?:[^:@]+(?::[^@]+)?@)?(?:[^\s:/?#]+|\[[a-f\d:]+])(?::\d+)?(?:\/[^?#]*)?(?:\?[^#]*)?(?:#.*)?$/i;
+    // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
+    var EMAIL_REGEXP = /^(?=.{1,254}$)(?=.{1,64}@)[-!#$%&'*+/0-9=?A-Z^_`a-z{|}~]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/0-9=?A-Z^_`a-z{|}~]+)*@[A-Za-z0-9]([A-Za-z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Za-z0-9])?(\.[A-Za-z0-9]([A-Za-z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Za-z0-9])?)*$/;
+    var NUMBER_REGEXP = /^\s*(-|\+)?(\d+|(\d*(\.\d*)))([eE][+-]?\d+)?\s*$/;
+    var DATE_REGEXP = /^(\d{4,})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/;
+    var DATETIMELOCAL_REGEXP = /^(\d{4,})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)T(\d\d):(\d\d)(?::(\d\d)(\.\d{1,3})?)?$/;
+    var WEEK_REGEXP = /^(\d{4,})-W(\d\d)$/;
+    var MONTH_REGEXP = /^(\d{4,})-(\d\d)$/;
+    var TIME_REGEXP = /^(\d\d):(\d\d)(?::(\d\d)(\.\d{1,3})?)?$/;
+
+    var PARTIAL_VALIDATION_EVENTS = 'keydown wheel mousedown';
+    var PARTIAL_VALIDATION_TYPES = createMap();
+    forEach('date,datetime-local,month,time,week'.split(','), function (type) {
+        PARTIAL_VALIDATION_TYPES[type] = true;
+    });
+
+    var inputType = {
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[text]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Standard HTML text input with AngularJS data binding, inherited by most of the `input` elements.
+         *
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} required Adds `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+         *    minlength.
+         * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+         *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of
+         *    any length.
+         * @param {string=} pattern Similar to `ngPattern` except that the attribute value is the actual string
+         *    that contains the regular expression body that will be converted to a regular expression
+         *    as in the ngPattern directive.
+         * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+         *    does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+         *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+         *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+         *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+         *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+         *    account.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         * @param {boolean=} [ngTrim=true] If set to false AngularJS will not automatically trim the input.
+         *    This parameter is ignored for input[type=password] controls, which will never trim the
+         *    input.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="text-input-directive" module="textInputExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('textInputExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.example = {
+                       text: 'guest',
+                       word: /^\s*\w*\s*$/
+                     };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+               <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 <label>Single word:
+                   <input type="text" name="input" ng-model="example.text"
+                          ng-pattern="example.word" required ng-trim="false">
+                 </label>
+                 <div role="alert">
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                     Required!</span>
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.pattern">
+                     Single word only!</span>
+                 </div>
+                 <code>text = {{example.text}}</code><br/>
+                 <code>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</code><br/>
+                 <code>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</code><br/>
+                 <code>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</code><br/>
+                 <code>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</code><br/>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                var text = element(by.binding('example.text'));
+                var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+                var input = element(by.model('example.text'));
+
+                it('should initialize to model', function() {
+                  expect(text.getText()).toContain('guest');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('');
+
+                  expect(text.getText()).toEqual('text =');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if multi word', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('hello world');
+
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'text': textInputType,
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[date]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Input with date validation and transformation. In browsers that do not yet support
+         * the HTML5 date input, a text element will be used. In that case, text must be entered in a valid ISO-8601
+         * date format (yyyy-MM-dd), for example: `2009-01-06`. Since many
+         * modern browsers do not yet support this input type, it is important to provide cues to users on the
+         * expected input format via a placeholder or label.
+         *
+         * The model must always be a Date object, otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Invalid `Date` objects (dates whose `getTime()` is `NaN`) will be rendered as an empty string.
+         *
+         * The timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model can be defined using
+         * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}. By default, this is the timezone of the browser.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`. This must be a
+         *   valid ISO date string (yyyy-MM-dd). You can also use interpolation inside this attribute
+         *   (e.g. `min="{{minDate | date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}}"`). Note that `min` will also add native HTML5
+         *   constraint validation.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`. This must be
+         *   a valid ISO date string (yyyy-MM-dd). You can also use interpolation inside this attribute
+         *   (e.g. `max="{{maxDate | date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}}"`). Note that `max` will also add native HTML5
+         *   constraint validation.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMin Sets the `min` validation constraint to the Date / ISO date string
+         *   the `ngMin` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `min` attribute.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMax Sets the `max` validation constraint to the Date / ISO date string
+         *   the `ngMax` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `max` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+         <example name="date-input-directive" module="dateInputExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+              angular.module('dateInputExample', [])
+                .controller('DateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                  $scope.example = {
+                    value: new Date(2013, 9, 22)
+                  };
+                }]);
+           </script>
+           <form name="myForm" ng-controller="DateController as dateCtrl">
+              <label for="exampleInput">Pick a date in 2013:</label>
+              <input type="date" id="exampleInput" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                  placeholder="yyyy-MM-dd" min="2013-01-01" max="2013-12-31" required />
+              <div role="alert">
+                <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                    Required!</span>
+                <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.date">
+                    Not a valid date!</span>
+               </div>
+               <tt>value = {{example.value | date: "yyyy-MM-dd"}}</tt><br/>
+               <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+               <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+               <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+               <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            var value = element(by.binding('example.value | date: "yyyy-MM-dd"'));
+            var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+            // currently protractor/webdriver does not support
+            // sending keys to all known HTML5 input controls
+            // for various browsers (see https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562).
+            function setInput(val) {
+              // set the value of the element and force validation.
+              var scr = "var ipt = document.getElementById('exampleInput'); " +
+              "ipt.value = '" + val + "';" +
+              "angular.element(ipt).scope().$apply(function(s) { s.myForm[ipt.name].$setViewValue('" + val + "'); });";
+              browser.executeScript(scr);
+            }
+
+            it('should initialize to model', function() {
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('2013-10-22');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = true');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+              setInput('');
+              expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+              setInput('2015-01-01');
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+         </file>
+         </example>
+         */
+        'date': createDateInputType('date', DATE_REGEXP,
+            createDateParser(DATE_REGEXP, ['yyyy', 'MM', 'dd']),
+            'yyyy-MM-dd'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[datetime-local]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Input with datetime validation and transformation. In browsers that do not yet support
+         * the HTML5 date input, a text element will be used. In that case, the text must be entered in a valid ISO-8601
+         * local datetime format (yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss), for example: `2010-12-28T14:57:00`.
+         *
+         * The model must always be a Date object, otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Invalid `Date` objects (dates whose `getTime()` is `NaN`) will be rendered as an empty string.
+         *
+         * The timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model can be defined using
+         * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}. By default, this is the timezone of the browser.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO datetime format (yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss). You can also use interpolation
+         *   inside this attribute (e.g. `min="{{minDatetimeLocal | date:'yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss'}}"`).
+         *   Note that `min` will also add native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO datetime format (yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss). You can also use interpolation
+         *   inside this attribute (e.g. `max="{{maxDatetimeLocal | date:'yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss'}}"`).
+         *   Note that `max` will also add native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMin Sets the `min` validation error key to the Date / ISO datetime string
+         *   the `ngMin` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `min` attribute.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMax Sets the `max` validation error key to the Date / ISO datetime string
+         *   the `ngMax` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `max` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+         <example name="datetimelocal-input-directive" module="dateExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('dateExample', [])
+               .controller('DateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.example = {
+                   value: new Date(2010, 11, 28, 14, 57)
+                 };
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <form name="myForm" ng-controller="DateController as dateCtrl">
+             <label for="exampleInput">Pick a date between in 2013:</label>
+             <input type="datetime-local" id="exampleInput" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                 placeholder="yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss" min="2001-01-01T00:00:00" max="2013-12-31T00:00:00" required />
+             <div role="alert">
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                   Required!</span>
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.datetimelocal">
+                   Not a valid date!</span>
+             </div>
+             <tt>value = {{example.value | date: "yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss"}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var value = element(by.binding('example.value | date: "yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss"'));
+           var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+           // currently protractor/webdriver does not support
+           // sending keys to all known HTML5 input controls
+           // for various browsers (https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562).
+           function setInput(val) {
+             // set the value of the element and force validation.
+             var scr = "var ipt = document.getElementById('exampleInput'); " +
+             "ipt.value = '" + val + "';" +
+             "angular.element(ipt).scope().$apply(function(s) { s.myForm[ipt.name].$setViewValue('" + val + "'); });";
+             browser.executeScript(scr);
+           }
+
+           it('should initialize to model', function() {
+             expect(value.getText()).toContain('2010-12-28T14:57:00');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = true');
+           });
+
+           it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+             setInput('');
+             expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+           });
+
+           it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+             setInput('2015-01-01T23:59:00');
+             expect(value.getText()).toContain('');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+           });
+         </file>
+         </example>
+         */
+        'datetime-local': createDateInputType('datetimelocal', DATETIMELOCAL_REGEXP,
+            createDateParser(DATETIMELOCAL_REGEXP, ['yyyy', 'MM', 'dd', 'HH', 'mm', 'ss', 'sss']),
+            'yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss.sss'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[time]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Input with time validation and transformation. In browsers that do not yet support
+         * the HTML5 time input, a text element will be used. In that case, the text must be entered in a valid ISO-8601
+         * local time format (HH:mm:ss), for example: `14:57:00`. Model must be a Date object. This binding will always output a
+         * Date object to the model of January 1, 1970, or local date `new Date(1970, 0, 1, HH, mm, ss)`.
+         *
+         * The model must always be a Date object, otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Invalid `Date` objects (dates whose `getTime()` is `NaN`) will be rendered as an empty string.
+         *
+         * The timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model can be defined using
+         * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}. By default, this is the timezone of the browser.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO time format (HH:mm:ss). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `min="{{minTime | date:'HH:mm:ss'}}"`). Note that `min` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO time format (HH:mm:ss). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `max="{{maxTime | date:'HH:mm:ss'}}"`). Note that `max` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMin Sets the `min` validation constraint to the Date / ISO time string the
+         *   `ngMin` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `min` attribute.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMax Sets the `max` validation constraint to the Date / ISO time string the
+         *   `ngMax` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `max` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+         <example name="time-input-directive" module="timeExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+            angular.module('timeExample', [])
+              .controller('DateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.example = {
+                  value: new Date(1970, 0, 1, 14, 57, 0)
+                };
+              }]);
+           </script>
+           <form name="myForm" ng-controller="DateController as dateCtrl">
+              <label for="exampleInput">Pick a time between 8am and 5pm:</label>
+              <input type="time" id="exampleInput" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                  placeholder="HH:mm:ss" min="08:00:00" max="17:00:00" required />
+              <div role="alert">
+                <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                    Required!</span>
+                <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.time">
+                    Not a valid date!</span>
+              </div>
+              <tt>value = {{example.value | date: "HH:mm:ss"}}</tt><br/>
+              <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+              <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+              <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+              <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            var value = element(by.binding('example.value | date: "HH:mm:ss"'));
+            var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+            // currently protractor/webdriver does not support
+            // sending keys to all known HTML5 input controls
+            // for various browsers (https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562).
+            function setInput(val) {
+              // set the value of the element and force validation.
+              var scr = "var ipt = document.getElementById('exampleInput'); " +
+              "ipt.value = '" + val + "';" +
+              "angular.element(ipt).scope().$apply(function(s) { s.myForm[ipt.name].$setViewValue('" + val + "'); });";
+              browser.executeScript(scr);
+            }
+
+            it('should initialize to model', function() {
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('14:57:00');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = true');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+              setInput('');
+              expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+              setInput('23:59:00');
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+         </file>
+         </example>
+         */
+        'time': createDateInputType('time', TIME_REGEXP,
+            createDateParser(TIME_REGEXP, ['HH', 'mm', 'ss', 'sss']),
+            'HH:mm:ss.sss'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[week]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Input with week-of-the-year validation and transformation to Date. In browsers that do not yet support
+         * the HTML5 week input, a text element will be used. In that case, the text must be entered in a valid ISO-8601
+         * week format (yyyy-W##), for example: `2013-W02`.
+         *
+         * The model must always be a Date object, otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Invalid `Date` objects (dates whose `getTime()` is `NaN`) will be rendered as an empty string.
+         *
+         * The timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model can be defined using
+         * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}. By default, this is the timezone of the browser.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO week format (yyyy-W##). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `min="{{minWeek | date:'yyyy-Www'}}"`). Note that `min` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO week format (yyyy-W##). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `max="{{maxWeek | date:'yyyy-Www'}}"`). Note that `max` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMin Sets the `min` validation constraint to the Date / ISO week string
+         *   the `ngMin` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `min` attribute.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMax Sets the `max` validation constraint to the Date / ISO week string
+         *   the `ngMax` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `max` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+         <example name="week-input-directive" module="weekExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+           angular.module('weekExample', [])
+             .controller('DateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               $scope.example = {
+                 value: new Date(2013, 0, 3)
+               };
+             }]);
+           </script>
+           <form name="myForm" ng-controller="DateController as dateCtrl">
+             <label>Pick a date between in 2013:
+               <input id="exampleInput" type="week" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                      placeholder="YYYY-W##" min="2012-W32"
+                      max="2013-W52" required />
+             </label>
+             <div role="alert">
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                   Required!</span>
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.week">
+                   Not a valid date!</span>
+             </div>
+             <tt>value = {{example.value | date: "yyyy-Www"}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var value = element(by.binding('example.value | date: "yyyy-Www"'));
+           var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+           // currently protractor/webdriver does not support
+           // sending keys to all known HTML5 input controls
+           // for various browsers (https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562).
+           function setInput(val) {
+             // set the value of the element and force validation.
+             var scr = "var ipt = document.getElementById('exampleInput'); " +
+             "ipt.value = '" + val + "';" +
+             "angular.element(ipt).scope().$apply(function(s) { s.myForm[ipt.name].$setViewValue('" + val + "'); });";
+             browser.executeScript(scr);
+           }
+
+           it('should initialize to model', function() {
+             expect(value.getText()).toContain('2013-W01');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = true');
+           });
+
+           it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+             setInput('');
+             expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+           });
+
+           it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+             setInput('2015-W01');
+             expect(value.getText()).toContain('');
+             expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+           });
+         </file>
+         </example>
+         */
+        'week': createDateInputType('week', WEEK_REGEXP, weekParser, 'yyyy-Www'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[month]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Input with month validation and transformation. In browsers that do not yet support
+         * the HTML5 month input, a text element will be used. In that case, the text must be entered in a valid ISO-8601
+         * month format (yyyy-MM), for example: `2009-01`.
+         *
+         * The model must always be a Date object, otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Invalid `Date` objects (dates whose `getTime()` is `NaN`) will be rendered as an empty string.
+         * If the model is not set to the first of the month, the next view to model update will set it
+         * to the first of the month.
+         *
+         * The timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model can be defined using
+         * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}. By default, this is the timezone of the browser.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO month format (yyyy-MM). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `min="{{minMonth | date:'yyyy-MM'}}"`). Note that `min` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`.
+         *   This must be a valid ISO month format (yyyy-MM). You can also use interpolation inside this
+         *   attribute (e.g. `max="{{maxMonth | date:'yyyy-MM'}}"`). Note that `max` will also add
+         *   native HTML5 constraint validation.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMin Sets the `min` validation constraint to the Date / ISO week string
+         *   the `ngMin` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `min` attribute.
+         * @param {(date|string)=} ngMax Sets the `max` validation constraint to the Date / ISO week string
+         *   the `ngMax` expression evaluates to. Note that it does not set the `max` attribute.
+
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+         <example name="month-input-directive" module="monthExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+            angular.module('monthExample', [])
+              .controller('DateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.example = {
+                  value: new Date(2013, 9, 1)
+                };
+              }]);
+           </script>
+           <form name="myForm" ng-controller="DateController as dateCtrl">
+             <label for="exampleInput">Pick a month in 2013:</label>
+             <input id="exampleInput" type="month" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                placeholder="yyyy-MM" min="2013-01" max="2013-12" required />
+             <div role="alert">
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                  Required!</span>
+               <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.month">
+                  Not a valid month!</span>
+             </div>
+             <tt>value = {{example.value | date: "yyyy-MM"}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+           </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            var value = element(by.binding('example.value | date: "yyyy-MM"'));
+            var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+
+            // currently protractor/webdriver does not support
+            // sending keys to all known HTML5 input controls
+            // for various browsers (https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562).
+            function setInput(val) {
+              // set the value of the element and force validation.
+              var scr = "var ipt = document.getElementById('exampleInput'); " +
+              "ipt.value = '" + val + "';" +
+              "angular.element(ipt).scope().$apply(function(s) { s.myForm[ipt.name].$setViewValue('" + val + "'); });";
+              browser.executeScript(scr);
+            }
+
+            it('should initialize to model', function() {
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('2013-10');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = true');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+              setInput('');
+              expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+              setInput('2015-01');
+              expect(value.getText()).toContain('');
+              expect(valid.getText()).toContain('myForm.input.$valid = false');
+            });
+         </file>
+         </example>
+         */
+        'month': createDateInputType('month', MONTH_REGEXP,
+            createDateParser(MONTH_REGEXP, ['yyyy', 'MM']),
+            'yyyy-MM'),
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[number]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Text input with number validation and transformation. Sets the `number` validation
+         * error if not a valid number.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * The model must always be of type `number` otherwise AngularJS will throw an error.
+         * Be aware that a string containing a number is not enough. See the {@link ngModel:numfmt}
+         * error docs for more information and an example of how to convert your model if necessary.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * ## Issues with HTML5 constraint validation
+         *
+         * In browsers that follow the
+         * [HTML5 specification](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#number-state-%28type=number%29),
+         * `input[number]` does not work as expected with {@link ngModelOptions `ngModelOptions.allowInvalid`}.
+         * If a non-number is entered in the input, the browser will report the value as an empty string,
+         * which means the view / model values in `ngModel` and subsequently the scope value
+         * will also be an empty string.
+         *
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `min`.
+         *    Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `max`.
+         *    Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} ngMin Like `min`, sets the `min` validation error key if the value entered is less than `ngMin`,
+         *    but does not trigger HTML5 native validation. Takes an expression.
+         * @param {string=} ngMax Like `max`, sets the `max` validation error key if the value entered is greater than `ngMax`,
+         *    but does not trigger HTML5 native validation. Takes an expression.
+         * @param {string=} step Sets the `step` validation error key if the value entered does not fit the `step` constraint.
+         *    Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} ngStep Like `step`, sets the `step` validation error key if the value entered does not fit the `ngStep` constraint,
+         *    but does not trigger HTML5 native validation. Takes an expression.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+         *    minlength.
+         * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+         *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of
+         *    any length.
+         * @param {string=} pattern Similar to `ngPattern` except that the attribute value is the actual string
+         *    that contains the regular expression body that will be converted to a regular expression
+         *    as in the ngPattern directive.
+         * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+         *    does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+         *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+         *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+         *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+         *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+         *    account.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="number-input-directive" module="numberExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('numberExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.example = {
+                       value: 12
+                     };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+               <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 <label>Number:
+                   <input type="number" name="input" ng-model="example.value"
+                          min="0" max="99" required>
+                </label>
+                 <div role="alert">
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                     Required!</span>
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.number">
+                     Not valid number!</span>
+                 </div>
+                 <tt>value = {{example.value}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                var value = element(by.binding('example.value'));
+                var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+                var input = element(by.model('example.value'));
+
+                it('should initialize to model', function() {
+                  expect(value.getText()).toContain('12');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('');
+                  expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if over max', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('123');
+                  expect(value.getText()).toEqual('value =');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'number': numberInputType,
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[url]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Text input with URL validation. Sets the `url` validation error key if the content is not a
+         * valid URL.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * **Note:** `input[url]` uses a regex to validate urls that is derived from the regex
+         * used in Chromium. If you need stricter validation, you can use `ng-pattern` or modify
+         * the built-in validators (see the {@link guide/forms Forms guide})
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+         *    minlength.
+         * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+         *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of
+         *    any length.
+         * @param {string=} pattern Similar to `ngPattern` except that the attribute value is the actual string
+         *    that contains the regular expression body that will be converted to a regular expression
+         *    as in the ngPattern directive.
+         * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+         *    does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+         *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+         *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+         *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+         *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+         *    account.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="url-input-directive" module="urlExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('urlExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.url = {
+                       text: 'http://google.com'
+                     };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+               <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 <label>URL:
+                   <input type="url" name="input" ng-model="url.text" required>
+                 <label>
+                 <div role="alert">
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                     Required!</span>
+                   <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.url">
+                     Not valid url!</span>
+                 </div>
+                 <tt>text = {{url.text}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>myForm.$error.url = {{!!myForm.$error.url}}</tt><br/>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                var text = element(by.binding('url.text'));
+                var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+                var input = element(by.model('url.text'));
+
+                it('should initialize to model', function() {
+                  expect(text.getText()).toContain('http://google.com');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('');
+
+                  expect(text.getText()).toEqual('text =');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if not url', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('box');
+
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'url': urlInputType,
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[email]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Text input with email validation. Sets the `email` validation error key if not a valid email
+         * address.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * **Note:** `input[email]` uses a regex to validate email addresses that is derived from the regex
+         * used in Chromium. If you need stricter validation (e.g. requiring a top-level domain), you can
+         * use `ng-pattern` or modify the built-in validators (see the {@link guide/forms Forms guide})
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+         * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+         *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+         *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+         * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+         *    minlength.
+         * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+         *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of
+         *    any length.
+         * @param {string=} pattern Similar to `ngPattern` except that the attribute value is the actual string
+         *    that contains the regular expression body that will be converted to a regular expression
+         *    as in the ngPattern directive.
+         * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+         *    does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+         *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+         *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+         *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+         *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+         *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+         *    account.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="email-input-directive" module="emailExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('emailExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.email = {
+                       text: 'me@example.com'
+                     };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+                 <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                   <label>Email:
+                     <input type="email" name="input" ng-model="email.text" required>
+                   </label>
+                   <div role="alert">
+                     <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.required">
+                       Required!</span>
+                     <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.input.$error.email">
+                       Not valid email!</span>
+                   </div>
+                   <tt>text = {{email.text}}</tt><br/>
+                   <tt>myForm.input.$valid = {{myForm.input.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                   <tt>myForm.input.$error = {{myForm.input.$error}}</tt><br/>
+                   <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+                   <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+                   <tt>myForm.$error.email = {{!!myForm.$error.email}}</tt><br/>
+                 </form>
+               </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                var text = element(by.binding('email.text'));
+                var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.input.$valid'));
+                var input = element(by.model('email.text'));
+
+                it('should initialize to model', function() {
+                  expect(text.getText()).toContain('me@example.com');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('');
+                  expect(text.getText()).toEqual('text =');
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+
+                it('should be invalid if not email', function() {
+                  input.clear();
+                  input.sendKeys('xxx');
+
+                  expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'email': emailInputType,
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[radio]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * HTML radio button.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string} value The value to which the `ngModel` expression should be set when selected.
+         *    Note that `value` only supports `string` values, i.e. the scope model needs to be a string,
+         *    too. Use `ngValue` if you need complex models (`number`, `object`, ...).
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         * @param {string} ngValue AngularJS expression to which `ngModel` will be be set when the radio
+         *    is selected. Should be used instead of the `value` attribute if you need
+         *    a non-string `ngModel` (`boolean`, `array`, ...).
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="radio-input-directive" module="radioExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('radioExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.color = {
+                       name: 'blue'
+                     };
+                     $scope.specialValue = {
+                       "id": "12345",
+                       "value": "green"
+                     };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+               <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 <label>
+                   <input type="radio" ng-model="color.name" value="red">
+                   Red
+                 </label><br/>
+                 <label>
+                   <input type="radio" ng-model="color.name" ng-value="specialValue">
+                   Green
+                 </label><br/>
+                 <label>
+                   <input type="radio" ng-model="color.name" value="blue">
+                   Blue
+                 </label><br/>
+                 <tt>color = {{color.name | json}}</tt><br/>
+                </form>
+                Note that `ng-value="specialValue"` sets radio item's value to be the value of `$scope.specialValue`.
+              </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                it('should change state', function() {
+                  var inputs = element.all(by.model('color.name'));
+                  var color = element(by.binding('color.name'));
+
+                  expect(color.getText()).toContain('blue');
+
+                  inputs.get(0).click();
+                  expect(color.getText()).toContain('red');
+
+                  inputs.get(1).click();
+                  expect(color.getText()).toContain('green');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'radio': radioInputType,
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[range]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Native range input with validation and transformation.
+         *
+         * The model for the range input must always be a `Number`.
+         *
+         * IE9 and other browsers that do not support the `range` type fall back
+         * to a text input without any default values for `min`, `max` and `step`. Model binding,
+         * validation and number parsing are nevertheless supported.
+         *
+         * Browsers that support range (latest Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Edge) treat `input[range]`
+         * in a way that never allows the input to hold an invalid value. That means:
+         * - any non-numerical value is set to `(max + min) / 2`.
+         * - any numerical value that is less than the current min val, or greater than the current max val
+         * is set to the min / max val respectively.
+         * - additionally, the current `step` is respected, so the nearest value that satisfies a step
+         * is used.
+         *
+         * See the [HTML Spec on input[type=range]](https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/forms.html#range-state-(type=range))
+         * for more info.
+         *
+         * This has the following consequences for AngularJS:
+         *
+         * Since the element value should always reflect the current model value, a range input
+         * will set the bound ngModel expression to the value that the browser has set for the
+         * input element. For example, in the following input `<input type="range" ng-model="model.value">`,
+         * if the application sets `model.value = null`, the browser will set the input to `'50'`.
+         * AngularJS will then set the model to `50`, to prevent input and model value being out of sync.
+         *
+         * That means the model for range will immediately be set to `50` after `ngModel` has been
+         * initialized. It also means a range input can never have the required error.
+         *
+         * This does not only affect changes to the model value, but also to the values of the `min`,
+         * `max`, and `step` attributes. When these change in a way that will cause the browser to modify
+         * the input value, AngularJS will also update the model value.
+         *
+         * Automatic value adjustment also means that a range input element can never have the `required`,
+         * `min`, or `max` errors.
+         *
+         * However, `step` is currently only fully implemented by Firefox. Other browsers have problems
+         * when the step value changes dynamically - they do not adjust the element value correctly, but
+         * instead may set the `stepMismatch` error. If that's the case, the AngularJS will set the `step`
+         * error on the input, and set the model to `undefined`.
+         *
+         * Note that `input[range]` is not compatible with`ngMax`, `ngMin`, and `ngStep`, because they do
+         * not set the `min` and `max` attributes, which means that the browser won't automatically adjust
+         * the input value based on their values, and will always assume min = 0, max = 100, and step = 1.
+         *
+         * @param {string}  ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {string=} min Sets the `min` validation to ensure that the value entered is greater
+         *                  than `min`. Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} max Sets the `max` validation to ensure that the value entered is less than `max`.
+         *                  Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} step Sets the `step` validation to ensure that the value entered matches the `step`
+         *                  Can be interpolated.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when the ngModel value changes due
+         *                  to user interaction with the input element.
+         * @param {expression=} ngChecked If the expression is truthy, then the `checked` attribute will be set on the
+         *                      element. **Note** : `ngChecked` should not be used alongside `ngModel`.
+         *                      Checkout {@link ng.directive:ngChecked ngChecked} for usage.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="range-input-directive" module="rangeExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+                <script>
+                  angular.module('rangeExample', [])
+                    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                      $scope.value = 75;
+                      $scope.min = 10;
+                      $scope.max = 90;
+                    }]);
+                </script>
+                <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+
+                  Model as range: <input type="range" name="range" ng-model="value" min="{{min}}"  max="{{max}}">
+                  <hr>
+                  Model as number: <input type="number" ng-model="value"><br>
+                  Min: <input type="number" ng-model="min"><br>
+                  Max: <input type="number" ng-model="max"><br>
+                  value = <code>{{value}}</code><br/>
+                  myForm.range.$valid = <code>{{myForm.range.$valid}}</code><br/>
+                  myForm.range.$error = <code>{{myForm.range.$error}}</code>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+            </example>
+
+         * ## Range Input with ngMin & ngMax attributes
+
+         * @example
+            <example name="range-input-directive-ng" module="rangeExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+                <script>
+                  angular.module('rangeExample', [])
+                    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                      $scope.value = 75;
+                      $scope.min = 10;
+                      $scope.max = 90;
+                    }]);
+                </script>
+                <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                  Model as range: <input type="range" name="range" ng-model="value" ng-min="min" ng-max="max">
+                  <hr>
+                  Model as number: <input type="number" ng-model="value"><br>
+                  Min: <input type="number" ng-model="min"><br>
+                  Max: <input type="number" ng-model="max"><br>
+                  value = <code>{{value}}</code><br/>
+                  myForm.range.$valid = <code>{{myForm.range.$valid}}</code><br/>
+                  myForm.range.$error = <code>{{myForm.range.$error}}</code>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+            </example>
+
+         */
+        'range': rangeInputType,
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc input
+         * @name input[checkbox]
+         *
+         * @description
+         * HTML checkbox.
+         *
+         * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+         * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+         * @param {expression=} ngTrueValue The value to which the expression should be set when selected.
+         * @param {expression=} ngFalseValue The value to which the expression should be set when not selected.
+         * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+         *    interaction with the input element.
+         *
+         * @example
+            <example name="checkbox-input-directive" module="checkboxExample">
+              <file name="index.html">
+               <script>
+                 angular.module('checkboxExample', [])
+                   .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                     $scope.checkboxModel = {
+                      value1 : true,
+                      value2 : 'YES'
+                    };
+                   }]);
+               </script>
+               <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+                 <label>Value1:
+                   <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checkboxModel.value1">
+                 </label><br/>
+                 <label>Value2:
+                   <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checkboxModel.value2"
+                          ng-true-value="'YES'" ng-false-value="'NO'">
+                  </label><br/>
+                 <tt>value1 = {{checkboxModel.value1}}</tt><br/>
+                 <tt>value2 = {{checkboxModel.value2}}</tt><br/>
+                </form>
+              </file>
+              <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+                it('should change state', function() {
+                  var value1 = element(by.binding('checkboxModel.value1'));
+                  var value2 = element(by.binding('checkboxModel.value2'));
+
+                  expect(value1.getText()).toContain('true');
+                  expect(value2.getText()).toContain('YES');
+
+                  element(by.model('checkboxModel.value1')).click();
+                  element(by.model('checkboxModel.value2')).click();
+
+                  expect(value1.getText()).toContain('false');
+                  expect(value2.getText()).toContain('NO');
+                });
+              </file>
+            </example>
+         */
+        'checkbox': checkboxInputType,
+
+        'hidden': noop,
+        'button': noop,
+        'submit': noop,
+        'reset': noop,
+        'file': noop
+    };
+
+    function stringBasedInputType(ctrl) {
+        ctrl.$formatters.push(function (value) {
+            return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) ? value : value.toString();
+        });
+    }
+
+    function textInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+        stringBasedInputType(ctrl);
+    }
+
+    function baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        var type = lowercase(element[0].type);
+
+        // In composition mode, users are still inputting intermediate text buffer,
+        // hold the listener until composition is done.
+        // More about composition events: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CompositionEvent
+        if (!$sniffer.android) {
+            var composing = false;
+
+            element.on('compositionstart', function () {
+                composing = true;
+            });
+
+            element.on('compositionend', function () {
+                composing = false;
+                listener();
+            });
+        }
+
+        var timeout;
+
+        var listener = function (ev) {
+            if (timeout) {
+                $browser.defer.cancel(timeout);
+                timeout = null;
+            }
+            if (composing) return;
+            var value = element.val(),
+                event = ev && ev.type;
+
+            // By default we will trim the value
+            // If the attribute ng-trim exists we will avoid trimming
+            // If input type is 'password', the value is never trimmed
+            if (type !== 'password' && (!attr.ngTrim || attr.ngTrim !== 'false')) {
+                value = trim(value);
+            }
+
+            // If a control is suffering from bad input (due to native validators), browsers discard its
+            // value, so it may be necessary to revalidate (by calling $setViewValue again) even if the
+            // control's value is the same empty value twice in a row.
+            if (ctrl.$viewValue !== value || (value === '' && ctrl.$$hasNativeValidators)) {
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(value, event);
+            }
+        };
+
+        // if the browser does support "input" event, we are fine - except on IE9 which doesn't fire the
+        // input event on backspace, delete or cut
+        if ($sniffer.hasEvent('input')) {
+            element.on('input', listener);
+        } else {
+            var deferListener = function (ev, input, origValue) {
+                if (!timeout) {
+                    timeout = $browser.defer(function () {
+                        timeout = null;
+                        if (!input || input.value !== origValue) {
+                            listener(ev);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+
+            element.on('keydown', /** @this */ function (event) {
+                var key = event.keyCode;
+
+                // ignore
+                //    command            modifiers                   arrows
+                if (key === 91 || (15 < key && key < 19) || (37 <= key && key <= 40)) return;
+
+                deferListener(event, this, this.value);
+            });
+
+            // if user modifies input value using context menu in IE, we need "paste", "cut" and "drop" events to catch it
+            if ($sniffer.hasEvent('paste')) {
+                element.on('paste cut drop', deferListener);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if user paste into input using mouse on older browser
+        // or form autocomplete on newer browser, we need "change" event to catch it
+        element.on('change', listener);
+
+        // Some native input types (date-family) have the ability to change validity without
+        // firing any input/change events.
+        // For these event types, when native validators are present and the browser supports the type,
+        // check for validity changes on various DOM events.
+        if (PARTIAL_VALIDATION_TYPES[type] && ctrl.$$hasNativeValidators && type === attr.type) {
+            element.on(PARTIAL_VALIDATION_EVENTS, /** @this */ function (ev) {
+                if (!timeout) {
+                    var validity = this[VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY];
+                    var origBadInput = validity.badInput;
+                    var origTypeMismatch = validity.typeMismatch;
+                    timeout = $browser.defer(function () {
+                        timeout = null;
+                        if (validity.badInput !== origBadInput || validity.typeMismatch !== origTypeMismatch) {
+                            listener(ev);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        ctrl.$render = function () {
+            // Workaround for Firefox validation #12102.
+            var value = ctrl.$isEmpty(ctrl.$viewValue) ? '' : ctrl.$viewValue;
+            if (element.val() !== value) {
+                element.val(value);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    function weekParser(isoWeek, existingDate) {
+        if (isDate(isoWeek)) {
+            return isoWeek;
+        }
+
+        if (isString(isoWeek)) {
+            WEEK_REGEXP.lastIndex = 0;
+            var parts = WEEK_REGEXP.exec(isoWeek);
+            if (parts) {
+                var year = +parts[1],
+                    week = +parts[2],
+                    hours = 0,
+                    minutes = 0,
+                    seconds = 0,
+                    milliseconds = 0,
+                    firstThurs = getFirstThursdayOfYear(year),
+                    addDays = (week - 1) * 7;
+
+                if (existingDate) {
+                    hours = existingDate.getHours();
+                    minutes = existingDate.getMinutes();
+                    seconds = existingDate.getSeconds();
+                    milliseconds = existingDate.getMilliseconds();
+                }
+
+                return new Date(year, 0, firstThurs.getDate() + addDays, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return NaN;
+    }
+
+    function createDateParser(regexp, mapping) {
+        return function (iso, date) {
+            var parts, map;
+
+            if (isDate(iso)) {
+                return iso;
+            }
+
+            if (isString(iso)) {
+                // When a date is JSON'ified to wraps itself inside of an extra
+                // set of double quotes. This makes the date parsing code unable
+                // to match the date string and parse it as a date.
+                if (iso.charAt(0) === '"' && iso.charAt(iso.length - 1) === '"') {
+                    iso = iso.substring(1, iso.length - 1);
+                }
+                if (ISO_DATE_REGEXP.test(iso)) {
+                    return new Date(iso);
+                }
+                regexp.lastIndex = 0;
+                parts = regexp.exec(iso);
+
+                if (parts) {
+                    parts.shift();
+                    if (date) {
+                        map = {
+                            yyyy: date.getFullYear(),
+                            MM: date.getMonth() + 1,
+                            dd: date.getDate(),
+                            HH: date.getHours(),
+                            mm: date.getMinutes(),
+                            ss: date.getSeconds(),
+                            sss: date.getMilliseconds() / 1000
+                        };
+                    } else {
+                        map = {
+                            yyyy: 1970,
+                            MM: 1,
+                            dd: 1,
+                            HH: 0,
+                            mm: 0,
+                            ss: 0,
+                            sss: 0
+                        };
+                    }
+
+                    forEach(parts, function (part, index) {
+                        if (index < mapping.length) {
+                            map[mapping[index]] = +part;
+                        }
+                    });
+                    return new Date(map.yyyy, map.MM - 1, map.dd, map.HH, map.mm, map.ss || 0, map.sss * 1000 || 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return NaN;
+        };
+    }
+
+    function createDateInputType(type, regexp, parseDate, format) {
+        return function dynamicDateInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser, $filter) {
+            badInputChecker(scope, element, attr, ctrl);
+            baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+            var timezone = ctrl && ctrl.$options.getOption('timezone');
+            var previousDate;
+
+            ctrl.$$parserName = type;
+            ctrl.$parsers.push(function (value) {
+                if (ctrl.$isEmpty(value)) return null;
+                if (regexp.test(value)) {
+                    // Note: We cannot read ctrl.$modelValue, as there might be a different
+                    // parser/formatter in the processing chain so that the model
+                    // contains some different data format!
+                    var parsedDate = parseDate(value, previousDate);
+                    if (timezone) {
+                        parsedDate = convertTimezoneToLocal(parsedDate, timezone);
+                    }
+                    return parsedDate;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            });
+
+            ctrl.$formatters.push(function (value) {
+                if (value && !isDate(value)) {
+                    throw ngModelMinErr('datefmt', 'Expected `{0}` to be a date', value);
+                }
+                if (isValidDate(value)) {
+                    previousDate = value;
+                    if (previousDate && timezone) {
+                        previousDate = convertTimezoneToLocal(previousDate, timezone, true);
+                    }
+                    return $filter('date')(value, format, timezone);
+                } else {
+                    previousDate = null;
+                    return '';
+                }
+            });
+
+            if (isDefined(attr.min) || attr.ngMin) {
+                var minVal;
+                ctrl.$validators.min = function (value) {
+                    return !isValidDate(value) || isUndefined(minVal) || parseDate(value) >= minVal;
+                };
+                attr.$observe('min', function (val) {
+                    minVal = parseObservedDateValue(val);
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+            }
+
+            if (isDefined(attr.max) || attr.ngMax) {
+                var maxVal;
+                ctrl.$validators.max = function (value) {
+                    return !isValidDate(value) || isUndefined(maxVal) || parseDate(value) <= maxVal;
+                };
+                attr.$observe('max', function (val) {
+                    maxVal = parseObservedDateValue(val);
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+            }
+
+            function isValidDate(value) {
+                // Invalid Date: getTime() returns NaN
+                return value && !(value.getTime && value.getTime() !== value.getTime());
+            }
+
+            function parseObservedDateValue(val) {
+                return isDefined(val) && !isDate(val) ? parseDate(val) || undefined : val;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    function badInputChecker(scope, element, attr, ctrl) {
+        var node = element[0];
+        var nativeValidation = ctrl.$$hasNativeValidators = isObject(node.validity);
+        if (nativeValidation) {
+            ctrl.$parsers.push(function (value) {
+                var validity = element.prop(VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY) || {};
+                return validity.badInput || validity.typeMismatch ? undefined : value;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    function numberFormatterParser(ctrl) {
+        ctrl.$$parserName = 'number';
+        ctrl.$parsers.push(function (value) {
+            if (ctrl.$isEmpty(value)) return null;
+            if (NUMBER_REGEXP.test(value)) return parseFloat(value);
+            return undefined;
+        });
+
+        ctrl.$formatters.push(function (value) {
+            if (!ctrl.$isEmpty(value)) {
+                if (!isNumber(value)) {
+                    throw ngModelMinErr('numfmt', 'Expected `{0}` to be a number', value);
+                }
+                value = value.toString();
+            }
+            return value;
+        });
+    }
+
+    function parseNumberAttrVal(val) {
+        if (isDefined(val) && !isNumber(val)) {
+            val = parseFloat(val);
+        }
+        return !isNumberNaN(val) ? val : undefined;
+    }
+
+    function isNumberInteger(num) {
+        // See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14636536/how-to-check-if-a-variable-is-an-integer-in-javascript#14794066
+        // (minus the assumption that `num` is a number)
+
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
+        return (num | 0) === num;
+    }
+
+    function countDecimals(num) {
+        var numString = num.toString();
+        var decimalSymbolIndex = numString.indexOf('.');
+
+        if (decimalSymbolIndex === -1) {
+            if (-1 < num && num < 1) {
+                // It may be in the exponential notation format (`1e-X`)
+                var match = /e-(\d+)$/.exec(numString);
+
+                if (match) {
+                    return Number(match[1]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        return numString.length - decimalSymbolIndex - 1;
+    }
+
+    function isValidForStep(viewValue, stepBase, step) {
+        // At this point `stepBase` and `step` are expected to be non-NaN values
+        // and `viewValue` is expected to be a valid stringified number.
+        var value = Number(viewValue);
+
+        var isNonIntegerValue = !isNumberInteger(value);
+        var isNonIntegerStepBase = !isNumberInteger(stepBase);
+        var isNonIntegerStep = !isNumberInteger(step);
+
+        // Due to limitations in Floating Point Arithmetic (e.g. `0.3 - 0.2 !== 0.1` or
+        // `0.5 % 0.1 !== 0`), we need to convert all numbers to integers.
+        if (isNonIntegerValue || isNonIntegerStepBase || isNonIntegerStep) {
+            var valueDecimals = isNonIntegerValue ? countDecimals(value) : 0;
+            var stepBaseDecimals = isNonIntegerStepBase ? countDecimals(stepBase) : 0;
+            var stepDecimals = isNonIntegerStep ? countDecimals(step) : 0;
+
+            var decimalCount = Math.max(valueDecimals, stepBaseDecimals, stepDecimals);
+            var multiplier = Math.pow(10, decimalCount);
+
+            value = value * multiplier;
+            stepBase = stepBase * multiplier;
+            step = step * multiplier;
+
+            if (isNonIntegerValue) value = Math.round(value);
+            if (isNonIntegerStepBase) stepBase = Math.round(stepBase);
+            if (isNonIntegerStep) step = Math.round(step);
+        }
+
+        return (value - stepBase) % step === 0;
+    }
+
+    function numberInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        badInputChecker(scope, element, attr, ctrl);
+        numberFormatterParser(ctrl);
+        baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+
+        var minVal;
+        var maxVal;
+
+        if (isDefined(attr.min) || attr.ngMin) {
+            ctrl.$validators.min = function (value) {
+                return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) || isUndefined(minVal) || value >= minVal;
+            };
+
+            attr.$observe('min', function (val) {
+                minVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            });
+        }
+
+        if (isDefined(attr.max) || attr.ngMax) {
+            ctrl.$validators.max = function (value) {
+                return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) || isUndefined(maxVal) || value <= maxVal;
+            };
+
+            attr.$observe('max', function (val) {
+                maxVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            });
+        }
+
+        if (isDefined(attr.step) || attr.ngStep) {
+            var stepVal;
+            ctrl.$validators.step = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+                return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || isUndefined(stepVal) ||
+                    isValidForStep(viewValue, minVal || 0, stepVal);
+            };
+
+            attr.$observe('step', function (val) {
+                stepVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    function rangeInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        badInputChecker(scope, element, attr, ctrl);
+        numberFormatterParser(ctrl);
+        baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+
+        var supportsRange = ctrl.$$hasNativeValidators && element[0].type === 'range',
+            minVal = supportsRange ? 0 : undefined,
+            maxVal = supportsRange ? 100 : undefined,
+            stepVal = supportsRange ? 1 : undefined,
+            validity = element[0].validity,
+            hasMinAttr = isDefined(attr.min),
+            hasMaxAttr = isDefined(attr.max),
+            hasStepAttr = isDefined(attr.step);
+
+        var originalRender = ctrl.$render;
+
+        ctrl.$render = supportsRange && isDefined(validity.rangeUnderflow) && isDefined(validity.rangeOverflow) ?
+            //Browsers that implement range will set these values automatically, but reading the adjusted values after
+            //$render would cause the min / max validators to be applied with the wrong value
+            function rangeRender() {
+                originalRender();
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(element.val());
+            } :
+            originalRender;
+
+        if (hasMinAttr) {
+            ctrl.$validators.min = supportsRange ?
+                // Since all browsers set the input to a valid value, we don't need to check validity
+                function noopMinValidator() {
+                    return true;
+                } :
+                // non-support browsers validate the min val
+                function minValidator(modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || isUndefined(minVal) || viewValue >= minVal;
+                };
+
+            setInitialValueAndObserver('min', minChange);
+        }
+
+        if (hasMaxAttr) {
+            ctrl.$validators.max = supportsRange ?
+                // Since all browsers set the input to a valid value, we don't need to check validity
+                function noopMaxValidator() {
+                    return true;
+                } :
+                // non-support browsers validate the max val
+                function maxValidator(modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || isUndefined(maxVal) || viewValue <= maxVal;
+                };
+
+            setInitialValueAndObserver('max', maxChange);
+        }
+
+        if (hasStepAttr) {
+            ctrl.$validators.step = supportsRange ?
+                function nativeStepValidator() {
+                    // Currently, only FF implements the spec on step change correctly (i.e. adjusting the
+                    // input element value to a valid value). It's possible that other browsers set the stepMismatch
+                    // validity error instead, so we can at least report an error in that case.
+                    return !validity.stepMismatch;
+                } :
+                // ngStep doesn't set the setp attr, so the browser doesn't adjust the input value as setting step would
+                function stepValidator(modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || isUndefined(stepVal) ||
+                        isValidForStep(viewValue, minVal || 0, stepVal);
+                };
+
+            setInitialValueAndObserver('step', stepChange);
+        }
+
+        function setInitialValueAndObserver(htmlAttrName, changeFn) {
+            // interpolated attributes set the attribute value only after a digest, but we need the
+            // attribute value when the input is first rendered, so that the browser can adjust the
+            // input value based on the min/max value
+            element.attr(htmlAttrName, attr[htmlAttrName]);
+            attr.$observe(htmlAttrName, changeFn);
+        }
+
+        function minChange(val) {
+            minVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+            // ignore changes before model is initialized
+            if (isNumberNaN(ctrl.$modelValue)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (supportsRange) {
+                var elVal = element.val();
+                // IE11 doesn't set the el val correctly if the minVal is greater than the element value
+                if (minVal > elVal) {
+                    elVal = minVal;
+                    element.val(elVal);
+                }
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(elVal);
+            } else {
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        function maxChange(val) {
+            maxVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+            // ignore changes before model is initialized
+            if (isNumberNaN(ctrl.$modelValue)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (supportsRange) {
+                var elVal = element.val();
+                // IE11 doesn't set the el val correctly if the maxVal is less than the element value
+                if (maxVal < elVal) {
+                    element.val(maxVal);
+                    // IE11 and Chrome don't set the value to the minVal when max < min
+                    elVal = maxVal < minVal ? minVal : maxVal;
+                }
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(elVal);
+            } else {
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        function stepChange(val) {
+            stepVal = parseNumberAttrVal(val);
+            // ignore changes before model is initialized
+            if (isNumberNaN(ctrl.$modelValue)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Some browsers don't adjust the input value correctly, but set the stepMismatch error
+            if (supportsRange && ctrl.$viewValue !== element.val()) {
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(element.val());
+            } else {
+                // TODO(matsko): implement validateLater to reduce number of validations
+                ctrl.$validate();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function urlInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        // Note: no badInputChecker here by purpose as `url` is only a validation
+        // in browsers, i.e. we can always read out input.value even if it is not valid!
+        baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+        stringBasedInputType(ctrl);
+
+        ctrl.$$parserName = 'url';
+        ctrl.$validators.url = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+            var value = modelValue || viewValue;
+            return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) || URL_REGEXP.test(value);
+        };
+    }
+
+    function emailInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser) {
+        // Note: no badInputChecker here by purpose as `url` is only a validation
+        // in browsers, i.e. we can always read out input.value even if it is not valid!
+        baseInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser);
+        stringBasedInputType(ctrl);
+
+        ctrl.$$parserName = 'email';
+        ctrl.$validators.email = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+            var value = modelValue || viewValue;
+            return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) || EMAIL_REGEXP.test(value);
+        };
+    }
+
+    function radioInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl) {
+        var doTrim = !attr.ngTrim || trim(attr.ngTrim) !== 'false';
+        // make the name unique, if not defined
+        if (isUndefined(attr.name)) {
+            element.attr('name', nextUid());
+        }
+
+        var listener = function (ev) {
+            var value;
+            if (element[0].checked) {
+                value = attr.value;
+                if (doTrim) {
+                    value = trim(value);
+                }
+                ctrl.$setViewValue(value, ev && ev.type);
+            }
+        };
+
+        element.on('click', listener);
+
+        ctrl.$render = function () {
+            var value = attr.value;
+            if (doTrim) {
+                value = trim(value);
+            }
+            element[0].checked = (value === ctrl.$viewValue);
+        };
+
+        attr.$observe('value', ctrl.$render);
+    }
+
+    function parseConstantExpr($parse, context, name, expression, fallback) {
+        var parseFn;
+        if (isDefined(expression)) {
+            parseFn = $parse(expression);
+            if (!parseFn.constant) {
+                throw ngModelMinErr('constexpr', 'Expected constant expression for `{0}`, but saw ' +
+                    '`{1}`.', name, expression);
+            }
+            return parseFn(context);
+        }
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    function checkboxInputType(scope, element, attr, ctrl, $sniffer, $browser, $filter, $parse) {
+        var trueValue = parseConstantExpr($parse, scope, 'ngTrueValue', attr.ngTrueValue, true);
+        var falseValue = parseConstantExpr($parse, scope, 'ngFalseValue', attr.ngFalseValue, false);
+
+        var listener = function (ev) {
+            ctrl.$setViewValue(element[0].checked, ev && ev.type);
+        };
+
+        element.on('click', listener);
+
+        ctrl.$render = function () {
+            element[0].checked = ctrl.$viewValue;
+        };
+
+        // Override the standard `$isEmpty` because the $viewValue of an empty checkbox is always set to `false`
+        // This is because of the parser below, which compares the `$modelValue` with `trueValue` to convert
+        // it to a boolean.
+        ctrl.$isEmpty = function (value) {
+            return value === false;
+        };
+
+        ctrl.$formatters.push(function (value) {
+            return equals(value, trueValue);
+        });
+
+        ctrl.$parsers.push(function (value) {
+            return value ? trueValue : falseValue;
+        });
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name textarea
+     * @restrict E
+     *
+     * @description
+     * HTML textarea element control with AngularJS data-binding. The data-binding and validation
+     * properties of this element are exactly the same as those of the
+     * {@link ng.directive:input input element}.
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+     * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+     * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+     * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+     *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+     *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+     * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+     *    minlength.
+     * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+     *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of any
+     *    length.
+     * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+     *    does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+     *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+     *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+     *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+     *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+     *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+     *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+     *    account.
+     * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+     *    interaction with the input element.
+     * @param {boolean=} [ngTrim=true] If set to false AngularJS will not automatically trim the input.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     *
+     * When specifying the `placeholder` attribute of `<textarea>`, Internet Explorer will temporarily
+     * insert the placeholder value as the textarea's content. If the placeholder value contains
+     * interpolation (`{{ ... }}`), an error will be logged in the console when AngularJS tries to update
+     * the value of the by-then-removed text node. This doesn't affect the functionality of the
+     * textarea, but can be undesirable.
+     *
+     * You can work around this Internet Explorer issue by using `ng-attr-placeholder` instead of
+     * `placeholder` on textareas, whenever you need interpolation in the placeholder value. You can
+     * find more details on `ngAttr` in the
+     * [Interpolation](guide/interpolation#-ngattr-for-binding-to-arbitrary-attributes) section of the
+     * Developer Guide.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name input
+     * @restrict E
+     *
+     * @description
+     * HTML input element control. When used together with {@link ngModel `ngModel`}, it provides data-binding,
+     * input state control, and validation.
+     * Input control follows HTML5 input types and polyfills the HTML5 validation behavior for older browsers.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note:** Not every feature offered is available for all input types.
+     * Specifically, data binding and event handling via `ng-model` is unsupported for `input[file]`.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+     * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+     * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+     * @param {boolean=} ngRequired Sets `required` attribute if set to true
+     * @param {number=} ngMinlength Sets `minlength` validation error key if the value is shorter than
+     *    minlength.
+     * @param {number=} ngMaxlength Sets `maxlength` validation error key if the value is longer than
+     *    maxlength. Setting the attribute to a negative or non-numeric value, allows view values of any
+     *    length.
+     * @param {string=} ngPattern Sets `pattern` validation error key if the ngModel {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+     *    value does not match a RegExp found by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the attribute value.
+     *    If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+     *    If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp
+     *    after wrapping it in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to
+     *    `new RegExp('^abc$')`.<br />
+     *    **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+     *    start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+     *    account.
+     * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when input changes due to user
+     *    interaction with the input element.
+     * @param {boolean=} [ngTrim=true] If set to false AngularJS will not automatically trim the input.
+     *    This parameter is ignored for input[type=password] controls, which will never trim the
+     *    input.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="input-directive" module="inputExample">
+          <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+              angular.module('inputExample', [])
+                .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                  $scope.user = {name: 'guest', last: 'visitor'};
+                }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <form name="myForm">
+               <label>
+                  User name:
+                  <input type="text" name="userName" ng-model="user.name" required>
+               </label>
+               <div role="alert">
+                 <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.userName.$error.required">
+                  Required!</span>
+               </div>
+               <label>
+                  Last name:
+                  <input type="text" name="lastName" ng-model="user.last"
+                  ng-minlength="3" ng-maxlength="10">
+               </label>
+               <div role="alert">
+                 <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.lastName.$error.minlength">
+                   Too short!</span>
+                 <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.lastName.$error.maxlength">
+                   Too long!</span>
+               </div>
+             </form>
+             <hr>
+             <tt>user = {{user}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.userName.$valid = {{myForm.userName.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.userName.$error = {{myForm.userName.$error}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.lastName.$valid = {{myForm.lastName.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.lastName.$error = {{myForm.lastName.$error}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.minlength = {{!!myForm.$error.minlength}}</tt><br/>
+             <tt>myForm.$error.maxlength = {{!!myForm.$error.maxlength}}</tt><br/>
+           </div>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            var user = element(by.exactBinding('user'));
+            var userNameValid = element(by.binding('myForm.userName.$valid'));
+            var lastNameValid = element(by.binding('myForm.lastName.$valid'));
+            var lastNameError = element(by.binding('myForm.lastName.$error'));
+            var formValid = element(by.binding('myForm.$valid'));
+            var userNameInput = element(by.model('user.name'));
+            var userLastInput = element(by.model('user.last'));
+
+            it('should initialize to model', function() {
+              expect(user.getText()).toContain('{"name":"guest","last":"visitor"}');
+              expect(userNameValid.getText()).toContain('true');
+              expect(formValid.getText()).toContain('true');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if empty when required', function() {
+              userNameInput.clear();
+              userNameInput.sendKeys('');
+
+              expect(user.getText()).toContain('{"last":"visitor"}');
+              expect(userNameValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+              expect(formValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+            });
+
+            it('should be valid if empty when min length is set', function() {
+              userLastInput.clear();
+              userLastInput.sendKeys('');
+
+              expect(user.getText()).toContain('{"name":"guest","last":""}');
+              expect(lastNameValid.getText()).toContain('true');
+              expect(formValid.getText()).toContain('true');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if less than required min length', function() {
+              userLastInput.clear();
+              userLastInput.sendKeys('xx');
+
+              expect(user.getText()).toContain('{"name":"guest"}');
+              expect(lastNameValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+              expect(lastNameError.getText()).toContain('minlength');
+              expect(formValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+            });
+
+            it('should be invalid if longer than max length', function() {
+              userLastInput.clear();
+              userLastInput.sendKeys('some ridiculously long name');
+
+              expect(user.getText()).toContain('{"name":"guest"}');
+              expect(lastNameValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+              expect(lastNameError.getText()).toContain('maxlength');
+              expect(formValid.getText()).toContain('false');
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+    var inputDirective = ['$browser', '$sniffer', '$filter', '$parse',
+        function ($browser, $sniffer, $filter, $parse) {
+            return {
+                restrict: 'E',
+                require: ['?ngModel'],
+                link: {
+                    pre: function (scope, element, attr, ctrls) {
+                        if (ctrls[0]) {
+                            (inputType[lowercase(attr.type)] || inputType.text)(scope, element, attr, ctrls[0], $sniffer,
+                                $browser, $filter, $parse);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    ];
+
+
+
+    var CONSTANT_VALUE_REGEXP = /^(true|false|\d+)$/;
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngValue
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Binds the given expression to the value of the element.
+     *
+     * It is mainly used on {@link input[radio] `input[radio]`} and option elements,
+     * so that when the element is selected, the {@link ngModel `ngModel`} of that element (or its
+     * {@link select `select`} parent element) is set to the bound value. It is especially useful
+     * for dynamically generated lists using {@link ngRepeat `ngRepeat`}, as shown below.
+     *
+     * It can also be used to achieve one-way binding of a given expression to an input element
+     * such as an `input[text]` or a `textarea`, when that element does not use ngModel.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {string=} ngValue AngularJS expression, whose value will be bound to the `value` attribute
+     * and `value` property of the element.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example name="ngValue-directive" module="valueExample">
+          <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+              angular.module('valueExample', [])
+                .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                  $scope.names = ['pizza', 'unicorns', 'robots'];
+                  $scope.my = { favorite: 'unicorns' };
+                }]);
+           </script>
+            <form ng-controller="ExampleController">
+              <h2>Which is your favorite?</h2>
+                <label ng-repeat="name in names" for="{{name}}">
+                  {{name}}
+                  <input type="radio"
+                         ng-model="my.favorite"
+                         ng-value="name"
+                         id="{{name}}"
+                         name="favorite">
+                </label>
+              <div>You chose {{my.favorite}}</div>
+            </form>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            var favorite = element(by.binding('my.favorite'));
+
+            it('should initialize to model', function() {
+              expect(favorite.getText()).toContain('unicorns');
+            });
+            it('should bind the values to the inputs', function() {
+              element.all(by.model('my.favorite')).get(0).click();
+              expect(favorite.getText()).toContain('pizza');
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+    var ngValueDirective = function () {
+        /**
+         *  inputs use the value attribute as their default value if the value property is not set.
+         *  Once the value property has been set (by adding input), it will not react to changes to
+         *  the value attribute anymore. Setting both attribute and property fixes this behavior, and
+         *  makes it possible to use ngValue as a sort of one-way bind.
+         */
+        function updateElementValue(element, attr, value) {
+            // Support: IE9 only
+            // In IE9 values are converted to string (e.g. `input.value = null` results in `input.value === 'null'`).
+            var propValue = isDefined(value) ? value : (msie === 9) ? '' : null;
+            element.prop('value', propValue);
+            attr.$set('value', value);
+        }
+
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            priority: 100,
+            compile: function (tpl, tplAttr) {
+                if (CONSTANT_VALUE_REGEXP.test(tplAttr.ngValue)) {
+                    return function ngValueConstantLink(scope, elm, attr) {
+                        var value = scope.$eval(attr.ngValue);
+                        updateElementValue(elm, attr, value);
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    return function ngValueLink(scope, elm, attr) {
+                        scope.$watch(attr.ngValue, function valueWatchAction(value) {
+                            updateElementValue(elm, attr, value);
+                        });
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngBind
+     * @restrict AC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngBind` attribute tells AngularJS to replace the text content of the specified HTML element
+     * with the value of a given expression, and to update the text content when the value of that
+     * expression changes.
+     *
+     * Typically, you don't use `ngBind` directly, but instead you use the double curly markup like
+     * `{{ expression }}` which is similar but less verbose.
+     *
+     * It is preferable to use `ngBind` instead of `{{ expression }}` if a template is momentarily
+     * displayed by the browser in its raw state before AngularJS compiles it. Since `ngBind` is an
+     * element attribute, it makes the bindings invisible to the user while the page is loading.
+     *
+     * An alternative solution to this problem would be using the
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngCloak ngCloak} directive.
+     *
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngBind {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Enter a name in the Live Preview text box; the greeting below the text box changes instantly.
+       <example module="bindExample" name="ng-bind">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('bindExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.name = 'Whirled';
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <label>Enter name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></label><br>
+             Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-bind', function() {
+             var nameInput = element(by.model('name'));
+
+             expect(element(by.binding('name')).getText()).toBe('Whirled');
+             nameInput.clear();
+             nameInput.sendKeys('world');
+             expect(element(by.binding('name')).getText()).toBe('world');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngBindDirective = ['$compile', function ($compile) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'AC',
+            compile: function ngBindCompile(templateElement) {
+                $compile.$$addBindingClass(templateElement);
+                return function ngBindLink(scope, element, attr) {
+                    $compile.$$addBindingInfo(element, attr.ngBind);
+                    element = element[0];
+                    scope.$watch(attr.ngBind, function ngBindWatchAction(value) {
+                        element.textContent = stringify(value);
+                    });
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngBindTemplate
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngBindTemplate` directive specifies that the element
+     * text content should be replaced with the interpolation of the template
+     * in the `ngBindTemplate` attribute.
+     * Unlike `ngBind`, the `ngBindTemplate` can contain multiple `{{` `}}`
+     * expressions. This directive is needed since some HTML elements
+     * (such as TITLE and OPTION) cannot contain SPAN elements.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {string} ngBindTemplate template of form
+     *   <tt>{{</tt> <tt>expression</tt> <tt>}}</tt> to eval.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Try it here: enter text in text box and watch the greeting change.
+       <example module="bindExample" name="ng-bind-template">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+             angular.module('bindExample', [])
+               .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                 $scope.salutation = 'Hello';
+                 $scope.name = 'World';
+               }]);
+           </script>
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            <label>Salutation: <input type="text" ng-model="salutation"></label><br>
+            <label>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></label><br>
+            <pre ng-bind-template="{{salutation}} {{name}}!"></pre>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-bind', function() {
+             var salutationElem = element(by.binding('salutation'));
+             var salutationInput = element(by.model('salutation'));
+             var nameInput = element(by.model('name'));
+
+             expect(salutationElem.getText()).toBe('Hello World!');
+
+             salutationInput.clear();
+             salutationInput.sendKeys('Greetings');
+             nameInput.clear();
+             nameInput.sendKeys('user');
+
+             expect(salutationElem.getText()).toBe('Greetings user!');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngBindTemplateDirective = ['$interpolate', '$compile', function ($interpolate, $compile) {
+        return {
+            compile: function ngBindTemplateCompile(templateElement) {
+                $compile.$$addBindingClass(templateElement);
+                return function ngBindTemplateLink(scope, element, attr) {
+                    var interpolateFn = $interpolate(element.attr(attr.$attr.ngBindTemplate));
+                    $compile.$$addBindingInfo(element, interpolateFn.expressions);
+                    element = element[0];
+                    attr.$observe('ngBindTemplate', function (value) {
+                        element.textContent = isUndefined(value) ? '' : value;
+                    });
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngBindHtml
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Evaluates the expression and inserts the resulting HTML into the element in a secure way. By default,
+     * the resulting HTML content will be sanitized using the {@link ngSanitize.$sanitize $sanitize} service.
+     * To utilize this functionality, ensure that `$sanitize` is available, for example, by including {@link
+     * ngSanitize} in your module's dependencies (not in core AngularJS). In order to use {@link ngSanitize}
+     * in your module's dependencies, you need to include "angular-sanitize.js" in your application.
+     *
+     * You may also bypass sanitization for values you know are safe. To do so, bind to
+     * an explicitly trusted value via {@link ng.$sce#trustAsHtml $sce.trustAsHtml}.  See the example
+     * under {@link ng.$sce#show-me-an-example-using-sce- Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE)}.
+     *
+     * Note: If a `$sanitize` service is unavailable and the bound value isn't explicitly trusted, you
+     * will have an exception (instead of an exploit.)
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngBindHtml {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate.
+     *
+     * @example
+
+       <example module="bindHtmlExample" deps="angular-sanitize.js" name="ng-bind-html">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            <p ng-bind-html="myHTML"></p>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+
+         <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('bindHtmlExample', ['ngSanitize'])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               $scope.myHTML =
+                  'I am an <code>HTML</code>string with ' +
+                  '<a href="#">links!</a> and other <em>stuff</em>';
+             }]);
+         </file>
+
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-bind-html', function() {
+             expect(element(by.binding('myHTML')).getText()).toBe(
+                 'I am an HTMLstring with links! and other stuff');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngBindHtmlDirective = ['$sce', '$parse', '$compile', function ($sce, $parse, $compile) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            compile: function ngBindHtmlCompile(tElement, tAttrs) {
+                var ngBindHtmlGetter = $parse(tAttrs.ngBindHtml);
+                var ngBindHtmlWatch = $parse(tAttrs.ngBindHtml, function sceValueOf(val) {
+                    // Unwrap the value to compare the actual inner safe value, not the wrapper object.
+                    return $sce.valueOf(val);
+                });
+                $compile.$$addBindingClass(tElement);
+
+                return function ngBindHtmlLink(scope, element, attr) {
+                    $compile.$$addBindingInfo(element, attr.ngBindHtml);
+
+                    scope.$watch(ngBindHtmlWatch, function ngBindHtmlWatchAction() {
+                        // The watched value is the unwrapped value. To avoid re-escaping, use the direct getter.
+                        var value = ngBindHtmlGetter(scope);
+                        element.html($sce.getTrustedHtml(value) || '');
+                    });
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngChange
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Evaluate the given expression when the user changes the input.
+     * The expression is evaluated immediately, unlike the JavaScript onchange event
+     * which only triggers at the end of a change (usually, when the user leaves the
+     * form element or presses the return key).
+     *
+     * The `ngChange` expression is only evaluated when a change in the input value causes
+     * a new value to be committed to the model.
+     *
+     * It will not be evaluated:
+     * * if the value returned from the `$parsers` transformation pipeline has not changed
+     * * if the input has continued to be invalid since the model will stay `null`
+     * * if the model is changed programmatically and not by a change to the input value
+     *
+     *
+     * Note, this directive requires `ngModel` to be present.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngChange {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon change
+     * in input value.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngChange-directive" module="changeExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('changeExample', [])
+     *         .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *           $scope.counter = 0;
+     *           $scope.change = function() {
+     *             $scope.counter++;
+     *           };
+     *         }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <input type="checkbox" ng-model="confirmed" ng-change="change()" id="ng-change-example1" />
+     *       <input type="checkbox" ng-model="confirmed" id="ng-change-example2" />
+     *       <label for="ng-change-example2">Confirmed</label><br />
+     *       <tt>debug = {{confirmed}}</tt><br/>
+     *       <tt>counter = {{counter}}</tt><br/>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     var counter = element(by.binding('counter'));
+     *     var debug = element(by.binding('confirmed'));
+     *
+     *     it('should evaluate the expression if changing from view', function() {
+     *       expect(counter.getText()).toContain('0');
+     *
+     *       element(by.id('ng-change-example1')).click();
+     *
+     *       expect(counter.getText()).toContain('1');
+     *       expect(debug.getText()).toContain('true');
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     it('should not evaluate the expression if changing from model', function() {
+     *       element(by.id('ng-change-example2')).click();
+
+     *       expect(counter.getText()).toContain('0');
+     *       expect(debug.getText()).toContain('true');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var ngChangeDirective = valueFn({
+        restrict: 'A',
+        require: 'ngModel',
+        link: function (scope, element, attr, ctrl) {
+            ctrl.$viewChangeListeners.push(function () {
+                scope.$eval(attr.ngChange);
+            });
+        }
+    });
+
+    /* exported
+      ngClassDirective,
+      ngClassEvenDirective,
+      ngClassOddDirective
+    */
+
+    function classDirective(name, selector) {
+        name = 'ngClass' + name;
+        var indexWatchExpression;
+
+        return ['$parse', function ($parse) {
+            return {
+                restrict: 'AC',
+                link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                    var expression = attr[name].trim();
+                    var isOneTime = (expression.charAt(0) === ':') && (expression.charAt(1) === ':');
+
+                    var watchInterceptor = isOneTime ? toFlatValue : toClassString;
+                    var watchExpression = $parse(expression, watchInterceptor);
+                    var watchAction = isOneTime ? ngClassOneTimeWatchAction : ngClassWatchAction;
+
+                    var classCounts = element.data('$classCounts');
+                    var oldModulo = true;
+                    var oldClassString;
+
+                    if (!classCounts) {
+                        // Use createMap() to prevent class assumptions involving property
+                        // names in Object.prototype
+                        classCounts = createMap();
+                        element.data('$classCounts', classCounts);
+                    }
+
+                    if (name !== 'ngClass') {
+                        if (!indexWatchExpression) {
+                            indexWatchExpression = $parse('$index', function moduloTwo($index) {
+                                // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
+                                return $index & 1;
+                            });
+                        }
+
+                        scope.$watch(indexWatchExpression, ngClassIndexWatchAction);
+                    }
+
+                    scope.$watch(watchExpression, watchAction, isOneTime);
+
+                    function addClasses(classString) {
+                        classString = digestClassCounts(split(classString), 1);
+                        attr.$addClass(classString);
+                    }
+
+                    function removeClasses(classString) {
+                        classString = digestClassCounts(split(classString), -1);
+                        attr.$removeClass(classString);
+                    }
+
+                    function updateClasses(oldClassString, newClassString) {
+                        var oldClassArray = split(oldClassString);
+                        var newClassArray = split(newClassString);
+
+                        var toRemoveArray = arrayDifference(oldClassArray, newClassArray);
+                        var toAddArray = arrayDifference(newClassArray, oldClassArray);
+
+                        var toRemoveString = digestClassCounts(toRemoveArray, -1);
+                        var toAddString = digestClassCounts(toAddArray, 1);
+
+                        attr.$addClass(toAddString);
+                        attr.$removeClass(toRemoveString);
+                    }
+
+                    function digestClassCounts(classArray, count) {
+                        var classesToUpdate = [];
+
+                        forEach(classArray, function (className) {
+                            if (count > 0 || classCounts[className]) {
+                                classCounts[className] = (classCounts[className] || 0) + count;
+                                if (classCounts[className] === +(count > 0)) {
+                                    classesToUpdate.push(className);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        return classesToUpdate.join(' ');
+                    }
+
+                    function ngClassIndexWatchAction(newModulo) {
+                        // This watch-action should run before the `ngClass[OneTime]WatchAction()`, thus it
+                        // adds/removes `oldClassString`. If the `ngClass` expression has changed as well, the
+                        // `ngClass[OneTime]WatchAction()` will update the classes.
+                        if (newModulo === selector) {
+                            addClasses(oldClassString);
+                        } else {
+                            removeClasses(oldClassString);
+                        }
+
+                        oldModulo = newModulo;
+                    }
+
+                    function ngClassOneTimeWatchAction(newClassValue) {
+                        var newClassString = toClassString(newClassValue);
+
+                        if (newClassString !== oldClassString) {
+                            ngClassWatchAction(newClassString);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    function ngClassWatchAction(newClassString) {
+                        if (oldModulo === selector) {
+                            updateClasses(oldClassString, newClassString);
+                        }
+
+                        oldClassString = newClassString;
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }];
+
+        // Helpers
+        function arrayDifference(tokens1, tokens2) {
+            if (!tokens1 || !tokens1.length) return [];
+            if (!tokens2 || !tokens2.length) return tokens1;
+
+            var values = [];
+
+            outer:
+                for (var i = 0; i < tokens1.length; i++) {
+                    var token = tokens1[i];
+                    for (var j = 0; j < tokens2.length; j++) {
+                        if (token === tokens2[j]) continue outer;
+                    }
+                    values.push(token);
+                }
+
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        function split(classString) {
+            return classString && classString.split(' ');
+        }
+
+        function toClassString(classValue) {
+            var classString = classValue;
+
+            if (isArray(classValue)) {
+                classString = classValue.map(toClassString).join(' ');
+            } else if (isObject(classValue)) {
+                classString = Object.keys(classValue).
+                filter(function (key) {
+                    return classValue[key];
+                }).
+                join(' ');
+            }
+
+            return classString;
+        }
+
+        function toFlatValue(classValue) {
+            var flatValue = classValue;
+
+            if (isArray(classValue)) {
+                flatValue = classValue.map(toFlatValue);
+            } else if (isObject(classValue)) {
+                var hasUndefined = false;
+
+                flatValue = Object.keys(classValue).filter(function (key) {
+                    var value = classValue[key];
+
+                    if (!hasUndefined && isUndefined(value)) {
+                        hasUndefined = true;
+                    }
+
+                    return value;
+                });
+
+                if (hasUndefined) {
+                    // Prevent the `oneTimeLiteralWatchInterceptor` from unregistering
+                    // the watcher, by including at least one `undefined` value.
+                    flatValue.push(undefined);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return flatValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngClass
+     * @restrict AC
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngClass` directive allows you to dynamically set CSS classes on an HTML element by databinding
+     * an expression that represents all classes to be added.
+     *
+     * The directive operates in three different ways, depending on which of three types the expression
+     * evaluates to:
+     *
+     * 1. If the expression evaluates to a string, the string should be one or more space-delimited class
+     * names.
+     *
+     * 2. If the expression evaluates to an object, then for each key-value pair of the
+     * object with a truthy value the corresponding key is used as a class name.
+     *
+     * 3. If the expression evaluates to an array, each element of the array should either be a string as in
+     * type 1 or an object as in type 2. This means that you can mix strings and objects together in an array
+     * to give you more control over what CSS classes appear. See the code below for an example of this.
+     *
+     *
+     * The directive won't add duplicate classes if a particular class was already set.
+     *
+     * When the expression changes, the previously added classes are removed and only then are the
+     * new classes added.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     * You should not use {@link guide/interpolation interpolation} in the value of the `class`
+     * attribute, when using the `ngClass` directive on the same element.
+     * See {@link guide/interpolation#known-issues here} for more info.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                        | Occurs                              |
+     * |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#addClass addClass}       | just before the class is applied to the element   |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#removeClass removeClass} | just before the class is removed from the element |
+     *
+     * ### ngClass and pre-existing CSS3 Transitions/Animations
+       The ngClass directive still supports CSS3 Transitions/Animations even if they do not follow the ngAnimate CSS naming structure.
+       Upon animation ngAnimate will apply supplementary CSS classes to track the start and end of an animation, but this will not hinder
+       any pre-existing CSS transitions already on the element. To get an idea of what happens during a class-based animation, be sure
+       to view the step by step details of {@link $animate#addClass $animate.addClass} and
+       {@link $animate#removeClass $animate.removeClass}.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngClass {@link guide/expression Expression} to eval. The result
+     *   of the evaluation can be a string representing space delimited class
+     *   names, an array, or a map of class names to boolean values. In the case of a map, the
+     *   names of the properties whose values are truthy will be added as css classes to the
+     *   element.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Basic
+       <example name="ng-class">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <p ng-class="{strike: deleted, bold: important, 'has-error': error}">Map Syntax Example</p>
+           <label>
+              <input type="checkbox" ng-model="deleted">
+              deleted (apply "strike" class)
+           </label><br>
+           <label>
+              <input type="checkbox" ng-model="important">
+              important (apply "bold" class)
+           </label><br>
+           <label>
+              <input type="checkbox" ng-model="error">
+              error (apply "has-error" class)
+           </label>
+           <hr>
+           <p ng-class="style">Using String Syntax</p>
+           <input type="text" ng-model="style"
+                  placeholder="Type: bold strike red" aria-label="Type: bold strike red">
+           <hr>
+           <p ng-class="[style1, style2, style3]">Using Array Syntax</p>
+           <input ng-model="style1"
+                  placeholder="Type: bold, strike or red" aria-label="Type: bold, strike or red"><br>
+           <input ng-model="style2"
+                  placeholder="Type: bold, strike or red" aria-label="Type: bold, strike or red 2"><br>
+           <input ng-model="style3"
+                  placeholder="Type: bold, strike or red" aria-label="Type: bold, strike or red 3"><br>
+           <hr>
+           <p ng-class="[style4, {orange: warning}]">Using Array and Map Syntax</p>
+           <input ng-model="style4" placeholder="Type: bold, strike" aria-label="Type: bold, strike"><br>
+           <label><input type="checkbox" ng-model="warning"> warning (apply "orange" class)</label>
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .strike {
+               text-decoration: line-through;
+           }
+           .bold {
+               font-weight: bold;
+           }
+           .red {
+               color: red;
+           }
+           .has-error {
+               color: red;
+               background-color: yellow;
+           }
+           .orange {
+               color: orange;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var ps = element.all(by.css('p'));
+
+           it('should let you toggle the class', function() {
+
+             expect(ps.first().getAttribute('class')).not.toMatch(/bold/);
+             expect(ps.first().getAttribute('class')).not.toMatch(/has-error/);
+
+             element(by.model('important')).click();
+             expect(ps.first().getAttribute('class')).toMatch(/bold/);
+
+             element(by.model('error')).click();
+             expect(ps.first().getAttribute('class')).toMatch(/has-error/);
+           });
+
+           it('should let you toggle string example', function() {
+             expect(ps.get(1).getAttribute('class')).toBe('');
+             element(by.model('style')).clear();
+             element(by.model('style')).sendKeys('red');
+             expect(ps.get(1).getAttribute('class')).toBe('red');
+           });
+
+           it('array example should have 3 classes', function() {
+             expect(ps.get(2).getAttribute('class')).toBe('');
+             element(by.model('style1')).sendKeys('bold');
+             element(by.model('style2')).sendKeys('strike');
+             element(by.model('style3')).sendKeys('red');
+             expect(ps.get(2).getAttribute('class')).toBe('bold strike red');
+           });
+
+           it('array with map example should have 2 classes', function() {
+             expect(ps.last().getAttribute('class')).toBe('');
+             element(by.model('style4')).sendKeys('bold');
+             element(by.model('warning')).click();
+             expect(ps.last().getAttribute('class')).toBe('bold orange');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+
+       @example
+       ### Animations
+
+       The example below demonstrates how to perform animations using ngClass.
+
+       <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-class">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input id="setbtn" type="button" value="set" ng-click="myVar='my-class'">
+          <input id="clearbtn" type="button" value="clear" ng-click="myVar=''">
+          <br>
+          <span class="base-class" ng-class="myVar">Sample Text</span>
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .base-class {
+             transition:all cubic-bezier(0.250, 0.460, 0.450, 0.940) 0.5s;
+           }
+
+           .base-class.my-class {
+             color: red;
+             font-size:3em;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-class', function() {
+             expect(element(by.css('.base-class')).getAttribute('class')).not.
+               toMatch(/my-class/);
+
+             element(by.id('setbtn')).click();
+
+             expect(element(by.css('.base-class')).getAttribute('class')).
+               toMatch(/my-class/);
+
+             element(by.id('clearbtn')).click();
+
+             expect(element(by.css('.base-class')).getAttribute('class')).not.
+               toMatch(/my-class/);
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngClassDirective = classDirective('', true);
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngClassOdd
+     * @restrict AC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngClassOdd` and `ngClassEven` directives work exactly as
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngClass ngClass}, except they work in
+     * conjunction with `ngRepeat` and take effect only on odd (even) rows.
+     *
+     * This directive can be applied only within the scope of an
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat ngRepeat}.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngClassOdd {@link guide/expression Expression} to eval. The result
+     *   of the evaluation can be a string representing space delimited class names or an array.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-class-odd">
+         <file name="index.html">
+            <ol ng-init="names=['John', 'Mary', 'Cate', 'Suz']">
+              <li ng-repeat="name in names">
+               <span ng-class-odd="'odd'" ng-class-even="'even'">
+                 {{name}}
+               </span>
+              </li>
+            </ol>
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .odd {
+             color: red;
+           }
+           .even {
+             color: blue;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-class-odd and ng-class-even', function() {
+             expect(element(by.repeater('name in names').row(0).column('name')).getAttribute('class')).
+               toMatch(/odd/);
+             expect(element(by.repeater('name in names').row(1).column('name')).getAttribute('class')).
+               toMatch(/even/);
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngClassOddDirective = classDirective('Odd', 0);
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngClassEven
+     * @restrict AC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngClassOdd` and `ngClassEven` directives work exactly as
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngClass ngClass}, except they work in
+     * conjunction with `ngRepeat` and take effect only on odd (even) rows.
+     *
+     * This directive can be applied only within the scope of an
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat ngRepeat}.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngClassEven {@link guide/expression Expression} to eval. The
+     *   result of the evaluation can be a string representing space delimited class names or an array.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-class-even">
+         <file name="index.html">
+            <ol ng-init="names=['John', 'Mary', 'Cate', 'Suz']">
+              <li ng-repeat="name in names">
+               <span ng-class-odd="'odd'" ng-class-even="'even'">
+                 {{name}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
+               </span>
+              </li>
+            </ol>
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           .odd {
+             color: red;
+           }
+           .even {
+             color: blue;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-class-odd and ng-class-even', function() {
+             expect(element(by.repeater('name in names').row(0).column('name')).getAttribute('class')).
+               toMatch(/odd/);
+             expect(element(by.repeater('name in names').row(1).column('name')).getAttribute('class')).
+               toMatch(/even/);
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngClassEvenDirective = classDirective('Even', 1);
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngCloak
+     * @restrict AC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngCloak` directive is used to prevent the AngularJS html template from being briefly
+     * displayed by the browser in its raw (uncompiled) form while your application is loading. Use this
+     * directive to avoid the undesirable flicker effect caused by the html template display.
+     *
+     * The directive can be applied to the `<body>` element, but the preferred usage is to apply
+     * multiple `ngCloak` directives to small portions of the page to permit progressive rendering
+     * of the browser view.
+     *
+     * `ngCloak` works in cooperation with the following css rule embedded within `angular.js` and
+     * `angular.min.js`.
+     * For CSP mode please add `angular-csp.css` to your html file (see {@link ng.directive:ngCsp ngCsp}).
+     *
+     * ```css
+     * [ng\:cloak], [ng-cloak], [data-ng-cloak], [x-ng-cloak], .ng-cloak, .x-ng-cloak {
+     *   display: none !important;
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * When this css rule is loaded by the browser, all html elements (including their children) that
+     * are tagged with the `ngCloak` directive are hidden. When AngularJS encounters this directive
+     * during the compilation of the template it deletes the `ngCloak` element attribute, making
+     * the compiled element visible.
+     *
+     * For the best result, the `angular.js` script must be loaded in the head section of the html
+     * document; alternatively, the css rule above must be included in the external stylesheet of the
+     * application.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-cloak">
+         <file name="index.html">
+            <div id="template1" ng-cloak>{{ 'hello' }}</div>
+            <div id="template2" class="ng-cloak">{{ 'world' }}</div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should remove the template directive and css class', function() {
+             expect($('#template1').getAttribute('ng-cloak')).
+               toBeNull();
+             expect($('#template2').getAttribute('ng-cloak')).
+               toBeNull();
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     *
+     */
+    var ngCloakDirective = ngDirective({
+        compile: function (element, attr) {
+            attr.$set('ngCloak', undefined);
+            element.removeClass('ng-cloak');
+        }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngController
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngController` directive attaches a controller class to the view. This is a key aspect of how angular
+     * supports the principles behind the Model-View-Controller design pattern.
+     *
+     * MVC components in angular:
+     *
+     * * Model — Models are the properties of a scope; scopes are attached to the DOM where scope properties
+     *   are accessed through bindings.
+     * * View — The template (HTML with data bindings) that is rendered into the View.
+     * * Controller — The `ngController` directive specifies a Controller class; the class contains business
+     *   logic behind the application to decorate the scope with functions and values
+     *
+     * Note that you can also attach controllers to the DOM by declaring it in a route definition
+     * via the {@link ngRoute.$route $route} service. A common mistake is to declare the controller
+     * again using `ng-controller` in the template itself.  This will cause the controller to be attached
+     * and executed twice.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @scope
+     * @priority 500
+     * @param {expression} ngController Name of a constructor function registered with the current
+     * {@link ng.$controllerProvider $controllerProvider} or an {@link guide/expression expression}
+     * that on the current scope evaluates to a constructor function.
+     *
+     * The controller instance can be published into a scope property by specifying
+     * `ng-controller="as propertyName"`.
+     *
+     * If the current `$controllerProvider` is configured to use globals (via
+     * {@link ng.$controllerProvider#allowGlobals `$controllerProvider.allowGlobals()` }), this may
+     * also be the name of a globally accessible constructor function (deprecated, not recommended).
+     *
+     * @example
+     * Here is a simple form for editing user contact information. Adding, removing, clearing, and
+     * greeting are methods declared on the controller (see source tab). These methods can
+     * easily be called from the AngularJS markup. Any changes to the data are automatically reflected
+     * in the View without the need for a manual update.
+     *
+     * Two different declaration styles are included below:
+     *
+     * * one binds methods and properties directly onto the controller using `this`:
+     * `ng-controller="SettingsController1 as settings"`
+     * * one injects `$scope` into the controller:
+     * `ng-controller="SettingsController2"`
+     *
+     * The second option is more common in the AngularJS community, and is generally used in boilerplates
+     * and in this guide. However, there are advantages to binding properties directly to the controller
+     * and avoiding scope.
+     *
+     * * Using `controller as` makes it obvious which controller you are accessing in the template when
+     * multiple controllers apply to an element.
+     * * If you are writing your controllers as classes you have easier access to the properties and
+     * methods, which will appear on the scope, from inside the controller code.
+     * * Since there is always a `.` in the bindings, you don't have to worry about prototypal
+     * inheritance masking primitives.
+     *
+     * This example demonstrates the `controller as` syntax.
+     *
+     * <example name="ngControllerAs" module="controllerAsExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *    <div id="ctrl-as-exmpl" ng-controller="SettingsController1 as settings">
+     *      <label>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="settings.name"/></label>
+     *      <button ng-click="settings.greet()">greet</button><br/>
+     *      Contact:
+     *      <ul>
+     *        <li ng-repeat="contact in settings.contacts">
+     *          <select ng-model="contact.type" aria-label="Contact method" id="select_{{$index}}">
+     *             <option>phone</option>
+     *             <option>email</option>
+     *          </select>
+     *          <input type="text" ng-model="contact.value" aria-labelledby="select_{{$index}}" />
+     *          <button ng-click="settings.clearContact(contact)">clear</button>
+     *          <button ng-click="settings.removeContact(contact)" aria-label="Remove">X</button>
+     *        </li>
+     *        <li><button ng-click="settings.addContact()">add</button></li>
+     *     </ul>
+     *    </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *    angular.module('controllerAsExample', [])
+     *      .controller('SettingsController1', SettingsController1);
+     *
+     *    function SettingsController1() {
+     *      this.name = 'John Smith';
+     *      this.contacts = [
+     *        {type: 'phone', value: '408 555 1212'},
+     *        {type: 'email', value: 'john.smith@example.org'}
+     *      ];
+     *    }
+     *
+     *    SettingsController1.prototype.greet = function() {
+     *      alert(this.name);
+     *    };
+     *
+     *    SettingsController1.prototype.addContact = function() {
+     *      this.contacts.push({type: 'email', value: 'yourname@example.org'});
+     *    };
+     *
+     *    SettingsController1.prototype.removeContact = function(contactToRemove) {
+     *     var index = this.contacts.indexOf(contactToRemove);
+     *      this.contacts.splice(index, 1);
+     *    };
+     *
+     *    SettingsController1.prototype.clearContact = function(contact) {
+     *      contact.type = 'phone';
+     *      contact.value = '';
+     *    };
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     it('should check controller as', function() {
+     *       var container = element(by.id('ctrl-as-exmpl'));
+     *         expect(container.element(by.model('settings.name'))
+     *           .getAttribute('value')).toBe('John Smith');
+     *
+     *       var firstRepeat =
+     *           container.element(by.repeater('contact in settings.contacts').row(0));
+     *       var secondRepeat =
+     *           container.element(by.repeater('contact in settings.contacts').row(1));
+     *
+     *       expect(firstRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *           .toBe('408 555 1212');
+     *
+     *       expect(secondRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *           .toBe('john.smith@example.org');
+     *
+     *       firstRepeat.element(by.buttonText('clear')).click();
+     *
+     *       expect(firstRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *           .toBe('');
+     *
+     *       container.element(by.buttonText('add')).click();
+     *
+     *       expect(container.element(by.repeater('contact in settings.contacts').row(2))
+     *           .element(by.model('contact.value'))
+     *           .getAttribute('value'))
+     *           .toBe('yourname@example.org');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * This example demonstrates the "attach to `$scope`" style of controller.
+     *
+     * <example name="ngController" module="controllerExample">
+     *  <file name="index.html">
+     *   <div id="ctrl-exmpl" ng-controller="SettingsController2">
+     *     <label>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"/></label>
+     *     <button ng-click="greet()">greet</button><br/>
+     *     Contact:
+     *     <ul>
+     *       <li ng-repeat="contact in contacts">
+     *         <select ng-model="contact.type" id="select_{{$index}}">
+     *            <option>phone</option>
+     *            <option>email</option>
+     *         </select>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="contact.value" aria-labelledby="select_{{$index}}" />
+     *         <button ng-click="clearContact(contact)">clear</button>
+     *         <button ng-click="removeContact(contact)">X</button>
+     *       </li>
+     *       <li>[ <button ng-click="addContact()">add</button> ]</li>
+     *    </ul>
+     *   </div>
+     *  </file>
+     *  <file name="app.js">
+     *   angular.module('controllerExample', [])
+     *     .controller('SettingsController2', ['$scope', SettingsController2]);
+     *
+     *   function SettingsController2($scope) {
+     *     $scope.name = 'John Smith';
+     *     $scope.contacts = [
+     *       {type:'phone', value:'408 555 1212'},
+     *       {type:'email', value:'john.smith@example.org'}
+     *     ];
+     *
+     *     $scope.greet = function() {
+     *       alert($scope.name);
+     *     };
+     *
+     *     $scope.addContact = function() {
+     *       $scope.contacts.push({type:'email', value:'yourname@example.org'});
+     *     };
+     *
+     *     $scope.removeContact = function(contactToRemove) {
+     *       var index = $scope.contacts.indexOf(contactToRemove);
+     *       $scope.contacts.splice(index, 1);
+     *     };
+     *
+     *     $scope.clearContact = function(contact) {
+     *       contact.type = 'phone';
+     *       contact.value = '';
+     *     };
+     *   }
+     *  </file>
+     *  <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *    it('should check controller', function() {
+     *      var container = element(by.id('ctrl-exmpl'));
+     *
+     *      expect(container.element(by.model('name'))
+     *          .getAttribute('value')).toBe('John Smith');
+     *
+     *      var firstRepeat =
+     *          container.element(by.repeater('contact in contacts').row(0));
+     *      var secondRepeat =
+     *          container.element(by.repeater('contact in contacts').row(1));
+     *
+     *      expect(firstRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *          .toBe('408 555 1212');
+     *      expect(secondRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *          .toBe('john.smith@example.org');
+     *
+     *      firstRepeat.element(by.buttonText('clear')).click();
+     *
+     *      expect(firstRepeat.element(by.model('contact.value')).getAttribute('value'))
+     *          .toBe('');
+     *
+     *      container.element(by.buttonText('add')).click();
+     *
+     *      expect(container.element(by.repeater('contact in contacts').row(2))
+     *          .element(by.model('contact.value'))
+     *          .getAttribute('value'))
+     *          .toBe('yourname@example.org');
+     *    });
+     *  </file>
+     *</example>
+
+     */
+    var ngControllerDirective = [function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            scope: true,
+            controller: '@',
+            priority: 500
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngCsp
+     *
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @description
+     *
+     * AngularJS has some features that can conflict with certain restrictions that are applied when using
+     * [CSP (Content Security Policy)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Security/CSP) rules.
+     *
+     * If you intend to implement CSP with these rules then you must tell AngularJS not to use these
+     * features.
+     *
+     * This is necessary when developing things like Google Chrome Extensions or Universal Windows Apps.
+     *
+     *
+     * The following default rules in CSP affect AngularJS:
+     *
+     * * The use of `eval()`, `Function(string)` and similar functions to dynamically create and execute
+     * code from strings is forbidden. AngularJS makes use of this in the {@link $parse} service to
+     * provide a 30% increase in the speed of evaluating AngularJS expressions. (This CSP rule can be
+     * disabled with the CSP keyword `unsafe-eval`, but it is generally not recommended as it would
+     * weaken the protections offered by CSP.)
+     *
+     * * The use of inline resources, such as inline `<script>` and `<style>` elements, are forbidden.
+     * This prevents apps from injecting custom styles directly into the document. AngularJS makes use of
+     * this to include some CSS rules (e.g. {@link ngCloak} and {@link ngHide}). To make these
+     * directives work when a CSP rule is blocking inline styles, you must link to the `angular-csp.css`
+     * in your HTML manually. (This CSP rule can be disabled with the CSP keyword `unsafe-inline`, but
+     * it is generally not recommended as it would weaken the protections offered by CSP.)
+     *
+     * If you do not provide `ngCsp` then AngularJS tries to autodetect if CSP is blocking dynamic code
+     * creation from strings (e.g., `unsafe-eval` not specified in CSP header) and automatically
+     * deactivates this feature in the {@link $parse} service. This autodetection, however, triggers a
+     * CSP error to be logged in the console:
+     *
+     * ```
+     * Refused to evaluate a string as JavaScript because 'unsafe-eval' is not an allowed source of
+     * script in the following Content Security Policy directive: "default-src 'self'". Note that
+     * 'script-src' was not explicitly set, so 'default-src' is used as a fallback.
+     * ```
+     *
+     * This error is harmless but annoying. To prevent the error from showing up, put the `ngCsp`
+     * directive on an element of the HTML document that appears before the `<script>` tag that loads
+     * the `angular.js` file.
+     *
+     * *Note: This directive is only available in the `ng-csp` and `data-ng-csp` attribute form.*
+     *
+     * You can specify which of the CSP related AngularJS features should be deactivated by providing
+     * a value for the `ng-csp` attribute. The options are as follows:
+     *
+     * * no-inline-style: this stops AngularJS from injecting CSS styles into the DOM
+     *
+     * * no-unsafe-eval: this stops AngularJS from optimizing $parse with unsafe eval of strings
+     *
+     * You can use these values in the following combinations:
+     *
+     *
+     * * No declaration means that AngularJS will assume that you can do inline styles, but it will do
+     * a runtime check for unsafe-eval. E.g. `<body>`. This is backwardly compatible with previous
+     * versions of AngularJS.
+     *
+     * * A simple `ng-csp` (or `data-ng-csp`) attribute will tell AngularJS to deactivate both inline
+     * styles and unsafe eval. E.g. `<body ng-csp>`. This is backwardly compatible with previous
+     * versions of AngularJS.
+     *
+     * * Specifying only `no-unsafe-eval` tells AngularJS that we must not use eval, but that we can
+     * inject inline styles. E.g. `<body ng-csp="no-unsafe-eval">`.
+     *
+     * * Specifying only `no-inline-style` tells AngularJS that we must not inject styles, but that we can
+     * run eval - no automatic check for unsafe eval will occur. E.g. `<body ng-csp="no-inline-style">`
+     *
+     * * Specifying both `no-unsafe-eval` and `no-inline-style` tells AngularJS that we must not inject
+     * styles nor use eval, which is the same as an empty: ng-csp.
+     * E.g.`<body ng-csp="no-inline-style;no-unsafe-eval">`
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     * This example shows how to apply the `ngCsp` directive to the `html` tag.
+       ```html
+         <!doctype html>
+         <html ng-app ng-csp>
+         ...
+         ...
+         </html>
+       ```
+
+      <!-- Note: the `.csp` suffix in the example name triggers CSP mode in our http server! -->
+      <example name="example.csp" module="cspExample" ng-csp="true">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="MainController as ctrl">
+            <div>
+              <button ng-click="ctrl.inc()" id="inc">Increment</button>
+              <span id="counter">
+                {{ctrl.counter}}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <button ng-click="ctrl.evil()" id="evil">Evil</button>
+              <span id="evilError">
+                {{ctrl.evilError}}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+           angular.module('cspExample', [])
+             .controller('MainController', function MainController() {
+                this.counter = 0;
+                this.inc = function() {
+                  this.counter++;
+                };
+                this.evil = function() {
+                  try {
+                    eval('1+2'); // eslint-disable-line no-eval
+                  } catch (e) {
+                    this.evilError = e.message;
+                  }
+                };
+              });
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          var util, webdriver;
+
+          var incBtn = element(by.id('inc'));
+          var counter = element(by.id('counter'));
+          var evilBtn = element(by.id('evil'));
+          var evilError = element(by.id('evilError'));
+
+          function getAndClearSevereErrors() {
+            return browser.manage().logs().get('browser').then(function(browserLog) {
+              return browserLog.filter(function(logEntry) {
+                return logEntry.level.value > webdriver.logging.Level.WARNING.value;
+              });
+            });
+          }
+
+          function clearErrors() {
+            getAndClearSevereErrors();
+          }
+
+          function expectNoErrors() {
+            getAndClearSevereErrors().then(function(filteredLog) {
+              expect(filteredLog.length).toEqual(0);
+              if (filteredLog.length) {
+                console.log('browser console errors: ' + util.inspect(filteredLog));
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          function expectError(regex) {
+            getAndClearSevereErrors().then(function(filteredLog) {
+              var found = false;
+              filteredLog.forEach(function(log) {
+                if (log.message.match(regex)) {
+                  found = true;
+                }
+              });
+              if (!found) {
+                throw new Error('expected an error that matches ' + regex);
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          beforeEach(function() {
+            util = require('util');
+            webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
+          });
+
+          // For now, we only test on Chrome,
+          // as Safari does not load the page with Protractor's injected scripts,
+          // and Firefox webdriver always disables content security policy (#6358)
+          if (browser.params.browser !== 'chrome') {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          it('should not report errors when the page is loaded', function() {
+            // clear errors so we are not dependent on previous tests
+            clearErrors();
+            // Need to reload the page as the page is already loaded when
+            // we come here
+            browser.driver.getCurrentUrl().then(function(url) {
+              browser.get(url);
+            });
+            expectNoErrors();
+          });
+
+          it('should evaluate expressions', function() {
+            expect(counter.getText()).toEqual('0');
+            incBtn.click();
+            expect(counter.getText()).toEqual('1');
+            expectNoErrors();
+          });
+
+          it('should throw and report an error when using "eval"', function() {
+            evilBtn.click();
+            expect(evilError.getText()).toMatch(/Content Security Policy/);
+            expectError(/Content Security Policy/);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+      */
+
+    // `ngCsp` is not implemented as a proper directive any more, because we need it be processed while
+    // we bootstrap the app (before `$parse` is instantiated). For this reason, we just have the `csp()`
+    // fn that looks for the `ng-csp` attribute anywhere in the current doc.
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngClick
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The ngClick directive allows you to specify custom behavior when
+     * an element is clicked.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngClick {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * click. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-click">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-click="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment
+          </button>
+          <span>
+            count: {{count}}
+          </span>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-click', function() {
+             expect(element(by.binding('count')).getText()).toMatch('0');
+             element(by.css('button')).click();
+             expect(element(by.binding('count')).getText()).toMatch('1');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    /*
+     * A collection of directives that allows creation of custom event handlers that are defined as
+     * AngularJS expressions and are compiled and executed within the current scope.
+     */
+    var ngEventDirectives = {};
+
+    // For events that might fire synchronously during DOM manipulation
+    // we need to execute their event handlers asynchronously using $evalAsync,
+    // so that they are not executed in an inconsistent state.
+    var forceAsyncEvents = {
+        'blur': true,
+        'focus': true
+    };
+    forEach(
+        'click dblclick mousedown mouseup mouseover mouseout mousemove mouseenter mouseleave keydown keyup keypress submit focus blur copy cut paste'.split(' '),
+        function (eventName) {
+            var directiveName = directiveNormalize('ng-' + eventName);
+            ngEventDirectives[directiveName] = ['$parse', '$rootScope', function ($parse, $rootScope) {
+                return {
+                    restrict: 'A',
+                    compile: function ($element, attr) {
+                        // NOTE:
+                        // We expose the powerful `$event` object on the scope that provides access to the Window,
+                        // etc. This is OK, because expressions are not sandboxed any more (and the expression
+                        // sandbox was never meant to be a security feature anyway).
+                        var fn = $parse(attr[directiveName]);
+                        return function ngEventHandler(scope, element) {
+                            element.on(eventName, function (event) {
+                                var callback = function () {
+                                    fn(scope, {
+                                        $event: event
+                                    });
+                                };
+                                if (forceAsyncEvents[eventName] && $rootScope.$$phase) {
+                                    scope.$evalAsync(callback);
+                                } else {
+                                    scope.$apply(callback);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        };
+                    }
+                };
+            }];
+        }
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngDblclick
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngDblclick` directive allows you to specify custom behavior on a dblclick event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngDblclick {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * a dblclick. (The Event object is available as `$event`)
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-dblclick">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-dblclick="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (on double click)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMousedown
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The ngMousedown directive allows you to specify custom behavior on mousedown event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMousedown {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mousedown. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mousedown">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mousedown="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (on mouse down)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMouseup
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on mouseup event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMouseup {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mouseup. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mouseup">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mouseup="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (on mouse up)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMouseover
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on mouseover event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMouseover {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mouseover. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mouseover">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mouseover="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (when mouse is over)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMouseenter
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on mouseenter event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMouseenter {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mouseenter. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mouseenter">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mouseenter="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (when mouse enters)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMouseleave
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on mouseleave event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMouseleave {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mouseleave. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mouseleave">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mouseleave="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (when mouse leaves)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMousemove
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on mousemove event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMousemove {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * mousemove. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-mousemove">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <button ng-mousemove="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+            Increment (when mouse moves)
+          </button>
+          count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngKeydown
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on keydown event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngKeydown {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * keydown. (Event object is available as `$event` and can be interrogated for keyCode, altKey, etc.)
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-keydown">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input ng-keydown="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+          key down count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngKeyup
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on keyup event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngKeyup {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * keyup. (Event object is available as `$event` and can be interrogated for keyCode, altKey, etc.)
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-keyup">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <p>Typing in the input box below updates the key count</p>
+           <input ng-keyup="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0"> key up count: {{count}}
+
+           <p>Typing in the input box below updates the keycode</p>
+           <input ng-keyup="event=$event">
+           <p>event keyCode: {{ event.keyCode }}</p>
+           <p>event altKey: {{ event.altKey }}</p>
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngKeypress
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on keypress event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngKeypress {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * keypress. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`}
+     * and can be interrogated for keyCode, altKey, etc.)
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-keypress">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input ng-keypress="count = count + 1" ng-init="count=0">
+          key press count: {{count}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngSubmit
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element form
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Enables binding AngularJS expressions to onsubmit events.
+     *
+     * Additionally it prevents the default action (which for form means sending the request to the
+     * server and reloading the current page), but only if the form does not contain `action`,
+     * `data-action`, or `x-action` attributes.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Warning:** Be careful not to cause "double-submission" by using both the `ngClick` and
+     * `ngSubmit` handlers together. See the
+     * {@link form#submitting-a-form-and-preventing-the-default-action `form` directive documentation}
+     * for a detailed discussion of when `ngSubmit` may be triggered.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngSubmit {@link guide/expression Expression} to eval.
+     * ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="submitExample" name="ng-submit">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <script>
+            angular.module('submitExample', [])
+              .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.list = [];
+                $scope.text = 'hello';
+                $scope.submit = function() {
+                  if ($scope.text) {
+                    $scope.list.push(this.text);
+                    $scope.text = '';
+                  }
+                };
+              }]);
+          </script>
+          <form ng-submit="submit()" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            Enter text and hit enter:
+            <input type="text" ng-model="text" name="text" />
+            <input type="submit" id="submit" value="Submit" />
+            <pre>list={{list}}</pre>
+          </form>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should check ng-submit', function() {
+             expect(element(by.binding('list')).getText()).toBe('list=[]');
+             element(by.css('#submit')).click();
+             expect(element(by.binding('list')).getText()).toContain('hello');
+             expect(element(by.model('text')).getAttribute('value')).toBe('');
+           });
+           it('should ignore empty strings', function() {
+             expect(element(by.binding('list')).getText()).toBe('list=[]');
+             element(by.css('#submit')).click();
+             element(by.css('#submit')).click();
+             expect(element(by.binding('list')).getText()).toContain('hello');
+            });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngFocus
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element window, input, select, textarea, a
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on focus event.
+     *
+     * Note: As the `focus` event is executed synchronously when calling `input.focus()`
+     * AngularJS executes the expression using `scope.$evalAsync` if the event is fired
+     * during an `$apply` to ensure a consistent state.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngFocus {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * focus. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+     * See {@link ng.directive:ngClick ngClick}
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngBlur
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element window, input, select, textarea, a
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on blur event.
+     *
+     * A [blur event](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Events/blur) fires when
+     * an element has lost focus.
+     *
+     * Note: As the `blur` event is executed synchronously also during DOM manipulations
+     * (e.g. removing a focussed input),
+     * AngularJS executes the expression using `scope.$evalAsync` if the event is fired
+     * during an `$apply` to ensure a consistent state.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngBlur {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * blur. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+     * See {@link ng.directive:ngClick ngClick}
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngCopy
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element window, input, select, textarea, a
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on copy event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngCopy {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * copy. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-copy">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input ng-copy="copied=true" ng-init="copied=false; value='copy me'" ng-model="value">
+          copied: {{copied}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngCut
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element window, input, select, textarea, a
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on cut event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngCut {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * cut. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-cut">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input ng-cut="cut=true" ng-init="cut=false; value='cut me'" ng-model="value">
+          cut: {{cut}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngPaste
+     * @restrict A
+     * @element window, input, select, textarea, a
+     * @priority 0
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Specify custom behavior on paste event.
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngPaste {@link guide/expression Expression} to evaluate upon
+     * paste. ({@link guide/expression#-event- Event object is available as `$event`})
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-paste">
+         <file name="index.html">
+          <input ng-paste="paste=true" ng-init="paste=false" placeholder='paste here'>
+          pasted: {{paste}}
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngIf
+     * @restrict A
+     * @multiElement
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngIf` directive removes or recreates a portion of the DOM tree based on an
+     * {expression}. If the expression assigned to `ngIf` evaluates to a false
+     * value then the element is removed from the DOM, otherwise a clone of the
+     * element is reinserted into the DOM.
+     *
+     * `ngIf` differs from `ngShow` and `ngHide` in that `ngIf` completely removes and recreates the
+     * element in the DOM rather than changing its visibility via the `display` css property.  A common
+     * case when this difference is significant is when using css selectors that rely on an element's
+     * position within the DOM, such as the `:first-child` or `:last-child` pseudo-classes.
+     *
+     * Note that when an element is removed using `ngIf` its scope is destroyed and a new scope
+     * is created when the element is restored.  The scope created within `ngIf` inherits from
+     * its parent scope using
+     * [prototypal inheritance](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/wiki/Understanding-Scopes#javascript-prototypal-inheritance).
+     * An important implication of this is if `ngModel` is used within `ngIf` to bind to
+     * a javascript primitive defined in the parent scope. In this case any modifications made to the
+     * variable within the child scope will override (hide) the value in the parent scope.
+     *
+     * Also, `ngIf` recreates elements using their compiled state. An example of this behavior
+     * is if an element's class attribute is directly modified after it's compiled, using something like
+     * jQuery's `.addClass()` method, and the element is later removed. When `ngIf` recreates the element
+     * the added class will be lost because the original compiled state is used to regenerate the element.
+     *
+     * Additionally, you can provide animations via the `ngAnimate` module to animate the `enter`
+     * and `leave` effects.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                        | Occurs                               |
+     * |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#enter enter}  | just after the `ngIf` contents change and a new DOM element is created and injected into the `ngIf` container |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#leave leave}  | just before the `ngIf` contents are removed from the DOM |
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @scope
+     * @priority 600
+     * @param {expression} ngIf If the {@link guide/expression expression} is falsy then
+     *     the element is removed from the DOM tree. If it is truthy a copy of the compiled
+     *     element is added to the DOM tree.
+     *
+     * @example
+      <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-if">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <label>Click me: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" ng-init="checked=true" /></label><br/>
+          Show when checked:
+          <span ng-if="checked" class="animate-if">
+            This is removed when the checkbox is unchecked.
+          </span>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .animate-if {
+            background:white;
+            border:1px solid black;
+            padding:10px;
+          }
+
+          .animate-if.ng-enter, .animate-if.ng-leave {
+            transition:all cubic-bezier(0.250, 0.460, 0.450, 0.940) 0.5s;
+          }
+
+          .animate-if.ng-enter,
+          .animate-if.ng-leave.ng-leave-active {
+            opacity:0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-if.ng-leave,
+          .animate-if.ng-enter.ng-enter-active {
+            opacity:1;
+          }
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var ngIfDirective = ['$animate', '$compile', function ($animate, $compile) {
+        return {
+            multiElement: true,
+            transclude: 'element',
+            priority: 600,
+            terminal: true,
+            restrict: 'A',
+            $$tlb: true,
+            link: function ($scope, $element, $attr, ctrl, $transclude) {
+                var block, childScope, previousElements;
+                $scope.$watch($attr.ngIf, function ngIfWatchAction(value) {
+
+                    if (value) {
+                        if (!childScope) {
+                            $transclude(function (clone, newScope) {
+                                childScope = newScope;
+                                clone[clone.length++] = $compile.$$createComment('end ngIf', $attr.ngIf);
+                                // Note: We only need the first/last node of the cloned nodes.
+                                // However, we need to keep the reference to the jqlite wrapper as it might be changed later
+                                // by a directive with templateUrl when its template arrives.
+                                block = {
+                                    clone: clone
+                                };
+                                $animate.enter(clone, $element.parent(), $element);
+                            });
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (previousElements) {
+                            previousElements.remove();
+                            previousElements = null;
+                        }
+                        if (childScope) {
+                            childScope.$destroy();
+                            childScope = null;
+                        }
+                        if (block) {
+                            previousElements = getBlockNodes(block.clone);
+                            $animate.leave(previousElements).done(function (response) {
+                                if (response !== false) previousElements = null;
+                            });
+                            block = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngInclude
+     * @restrict ECA
+     * @scope
+     * @priority -400
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Fetches, compiles and includes an external HTML fragment.
+     *
+     * By default, the template URL is restricted to the same domain and protocol as the
+     * application document. This is done by calling {@link $sce#getTrustedResourceUrl
+     * $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl} on it. To load templates from other domains or protocols
+     * you may either {@link ng.$sceDelegateProvider#resourceUrlWhitelist whitelist them} or
+     * {@link $sce#trustAsResourceUrl wrap them} as trusted values. Refer to AngularJS's {@link
+     * ng.$sce Strict Contextual Escaping}.
+     *
+     * In addition, the browser's
+     * [Same Origin Policy](https://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2#Same-origin_policy_for_XMLHttpRequest)
+     * and [Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)](http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/)
+     * policy may further restrict whether the template is successfully loaded.
+     * For example, `ngInclude` won't work for cross-domain requests on all browsers and for `file://`
+     * access on some browsers.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                        | Occurs                              |
+     * |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#enter enter}  | when the expression changes, on the new include |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#leave leave}  | when the expression changes, on the old include |
+     *
+     * The enter and leave animation occur concurrently.
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngInclude|src AngularJS expression evaluating to URL. If the source is a string constant,
+     *                 make sure you wrap it in **single** quotes, e.g. `src="'myPartialTemplate.html'"`.
+     * @param {string=} onload Expression to evaluate when a new partial is loaded.
+     *                  <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     *                  **Note:** When using onload on SVG elements in IE11, the browser will try to call
+     *                  a function with the name on the window element, which will usually throw a
+     *                  "function is undefined" error. To fix this, you can instead use `data-onload` or a
+     *                  different form that {@link guide/directive#normalization matches} `onload`.
+     *                  </div>
+       *
+     * @param {string=} autoscroll Whether `ngInclude` should call {@link ng.$anchorScroll
+     *                  $anchorScroll} to scroll the viewport after the content is loaded.
+     *
+     *                  - If the attribute is not set, disable scrolling.
+     *                  - If the attribute is set without value, enable scrolling.
+     *                  - Otherwise enable scrolling only if the expression evaluates to truthy value.
+     *
+     * @example
+      <example module="includeExample" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-include">
+        <file name="index.html">
+         <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+           <select ng-model="template" ng-options="t.name for t in templates">
+            <option value="">(blank)</option>
+           </select>
+           url of the template: <code>{{template.url}}</code>
+           <hr/>
+           <div class="slide-animate-container">
+             <div class="slide-animate" ng-include="template.url"></div>
+           </div>
+         </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('includeExample', ['ngAnimate'])
+            .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+              $scope.templates =
+                [{ name: 'template1.html', url: 'template1.html'},
+                 { name: 'template2.html', url: 'template2.html'}];
+              $scope.template = $scope.templates[0];
+            }]);
+         </file>
+        <file name="template1.html">
+          Content of template1.html
+        </file>
+        <file name="template2.html">
+          Content of template2.html
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .slide-animate-container {
+            position:relative;
+            background:white;
+            border:1px solid black;
+            height:40px;
+            overflow:hidden;
+          }
+
+          .slide-animate {
+            padding:10px;
+          }
+
+          .slide-animate.ng-enter, .slide-animate.ng-leave {
+            transition:all cubic-bezier(0.250, 0.460, 0.450, 0.940) 0.5s;
+
+            position:absolute;
+            top:0;
+            left:0;
+            right:0;
+            bottom:0;
+            display:block;
+            padding:10px;
+          }
+
+          .slide-animate.ng-enter {
+            top:-50px;
+          }
+          .slide-animate.ng-enter.ng-enter-active {
+            top:0;
+          }
+
+          .slide-animate.ng-leave {
+            top:0;
+          }
+          .slide-animate.ng-leave.ng-leave-active {
+            top:50px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          var templateSelect = element(by.model('template'));
+          var includeElem = element(by.css('[ng-include]'));
+
+          it('should load template1.html', function() {
+            expect(includeElem.getText()).toMatch(/Content of template1.html/);
+          });
+
+          it('should load template2.html', function() {
+            if (browser.params.browser === 'firefox') {
+              // Firefox can't handle using selects
+              // See https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/480
+              return;
+            }
+            templateSelect.click();
+            templateSelect.all(by.css('option')).get(2).click();
+            expect(includeElem.getText()).toMatch(/Content of template2.html/);
+          });
+
+          it('should change to blank', function() {
+            if (browser.params.browser === 'firefox') {
+              // Firefox can't handle using selects
+              return;
+            }
+            templateSelect.click();
+            templateSelect.all(by.css('option')).get(0).click();
+            expect(includeElem.isPresent()).toBe(false);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc event
+     * @name ngInclude#$includeContentRequested
+     * @eventType emit on the scope ngInclude was declared in
+     * @description
+     * Emitted every time the ngInclude content is requested.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} angularEvent Synthetic event object.
+     * @param {String} src URL of content to load.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc event
+     * @name ngInclude#$includeContentLoaded
+     * @eventType emit on the current ngInclude scope
+     * @description
+     * Emitted every time the ngInclude content is reloaded.
+     *
+     * @param {Object} angularEvent Synthetic event object.
+     * @param {String} src URL of content to load.
+     */
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc event
+     * @name ngInclude#$includeContentError
+     * @eventType emit on the scope ngInclude was declared in
+     * @description
+     * Emitted when a template HTTP request yields an erroneous response (status < 200 || status > 299)
+     *
+     * @param {Object} angularEvent Synthetic event object.
+     * @param {String} src URL of content to load.
+     */
+    var ngIncludeDirective = ['$templateRequest', '$anchorScroll', '$animate',
+        function ($templateRequest, $anchorScroll, $animate) {
+            return {
+                restrict: 'ECA',
+                priority: 400,
+                terminal: true,
+                transclude: 'element',
+                controller: angular.noop,
+                compile: function (element, attr) {
+                    var srcExp = attr.ngInclude || attr.src,
+                        onloadExp = attr.onload || '',
+                        autoScrollExp = attr.autoscroll;
+
+                    return function (scope, $element, $attr, ctrl, $transclude) {
+                        var changeCounter = 0,
+                            currentScope,
+                            previousElement,
+                            currentElement;
+
+                        var cleanupLastIncludeContent = function () {
+                            if (previousElement) {
+                                previousElement.remove();
+                                previousElement = null;
+                            }
+                            if (currentScope) {
+                                currentScope.$destroy();
+                                currentScope = null;
+                            }
+                            if (currentElement) {
+                                $animate.leave(currentElement).done(function (response) {
+                                    if (response !== false) previousElement = null;
+                                });
+                                previousElement = currentElement;
+                                currentElement = null;
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        scope.$watch(srcExp, function ngIncludeWatchAction(src) {
+                            var afterAnimation = function (response) {
+                                if (response !== false && isDefined(autoScrollExp) &&
+                                    (!autoScrollExp || scope.$eval(autoScrollExp))) {
+                                    $anchorScroll();
+                                }
+                            };
+                            var thisChangeId = ++changeCounter;
+
+                            if (src) {
+                                //set the 2nd param to true to ignore the template request error so that the inner
+                                //contents and scope can be cleaned up.
+                                $templateRequest(src, true).then(function (response) {
+                                    if (scope.$$destroyed) return;
+
+                                    if (thisChangeId !== changeCounter) return;
+                                    var newScope = scope.$new();
+                                    ctrl.template = response;
+
+                                    // Note: This will also link all children of ng-include that were contained in the original
+                                    // html. If that content contains controllers, ... they could pollute/change the scope.
+                                    // However, using ng-include on an element with additional content does not make sense...
+                                    // Note: We can't remove them in the cloneAttchFn of $transclude as that
+                                    // function is called before linking the content, which would apply child
+                                    // directives to non existing elements.
+                                    var clone = $transclude(newScope, function (clone) {
+                                        cleanupLastIncludeContent();
+                                        $animate.enter(clone, null, $element).done(afterAnimation);
+                                    });
+
+                                    currentScope = newScope;
+                                    currentElement = clone;
+
+                                    currentScope.$emit('$includeContentLoaded', src);
+                                    scope.$eval(onloadExp);
+                                }, function () {
+                                    if (scope.$$destroyed) return;
+
+                                    if (thisChangeId === changeCounter) {
+                                        cleanupLastIncludeContent();
+                                        scope.$emit('$includeContentError', src);
+                                    }
+                                });
+                                scope.$emit('$includeContentRequested', src);
+                            } else {
+                                cleanupLastIncludeContent();
+                                ctrl.template = null;
+                            }
+                        });
+                    };
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    ];
+
+    // This directive is called during the $transclude call of the first `ngInclude` directive.
+    // It will replace and compile the content of the element with the loaded template.
+    // We need this directive so that the element content is already filled when
+    // the link function of another directive on the same element as ngInclude
+    // is called.
+    var ngIncludeFillContentDirective = ['$compile',
+        function ($compile) {
+            return {
+                restrict: 'ECA',
+                priority: -400,
+                require: 'ngInclude',
+                link: function (scope, $element, $attr, ctrl) {
+                    if (toString.call($element[0]).match(/SVG/)) {
+                        // WebKit: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=135698 --- SVG elements do not
+                        // support innerHTML, so detect this here and try to generate the contents
+                        // specially.
+                        $element.empty();
+                        $compile(jqLiteBuildFragment(ctrl.template, window.document).childNodes)(scope,
+                            function namespaceAdaptedClone(clone) {
+                                $element.append(clone);
+                            }, {
+                                futureParentElement: $element
+                            });
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    $element.html(ctrl.template);
+                    $compile($element.contents())(scope);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngInit
+     * @restrict AC
+     * @priority 450
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngInit {@link guide/expression Expression} to eval.
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngInit` directive allows you to evaluate an expression in the
+     * current scope.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+     * This directive can be abused to add unnecessary amounts of logic into your templates.
+     * There are only a few appropriate uses of `ngInit`:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>aliasing special properties of {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat `ngRepeat`},
+     *     as seen in the demo below.</li>
+     *   <li>initializing data during development, or for examples, as seen throughout these docs.</li>
+     *   <li>injecting data via server side scripting.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * Besides these few cases, you should use {@link guide/component Components} or
+     * {@link guide/controller Controllers} rather than `ngInit` to initialize values on a scope.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * **Note**: If you have assignment in `ngInit` along with a {@link ng.$filter `filter`}, make
+     * sure you have parentheses to ensure correct operator precedence:
+     * <pre class="prettyprint">
+     * `<div ng-init="test1 = ($index | toString)"></div>`
+     * </pre>
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example module="initExample" name="ng-init">
+         <file name="index.html">
+       <script>
+         angular.module('initExample', [])
+           .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+             $scope.list = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']];
+           }]);
+       </script>
+       <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+         <div ng-repeat="innerList in list" ng-init="outerIndex = $index">
+           <div ng-repeat="value in innerList" ng-init="innerIndex = $index">
+              <span class="example-init">list[ {{outerIndex}} ][ {{innerIndex}} ] = {{value}};</span>
+           </div>
+         </div>
+       </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           it('should alias index positions', function() {
+             var elements = element.all(by.css('.example-init'));
+             expect(elements.get(0).getText()).toBe('list[ 0 ][ 0 ] = a;');
+             expect(elements.get(1).getText()).toBe('list[ 0 ][ 1 ] = b;');
+             expect(elements.get(2).getText()).toBe('list[ 1 ][ 0 ] = c;');
+             expect(elements.get(3).getText()).toBe('list[ 1 ][ 1 ] = d;');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngInitDirective = ngDirective({
+        priority: 450,
+        compile: function () {
+            return {
+                pre: function (scope, element, attrs) {
+                    scope.$eval(attrs.ngInit);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngList
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 100
+     *
+     * @param {string=} ngList optional delimiter that should be used to split the value.
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Text input that converts between a delimited string and an array of strings. The default
+     * delimiter is a comma followed by a space - equivalent to `ng-list=", "`. You can specify a custom
+     * delimiter as the value of the `ngList` attribute - for example, `ng-list=" | "`.
+     *
+     * The behaviour of the directive is affected by the use of the `ngTrim` attribute.
+     * * If `ngTrim` is set to `"false"` then whitespace around both the separator and each
+     *   list item is respected. This implies that the user of the directive is responsible for
+     *   dealing with whitespace but also allows you to use whitespace as a delimiter, such as a
+     *   tab or newline character.
+     * * Otherwise whitespace around the delimiter is ignored when splitting (although it is respected
+     *   when joining the list items back together) and whitespace around each list item is stripped
+     *   before it is added to the model.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Validation
+     *
+     * <example name="ngList-directive" module="listExample">
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *      angular.module('listExample', [])
+     *        .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *          $scope.names = ['morpheus', 'neo', 'trinity'];
+     *        }]);
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *    <form name="myForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *      <label>List: <input name="namesInput" ng-model="names" ng-list required></label>
+     *      <span role="alert">
+     *        <span class="error" ng-show="myForm.namesInput.$error.required">
+     *        Required!</span>
+     *      </span>
+     *      <br>
+     *      <tt>names = {{names}}</tt><br/>
+     *      <tt>myForm.namesInput.$valid = {{myForm.namesInput.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+     *      <tt>myForm.namesInput.$error = {{myForm.namesInput.$error}}</tt><br/>
+     *      <tt>myForm.$valid = {{myForm.$valid}}</tt><br/>
+     *      <tt>myForm.$error.required = {{!!myForm.$error.required}}</tt><br/>
+     *     </form>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     var listInput = element(by.model('names'));
+     *     var names = element(by.exactBinding('names'));
+     *     var valid = element(by.binding('myForm.namesInput.$valid'));
+     *     var error = element(by.css('span.error'));
+     *
+     *     it('should initialize to model', function() {
+     *       expect(names.getText()).toContain('["morpheus","neo","trinity"]');
+     *       expect(valid.getText()).toContain('true');
+     *       expect(error.getCssValue('display')).toBe('none');
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     it('should be invalid if empty', function() {
+     *       listInput.clear();
+     *       listInput.sendKeys('');
+     *
+     *       expect(names.getText()).toContain('');
+     *       expect(valid.getText()).toContain('false');
+     *       expect(error.getCssValue('display')).not.toBe('none');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Splitting on newline
+     *
+     * <example name="ngList-directive-newlines">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *    <textarea ng-model="list" ng-list="&#10;" ng-trim="false"></textarea>
+     *    <pre>{{ list | json }}</pre>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     it("should split the text by newlines", function() {
+     *       var listInput = element(by.model('list'));
+     *       var output = element(by.binding('list | json'));
+     *       listInput.sendKeys('abc\ndef\nghi');
+     *       expect(output.getText()).toContain('[\n  "abc",\n  "def",\n  "ghi"\n]');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     */
+    var ngListDirective = function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            priority: 100,
+            require: 'ngModel',
+            link: function (scope, element, attr, ctrl) {
+                var ngList = attr.ngList || ', ';
+                var trimValues = attr.ngTrim !== 'false';
+                var separator = trimValues ? trim(ngList) : ngList;
+
+                var parse = function (viewValue) {
+                    // If the viewValue is invalid (say required but empty) it will be `undefined`
+                    if (isUndefined(viewValue)) return;
+
+                    var list = [];
+
+                    if (viewValue) {
+                        forEach(viewValue.split(separator), function (value) {
+                            if (value) list.push(trimValues ? trim(value) : value);
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    return list;
+                };
+
+                ctrl.$parsers.push(parse);
+                ctrl.$formatters.push(function (value) {
+                    if (isArray(value)) {
+                        return value.join(ngList);
+                    }
+
+                    return undefined;
+                });
+
+                // Override the standard $isEmpty because an empty array means the input is empty.
+                ctrl.$isEmpty = function (value) {
+                    return !value || !value.length;
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    /* global VALID_CLASS: true,
+      INVALID_CLASS: true,
+      PRISTINE_CLASS: true,
+      DIRTY_CLASS: true,
+      UNTOUCHED_CLASS: true,
+      TOUCHED_CLASS: true,
+      PENDING_CLASS: true,
+      addSetValidityMethod: true,
+      setupValidity: true,
+      defaultModelOptions: false
+    */
+
+
+    var VALID_CLASS = 'ng-valid',
+        INVALID_CLASS = 'ng-invalid',
+        PRISTINE_CLASS = 'ng-pristine',
+        DIRTY_CLASS = 'ng-dirty',
+        UNTOUCHED_CLASS = 'ng-untouched',
+        TOUCHED_CLASS = 'ng-touched',
+        EMPTY_CLASS = 'ng-empty',
+        NOT_EMPTY_CLASS = 'ng-not-empty';
+
+    var ngModelMinErr = minErr('ngModel');
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name ngModel.NgModelController
+     * @property {*} $viewValue The actual value from the control's view. For `input` elements, this is a
+     * String. See {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$setViewValue} for information about when the $viewValue
+     * is set.
+     *
+     * @property {*} $modelValue The value in the model that the control is bound to.
+     *
+     * @property {Array.<Function>} $parsers Array of functions to execute, as a pipeline, whenever
+     *  the control updates the ngModelController with a new {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue
+        `$viewValue`} from the DOM, usually via user input.
+        See {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$setViewValue `$setViewValue()`} for a detailed lifecycle explanation.
+        Note that the `$parsers` are not called when the bound ngModel expression changes programmatically.
+
+      The functions are called in array order, each passing
+        its return value through to the next. The last return value is forwarded to the
+        {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `$validators`} collection.
+
+      Parsers are used to sanitize / convert the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue
+        `$viewValue`}.
+
+      Returning `undefined` from a parser means a parse error occurred. In that case,
+        no {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `$validators`} will run and the `ngModel`
+        will be set to `undefined` unless {@link ngModelOptions `ngModelOptions.allowInvalid`}
+        is set to `true`. The parse error is stored in `ngModel.$error.parse`.
+
+      This simple example shows a parser that would convert text input value to lowercase:
+     * ```js
+     * function parse(value) {
+     *   if (value) {
+     *     return value.toLowerCase();
+     *   }
+     * }
+     * ngModelController.$parsers.push(parse);
+     * ```
+
+     *
+     * @property {Array.<Function>} $formatters Array of functions to execute, as a pipeline, whenever
+        the bound ngModel expression changes programmatically. The `$formatters` are not called when the
+        value of the control is changed by user interaction.
+
+      Formatters are used to format / convert the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$modelValue
+        `$modelValue`} for display in the control.
+
+      The functions are called in reverse array order, each passing the value through to the
+        next. The last return value is used as the actual DOM value.
+
+      This simple example shows a formatter that would convert the model value to uppercase:
+
+     * ```js
+     * function format(value) {
+     *   if (value) {
+     *     return value.toUpperCase();
+     *   }
+     * }
+     * ngModel.$formatters.push(format);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @property {Object.<string, function>} $validators A collection of validators that are applied
+     *      whenever the model value changes. The key value within the object refers to the name of the
+     *      validator while the function refers to the validation operation. The validation operation is
+     *      provided with the model value as an argument and must return a true or false value depending
+     *      on the response of that validation.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * ngModel.$validators.validCharacters = function(modelValue, viewValue) {
+     *   var value = modelValue || viewValue;
+     *   return /[0-9]+/.test(value) &&
+     *          /[a-z]+/.test(value) &&
+     *          /[A-Z]+/.test(value) &&
+     *          /\W+/.test(value);
+     * };
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @property {Object.<string, function>} $asyncValidators A collection of validations that are expected to
+     *      perform an asynchronous validation (e.g. a HTTP request). The validation function that is provided
+     *      is expected to return a promise when it is run during the model validation process. Once the promise
+     *      is delivered then the validation status will be set to true when fulfilled and false when rejected.
+     *      When the asynchronous validators are triggered, each of the validators will run in parallel and the model
+     *      value will only be updated once all validators have been fulfilled. As long as an asynchronous validator
+     *      is unfulfilled, its key will be added to the controllers `$pending` property. Also, all asynchronous validators
+     *      will only run once all synchronous validators have passed.
+     *
+     * Please note that if $http is used then it is important that the server returns a success HTTP response code
+     * in order to fulfill the validation and a status level of `4xx` in order to reject the validation.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * ngModel.$asyncValidators.uniqueUsername = function(modelValue, viewValue) {
+     *   var value = modelValue || viewValue;
+     *
+     *   // Lookup user by username
+     *   return $http.get('/api/users/' + value).
+     *      then(function resolved() {
+     *        //username exists, this means validation fails
+     *        return $q.reject('exists');
+     *      }, function rejected() {
+     *        //username does not exist, therefore this validation passes
+     *        return true;
+     *      });
+     * };
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @property {Array.<Function>} $viewChangeListeners Array of functions to execute whenever
+     *     a change to {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue `$viewValue`} has caused a change
+     *     to {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$modelValue `$modelValue`}.
+     *     It is called with no arguments, and its return value is ignored.
+     *     This can be used in place of additional $watches against the model value.
+     *
+     * @property {Object} $error An object hash with all failing validator ids as keys.
+     * @property {Object} $pending An object hash with all pending validator ids as keys.
+     *
+     * @property {boolean} $untouched True if control has not lost focus yet.
+     * @property {boolean} $touched True if control has lost focus.
+     * @property {boolean} $pristine True if user has not interacted with the control yet.
+     * @property {boolean} $dirty True if user has already interacted with the control.
+     * @property {boolean} $valid True if there is no error.
+     * @property {boolean} $invalid True if at least one error on the control.
+     * @property {string} $name The name attribute of the control.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * `NgModelController` provides API for the {@link ngModel `ngModel`} directive.
+     * The controller contains services for data-binding, validation, CSS updates, and value formatting
+     * and parsing. It purposefully does not contain any logic which deals with DOM rendering or
+     * listening to DOM events.
+     * Such DOM related logic should be provided by other directives which make use of
+     * `NgModelController` for data-binding to control elements.
+     * AngularJS provides this DOM logic for most {@link input `input`} elements.
+     * At the end of this page you can find a {@link ngModel.NgModelController#custom-control-example
+     * custom control example} that uses `ngModelController` to bind to `contenteditable` elements.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Custom Control Example
+     * This example shows how to use `NgModelController` with a custom control to achieve
+     * data-binding. Notice how different directives (`contenteditable`, `ng-model`, and `required`)
+     * collaborate together to achieve the desired result.
+     *
+     * `contenteditable` is an HTML5 attribute, which tells the browser to let the element
+     * contents be edited in place by the user.
+     *
+     * We are using the {@link ng.service:$sce $sce} service here and include the {@link ngSanitize $sanitize}
+     * module to automatically remove "bad" content like inline event listener (e.g. `<span onclick="...">`).
+     * However, as we are using `$sce` the model can still decide to provide unsafe content if it marks
+     * that content using the `$sce` service.
+     *
+     * <example name="NgModelController" module="customControl" deps="angular-sanitize.js">
+        <file name="style.css">
+          [contenteditable] {
+            border: 1px solid black;
+            background-color: white;
+            min-height: 20px;
+          }
+
+          .ng-invalid {
+            border: 1px solid red;
+          }
+
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('customControl', ['ngSanitize']).
+            directive('contenteditable', ['$sce', function($sce) {
+              return {
+                restrict: 'A', // only activate on element attribute
+                require: '?ngModel', // get a hold of NgModelController
+                link: function(scope, element, attrs, ngModel) {
+                  if (!ngModel) return; // do nothing if no ng-model
+
+                  // Specify how UI should be updated
+                  ngModel.$render = function() {
+                    element.html($sce.getTrustedHtml(ngModel.$viewValue || ''));
+                  };
+
+                  // Listen for change events to enable binding
+                  element.on('blur keyup change', function() {
+                    scope.$evalAsync(read);
+                  });
+                  read(); // initialize
+
+                  // Write data to the model
+                  function read() {
+                    var html = element.html();
+                    // When we clear the content editable the browser leaves a <br> behind
+                    // If strip-br attribute is provided then we strip this out
+                    if (attrs.stripBr && html === '<br>') {
+                      html = '';
+                    }
+                    ngModel.$setViewValue(html);
+                  }
+                }
+              };
+            }]);
+        </file>
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <form name="myForm">
+           <div contenteditable
+                name="myWidget" ng-model="userContent"
+                strip-br="true"
+                required>Change me!</div>
+            <span ng-show="myForm.myWidget.$error.required">Required!</span>
+           <hr>
+           <textarea ng-model="userContent" aria-label="Dynamic textarea"></textarea>
+          </form>
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+        it('should data-bind and become invalid', function() {
+          if (browser.params.browser === 'safari' || browser.params.browser === 'firefox') {
+            // SafariDriver can't handle contenteditable
+            // and Firefox driver can't clear contenteditables very well
+            return;
+          }
+          var contentEditable = element(by.css('[contenteditable]'));
+          var content = 'Change me!';
+
+          expect(contentEditable.getText()).toEqual(content);
+
+          contentEditable.clear();
+          contentEditable.sendKeys(protractor.Key.BACK_SPACE);
+          expect(contentEditable.getText()).toEqual('');
+          expect(contentEditable.getAttribute('class')).toMatch(/ng-invalid-required/);
+        });
+        </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     *
+     */
+    NgModelController.$inject = ['$scope', '$exceptionHandler', '$attrs', '$element', '$parse', '$animate', '$timeout', '$q', '$interpolate'];
+
+    function NgModelController($scope, $exceptionHandler, $attr, $element, $parse, $animate, $timeout, $q, $interpolate) {
+        this.$viewValue = Number.NaN;
+        this.$modelValue = Number.NaN;
+        this.$$rawModelValue = undefined; // stores the parsed modelValue / model set from scope regardless of validity.
+        this.$validators = {};
+        this.$asyncValidators = {};
+        this.$parsers = [];
+        this.$formatters = [];
+        this.$viewChangeListeners = [];
+        this.$untouched = true;
+        this.$touched = false;
+        this.$pristine = true;
+        this.$dirty = false;
+        this.$valid = true;
+        this.$invalid = false;
+        this.$error = {}; // keep invalid keys here
+        this.$$success = {}; // keep valid keys here
+        this.$pending = undefined; // keep pending keys here
+        this.$name = $interpolate($attr.name || '', false)($scope);
+        this.$$parentForm = nullFormCtrl;
+        this.$options = defaultModelOptions;
+        this.$$updateEvents = '';
+        // Attach the correct context to the event handler function for updateOn
+        this.$$updateEventHandler = this.$$updateEventHandler.bind(this);
+
+        this.$$parsedNgModel = $parse($attr.ngModel);
+        this.$$parsedNgModelAssign = this.$$parsedNgModel.assign;
+        this.$$ngModelGet = this.$$parsedNgModel;
+        this.$$ngModelSet = this.$$parsedNgModelAssign;
+        this.$$pendingDebounce = null;
+        this.$$parserValid = undefined;
+
+        this.$$currentValidationRunId = 0;
+
+        // https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/15833
+        // Prevent `$$scope` from being iterated over by `copy` when NgModelController is deep watched
+        Object.defineProperty(this, '$$scope', {
+            value: $scope
+        });
+        this.$$attr = $attr;
+        this.$$element = $element;
+        this.$$animate = $animate;
+        this.$$timeout = $timeout;
+        this.$$parse = $parse;
+        this.$$q = $q;
+        this.$$exceptionHandler = $exceptionHandler;
+
+        setupValidity(this);
+        setupModelWatcher(this);
+    }
+
+    NgModelController.prototype = {
+        $$initGetterSetters: function () {
+            if (this.$options.getOption('getterSetter')) {
+                var invokeModelGetter = this.$$parse(this.$$attr.ngModel + '()'),
+                    invokeModelSetter = this.$$parse(this.$$attr.ngModel + '($$$p)');
+
+                this.$$ngModelGet = function ($scope) {
+                    var modelValue = this.$$parsedNgModel($scope);
+                    if (isFunction(modelValue)) {
+                        modelValue = invokeModelGetter($scope);
+                    }
+                    return modelValue;
+                };
+                this.$$ngModelSet = function ($scope, newValue) {
+                    if (isFunction(this.$$parsedNgModel($scope))) {
+                        invokeModelSetter($scope, {
+                            $$$p: newValue
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        this.$$parsedNgModelAssign($scope, newValue);
+                    }
+                };
+            } else if (!this.$$parsedNgModel.assign) {
+                throw ngModelMinErr('nonassign', 'Expression \'{0}\' is non-assignable. Element: {1}',
+                    this.$$attr.ngModel, startingTag(this.$$element));
+            }
+        },
+
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$render
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Called when the view needs to be updated. It is expected that the user of the ng-model
+         * directive will implement this method.
+         *
+         * The `$render()` method is invoked in the following situations:
+         *
+         * * `$rollbackViewValue()` is called.  If we are rolling back the view value to the last
+         *   committed value then `$render()` is called to update the input control.
+         * * The value referenced by `ng-model` is changed programmatically and both the `$modelValue` and
+         *   the `$viewValue` are different from last time.
+         *
+         * Since `ng-model` does not do a deep watch, `$render()` is only invoked if the values of
+         * `$modelValue` and `$viewValue` are actually different from their previous values. If `$modelValue`
+         * or `$viewValue` are objects (rather than a string or number) then `$render()` will not be
+         * invoked if you only change a property on the objects.
+         */
+        $render: noop,
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$isEmpty
+         *
+         * @description
+         * This is called when we need to determine if the value of an input is empty.
+         *
+         * For instance, the required directive does this to work out if the input has data or not.
+         *
+         * The default `$isEmpty` function checks whether the value is `undefined`, `''`, `null` or `NaN`.
+         *
+         * You can override this for input directives whose concept of being empty is different from the
+         * default. The `checkboxInputType` directive does this because in its case a value of `false`
+         * implies empty.
+         *
+         * @param {*} value The value of the input to check for emptiness.
+         * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is "empty".
+         */
+        $isEmpty: function (value) {
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+            return isUndefined(value) || value === '' || value === null || value !== value;
+        },
+
+        $$updateEmptyClasses: function (value) {
+            if (this.$isEmpty(value)) {
+                this.$$animate.removeClass(this.$$element, NOT_EMPTY_CLASS);
+                this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, EMPTY_CLASS);
+            } else {
+                this.$$animate.removeClass(this.$$element, EMPTY_CLASS);
+                this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, NOT_EMPTY_CLASS);
+            }
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setPristine
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the control to its pristine state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to remove the `ng-dirty` class and set the control to its pristine
+         * state (`ng-pristine` class). A model is considered to be pristine when the control
+         * has not been changed from when first compiled.
+         */
+        $setPristine: function () {
+            this.$dirty = false;
+            this.$pristine = true;
+            this.$$animate.removeClass(this.$$element, DIRTY_CLASS);
+            this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, PRISTINE_CLASS);
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setDirty
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the control to its dirty state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to remove the `ng-pristine` class and set the control to its dirty
+         * state (`ng-dirty` class). A model is considered to be dirty when the control has been changed
+         * from when first compiled.
+         */
+        $setDirty: function () {
+            this.$dirty = true;
+            this.$pristine = false;
+            this.$$animate.removeClass(this.$$element, PRISTINE_CLASS);
+            this.$$animate.addClass(this.$$element, DIRTY_CLASS);
+            this.$$parentForm.$setDirty();
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setUntouched
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the control to its untouched state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to remove the `ng-touched` class and set the control to its
+         * untouched state (`ng-untouched` class). Upon compilation, a model is set as untouched
+         * by default, however this function can be used to restore that state if the model has
+         * already been touched by the user.
+         */
+        $setUntouched: function () {
+            this.$touched = false;
+            this.$untouched = true;
+            this.$$animate.setClass(this.$$element, UNTOUCHED_CLASS, TOUCHED_CLASS);
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setTouched
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Sets the control to its touched state.
+         *
+         * This method can be called to remove the `ng-untouched` class and set the control to its
+         * touched state (`ng-touched` class). A model is considered to be touched when the user has
+         * first focused the control element and then shifted focus away from the control (blur event).
+         */
+        $setTouched: function () {
+            this.$touched = true;
+            this.$untouched = false;
+            this.$$animate.setClass(this.$$element, TOUCHED_CLASS, UNTOUCHED_CLASS);
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$rollbackViewValue
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Cancel an update and reset the input element's value to prevent an update to the `$modelValue`,
+         * which may be caused by a pending debounced event or because the input is waiting for some
+         * future event.
+         *
+         * If you have an input that uses `ng-model-options` to set up debounced updates or updates that
+         * depend on special events such as `blur`, there can be a period when the `$viewValue` is out of
+         * sync with the ngModel's `$modelValue`.
+         *
+         * In this case, you can use `$rollbackViewValue()` to manually cancel the debounced / future update
+         * and reset the input to the last committed view value.
+         *
+         * It is also possible that you run into difficulties if you try to update the ngModel's `$modelValue`
+         * programmatically before these debounced/future events have resolved/occurred, because AngularJS's
+         * dirty checking mechanism is not able to tell whether the model has actually changed or not.
+         *
+         * The `$rollbackViewValue()` method should be called before programmatically changing the model of an
+         * input which may have such events pending. This is important in order to make sure that the
+         * input field will be updated with the new model value and any pending operations are cancelled.
+         *
+         * @example
+         * <example name="ng-model-cancel-update" module="cancel-update-example">
+         *   <file name="app.js">
+         *     angular.module('cancel-update-example', [])
+         *
+         *     .controller('CancelUpdateController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+         *       $scope.model = {value1: '', value2: ''};
+         *
+         *       $scope.setEmpty = function(e, value, rollback) {
+         *         if (e.keyCode === 27) {
+         *           e.preventDefault();
+         *           if (rollback) {
+         *             $scope.myForm[value].$rollbackViewValue();
+         *           }
+         *           $scope.model[value] = '';
+         *         }
+         *       };
+         *     }]);
+         *   </file>
+         *   <file name="index.html">
+         *     <div ng-controller="CancelUpdateController">
+         *       <p>Both of these inputs are only updated if they are blurred. Hitting escape should
+         *       empty them. Follow these steps and observe the difference:</p>
+         *       <ol>
+         *         <li>Type something in the input. You will see that the model is not yet updated</li>
+         *         <li>Press the Escape key.
+         *           <ol>
+         *             <li> In the first example, nothing happens, because the model is already '', and no
+         *             update is detected. If you blur the input, the model will be set to the current view.
+         *             </li>
+         *             <li> In the second example, the pending update is cancelled, and the input is set back
+         *             to the last committed view value (''). Blurring the input does nothing.
+         *             </li>
+         *           </ol>
+         *         </li>
+         *       </ol>
+         *
+         *       <form name="myForm" ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur' }">
+         *         <div>
+         *           <p id="inputDescription1">Without $rollbackViewValue():</p>
+         *           <input name="value1" aria-describedby="inputDescription1" ng-model="model.value1"
+         *                  ng-keydown="setEmpty($event, 'value1')">
+         *           value1: "{{ model.value1 }}"
+         *         </div>
+         *
+         *         <div>
+         *           <p id="inputDescription2">With $rollbackViewValue():</p>
+         *           <input name="value2" aria-describedby="inputDescription2" ng-model="model.value2"
+         *                  ng-keydown="setEmpty($event, 'value2', true)">
+         *           value2: "{{ model.value2 }}"
+         *         </div>
+         *       </form>
+         *     </div>
+         *   </file>
+             <file name="style.css">
+                div {
+                  display: table-cell;
+                }
+                div:nth-child(1) {
+                  padding-right: 30px;
+                }
+
+              </file>
+         * </example>
+         */
+        $rollbackViewValue: function () {
+            this.$$timeout.cancel(this.$$pendingDebounce);
+            this.$viewValue = this.$$lastCommittedViewValue;
+            this.$render();
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$validate
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Runs each of the registered validators (first synchronous validators and then
+         * asynchronous validators).
+         * If the validity changes to invalid, the model will be set to `undefined`,
+         * unless {@link ngModelOptions `ngModelOptions.allowInvalid`} is `true`.
+         * If the validity changes to valid, it will set the model to the last available valid
+         * `$modelValue`, i.e. either the last parsed value or the last value set from the scope.
+         */
+        $validate: function () {
+            // ignore $validate before model is initialized
+            if (isNumberNaN(this.$modelValue)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var viewValue = this.$$lastCommittedViewValue;
+            // Note: we use the $$rawModelValue as $modelValue might have been
+            // set to undefined during a view -> model update that found validation
+            // errors. We can't parse the view here, since that could change
+            // the model although neither viewValue nor the model on the scope changed
+            var modelValue = this.$$rawModelValue;
+
+            var prevValid = this.$valid;
+            var prevModelValue = this.$modelValue;
+
+            var allowInvalid = this.$options.getOption('allowInvalid');
+
+            var that = this;
+            this.$$runValidators(modelValue, viewValue, function (allValid) {
+                // If there was no change in validity, don't update the model
+                // This prevents changing an invalid modelValue to undefined
+                if (!allowInvalid && prevValid !== allValid) {
+                    // Note: Don't check this.$valid here, as we could have
+                    // external validators (e.g. calculated on the server),
+                    // that just call $setValidity and need the model value
+                    // to calculate their validity.
+                    that.$modelValue = allValid ? modelValue : undefined;
+
+                    if (that.$modelValue !== prevModelValue) {
+                        that.$$writeModelToScope();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        },
+
+        $$runValidators: function (modelValue, viewValue, doneCallback) {
+            this.$$currentValidationRunId++;
+            var localValidationRunId = this.$$currentValidationRunId;
+            var that = this;
+
+            // check parser error
+            if (!processParseErrors()) {
+                validationDone(false);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!processSyncValidators()) {
+                validationDone(false);
+                return;
+            }
+            processAsyncValidators();
+
+            function processParseErrors() {
+                var errorKey = that.$$parserName || 'parse';
+                if (isUndefined(that.$$parserValid)) {
+                    setValidity(errorKey, null);
+                } else {
+                    if (!that.$$parserValid) {
+                        forEach(that.$validators, function (v, name) {
+                            setValidity(name, null);
+                        });
+                        forEach(that.$asyncValidators, function (v, name) {
+                            setValidity(name, null);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    // Set the parse error last, to prevent unsetting it, should a $validators key == parserName
+                    setValidity(errorKey, that.$$parserValid);
+                    return that.$$parserValid;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            function processSyncValidators() {
+                var syncValidatorsValid = true;
+                forEach(that.$validators, function (validator, name) {
+                    var result = Boolean(validator(modelValue, viewValue));
+                    syncValidatorsValid = syncValidatorsValid && result;
+                    setValidity(name, result);
+                });
+                if (!syncValidatorsValid) {
+                    forEach(that.$asyncValidators, function (v, name) {
+                        setValidity(name, null);
+                    });
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            function processAsyncValidators() {
+                var validatorPromises = [];
+                var allValid = true;
+                forEach(that.$asyncValidators, function (validator, name) {
+                    var promise = validator(modelValue, viewValue);
+                    if (!isPromiseLike(promise)) {
+                        throw ngModelMinErr('nopromise',
+                            'Expected asynchronous validator to return a promise but got \'{0}\' instead.', promise);
+                    }
+                    setValidity(name, undefined);
+                    validatorPromises.push(promise.then(function () {
+                        setValidity(name, true);
+                    }, function () {
+                        allValid = false;
+                        setValidity(name, false);
+                    }));
+                });
+                if (!validatorPromises.length) {
+                    validationDone(true);
+                } else {
+                    that.$$q.all(validatorPromises).then(function () {
+                        validationDone(allValid);
+                    }, noop);
+                }
+            }
+
+            function setValidity(name, isValid) {
+                if (localValidationRunId === that.$$currentValidationRunId) {
+                    that.$setValidity(name, isValid);
+                }
+            }
+
+            function validationDone(allValid) {
+                if (localValidationRunId === that.$$currentValidationRunId) {
+
+                    doneCallback(allValid);
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$commitViewValue
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Commit a pending update to the `$modelValue`.
+         *
+         * Updates may be pending by a debounced event or because the input is waiting for a some future
+         * event defined in `ng-model-options`. this method is rarely needed as `NgModelController`
+         * usually handles calling this in response to input events.
+         */
+        $commitViewValue: function () {
+            var viewValue = this.$viewValue;
+
+            this.$$timeout.cancel(this.$$pendingDebounce);
+
+            // If the view value has not changed then we should just exit, except in the case where there is
+            // a native validator on the element. In this case the validation state may have changed even though
+            // the viewValue has stayed empty.
+            if (this.$$lastCommittedViewValue === viewValue && (viewValue !== '' || !this.$$hasNativeValidators)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.$$updateEmptyClasses(viewValue);
+            this.$$lastCommittedViewValue = viewValue;
+
+            // change to dirty
+            if (this.$pristine) {
+                this.$setDirty();
+            }
+            this.$$parseAndValidate();
+        },
+
+        $$parseAndValidate: function () {
+            var viewValue = this.$$lastCommittedViewValue;
+            var modelValue = viewValue;
+            var that = this;
+
+            this.$$parserValid = isUndefined(modelValue) ? undefined : true;
+
+            if (this.$$parserValid) {
+                for (var i = 0; i < this.$parsers.length; i++) {
+                    modelValue = this.$parsers[i](modelValue);
+                    if (isUndefined(modelValue)) {
+                        this.$$parserValid = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (isNumberNaN(this.$modelValue)) {
+                // this.$modelValue has not been touched yet...
+                this.$modelValue = this.$$ngModelGet(this.$$scope);
+            }
+            var prevModelValue = this.$modelValue;
+            var allowInvalid = this.$options.getOption('allowInvalid');
+            this.$$rawModelValue = modelValue;
+
+            if (allowInvalid) {
+                this.$modelValue = modelValue;
+                writeToModelIfNeeded();
+            }
+
+            // Pass the $$lastCommittedViewValue here, because the cached viewValue might be out of date.
+            // This can happen if e.g. $setViewValue is called from inside a parser
+            this.$$runValidators(modelValue, this.$$lastCommittedViewValue, function (allValid) {
+                if (!allowInvalid) {
+                    // Note: Don't check this.$valid here, as we could have
+                    // external validators (e.g. calculated on the server),
+                    // that just call $setValidity and need the model value
+                    // to calculate their validity.
+                    that.$modelValue = allValid ? modelValue : undefined;
+                    writeToModelIfNeeded();
+                }
+            });
+
+            function writeToModelIfNeeded() {
+                if (that.$modelValue !== prevModelValue) {
+                    that.$$writeModelToScope();
+                }
+            }
+        },
+
+        $$writeModelToScope: function () {
+            this.$$ngModelSet(this.$$scope, this.$modelValue);
+            forEach(this.$viewChangeListeners, function (listener) {
+                try {
+                    listener();
+                } catch (e) {
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line no-invalid-this
+                    this.$$exceptionHandler(e);
+                }
+            }, this);
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setViewValue
+         *
+         * @description
+         * Update the view value.
+         *
+         * This method should be called when a control wants to change the view value; typically,
+         * this is done from within a DOM event handler. For example, the {@link ng.directive:input input}
+         * directive calls it when the value of the input changes and {@link ng.directive:select select}
+         * calls it when an option is selected.
+         *
+         * When `$setViewValue` is called, the new `value` will be staged for committing through the `$parsers`
+         * and `$validators` pipelines. If there are no special {@link ngModelOptions} specified then the staged
+         * value is sent directly for processing through the `$parsers` pipeline. After this, the `$validators` and
+         * `$asyncValidators` are called and the value is applied to `$modelValue`.
+         * Finally, the value is set to the **expression** specified in the `ng-model` attribute and
+         * all the registered change listeners, in the `$viewChangeListeners` list are called.
+         *
+         * In case the {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions} directive is used with `updateOn`
+         * and the `default` trigger is not listed, all those actions will remain pending until one of the
+         * `updateOn` events is triggered on the DOM element.
+         * All these actions will be debounced if the {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions ngModelOptions}
+         * directive is used with a custom debounce for this particular event.
+         * Note that a `$digest` is only triggered once the `updateOn` events are fired, or if `debounce`
+         * is specified, once the timer runs out.
+         *
+         * When used with standard inputs, the view value will always be a string (which is in some cases
+         * parsed into another type, such as a `Date` object for `input[date]`.)
+         * However, custom controls might also pass objects to this method. In this case, we should make
+         * a copy of the object before passing it to `$setViewValue`. This is because `ngModel` does not
+         * perform a deep watch of objects, it only looks for a change of identity. If you only change
+         * the property of the object then ngModel will not realize that the object has changed and
+         * will not invoke the `$parsers` and `$validators` pipelines. For this reason, you should
+         * not change properties of the copy once it has been passed to `$setViewValue`.
+         * Otherwise you may cause the model value on the scope to change incorrectly.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-info">
+         * In any case, the value passed to the method should always reflect the current value
+         * of the control. For example, if you are calling `$setViewValue` for an input element,
+         * you should pass the input DOM value. Otherwise, the control and the scope model become
+         * out of sync. It's also important to note that `$setViewValue` does not call `$render` or change
+         * the control's DOM value in any way. If we want to change the control's DOM value
+         * programmatically, we should update the `ngModel` scope expression. Its new value will be
+         * picked up by the model controller, which will run it through the `$formatters`, `$render` it
+         * to update the DOM, and finally call `$validate` on it.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * @param {*} value value from the view.
+         * @param {string} trigger Event that triggered the update.
+         */
+        $setViewValue: function (value, trigger) {
+            this.$viewValue = value;
+            if (this.$options.getOption('updateOnDefault')) {
+                this.$$debounceViewValueCommit(trigger);
+            }
+        },
+
+        $$debounceViewValueCommit: function (trigger) {
+            var debounceDelay = this.$options.getOption('debounce');
+
+            if (isNumber(debounceDelay[trigger])) {
+                debounceDelay = debounceDelay[trigger];
+            } else if (isNumber(debounceDelay['default'])) {
+                debounceDelay = debounceDelay['default'];
+            }
+
+            this.$$timeout.cancel(this.$$pendingDebounce);
+            var that = this;
+            if (debounceDelay > 0) { // this fails if debounceDelay is an object
+                this.$$pendingDebounce = this.$$timeout(function () {
+                    that.$commitViewValue();
+                }, debounceDelay);
+            } else if (this.$$scope.$root.$$phase) {
+                this.$commitViewValue();
+            } else {
+                this.$$scope.$apply(function () {
+                    that.$commitViewValue();
+                });
+            }
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         *
+         * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$overrideModelOptions
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Override the current model options settings programmatically.
+         *
+         * The previous `ModelOptions` value will not be modified. Instead, a
+         * new `ModelOptions` object will inherit from the previous one overriding
+         * or inheriting settings that are defined in the given parameter.
+         *
+         * See {@link ngModelOptions} for information about what options can be specified
+         * and how model option inheritance works.
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+         * **Note:** this function only affects the options set on the `ngModelController`,
+         * and not the options on the {@link ngModelOptions} directive from which they might have been
+         * obtained initially.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * <div class="alert alert-danger">
+         * **Note:** it is not possible to override the `getterSetter` option.
+         * </div>
+         *
+         * @param {Object} options a hash of settings to override the previous options
+         *
+         */
+        $overrideModelOptions: function (options) {
+            this.$options = this.$options.createChild(options);
+            this.$$setUpdateOnEvents();
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         *
+         * @name  ngModel.NgModelController#$processModelValue
+
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Runs the model -> view pipeline on the current
+         * {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$modelValue $modelValue}.
+         *
+         * The following actions are performed by this method:
+         *
+         * - the `$modelValue` is run through the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$formatters $formatters}
+         * and the result is set to the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue $viewValue}
+         * - the `ng-empty` or `ng-not-empty` class is set on the element
+         * - if the `$viewValue` has changed:
+         *   - {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$render $render} is called on the control
+         *   - the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators $validators} are run and
+         *   the validation status is set.
+         *
+         * This method is called by ngModel internally when the bound scope value changes.
+         * Application developers usually do not have to call this function themselves.
+         *
+         * This function can be used when the `$viewValue` or the rendered DOM value are not correctly
+         * formatted and the `$modelValue` must be run through the `$formatters` again.
+         *
+         * @example
+         * Consider a text input with an autocomplete list (for fruit), where the items are
+         * objects with a name and an id.
+         * A user enters `ap` and then selects `Apricot` from the list.
+         * Based on this, the autocomplete widget will call `$setViewValue({name: 'Apricot', id: 443})`,
+         * but the rendered value will still be `ap`.
+         * The widget can then call `ctrl.$processModelValue()` to run the model -> view
+         * pipeline again, which formats the object to the string `Apricot`,
+         * then updates the `$viewValue`, and finally renders it in the DOM.
+         *
+         * <example module="inputExample" name="ng-model-process">
+           <file name="index.html">
+            <div ng-controller="inputController" style="display: flex;">
+              <div style="margin-right: 30px;">
+                Search Fruit:
+                <basic-autocomplete items="items" on-select="selectedFruit = item"></basic-autocomplete>
+              </div>
+              <div>
+                Model:<br>
+                <pre>{{selectedFruit | json}}</pre>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+           </file>
+           <file name="app.js">
+            angular.module('inputExample', [])
+              .controller('inputController', function($scope) {
+                $scope.items = [
+                  {name: 'Apricot', id: 443},
+                  {name: 'Clementine', id: 972},
+                  {name: 'Durian', id: 169},
+                  {name: 'Jackfruit', id: 982},
+                  {name: 'Strawberry', id: 863}
+                ];
+              })
+              .component('basicAutocomplete', {
+                bindings: {
+                  items: '<',
+                  onSelect: '&'
+                },
+                templateUrl: 'autocomplete.html',
+                controller: function($element, $scope) {
+                  var that = this;
+                  var ngModel;
+
+                  that.$postLink = function() {
+                    ngModel = $element.find('input').controller('ngModel');
+
+                    ngModel.$formatters.push(function(value) {
+                      return (value && value.name) || value;
+                    });
+
+                    ngModel.$parsers.push(function(value) {
+                      var match = value;
+                      for (var i = 0; i < that.items.length; i++) {
+                        if (that.items[i].name === value) {
+                          match = that.items[i];
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+
+                      return match;
+                    });
+                  };
+
+                  that.selectItem = function(item) {
+                    ngModel.$setViewValue(item);
+                    ngModel.$processModelValue();
+                    that.onSelect({item: item});
+                  };
+                }
+              });
+           </file>
+           <file name="autocomplete.html">
+             <div>
+               <input type="search" ng-model="$ctrl.searchTerm" />
+               <ul>
+                 <li ng-repeat="item in $ctrl.items | filter:$ctrl.searchTerm">
+                   <button ng-click="$ctrl.selectItem(item)">{{ item.name }}</button>
+                 </li>
+               </ul>
+             </div>
+           </file>
+         * </example>
+         *
+         */
+        $processModelValue: function () {
+            var viewValue = this.$$format();
+
+            if (this.$viewValue !== viewValue) {
+                this.$$updateEmptyClasses(viewValue);
+                this.$viewValue = this.$$lastCommittedViewValue = viewValue;
+                this.$render();
+                // It is possible that model and view value have been updated during render
+                this.$$runValidators(this.$modelValue, this.$viewValue, noop);
+            }
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * This method is called internally to run the $formatters on the $modelValue
+         */
+        $$format: function () {
+            var formatters = this.$formatters,
+                idx = formatters.length;
+
+            var viewValue = this.$modelValue;
+            while (idx--) {
+                viewValue = formatters[idx](viewValue);
+            }
+
+            return viewValue;
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * This method is called internally when the bound scope value changes.
+         */
+        $$setModelValue: function (modelValue) {
+            this.$modelValue = this.$$rawModelValue = modelValue;
+            this.$$parserValid = undefined;
+            this.$processModelValue();
+        },
+
+        $$setUpdateOnEvents: function () {
+            if (this.$$updateEvents) {
+                this.$$element.off(this.$$updateEvents, this.$$updateEventHandler);
+            }
+
+            this.$$updateEvents = this.$options.getOption('updateOn');
+            if (this.$$updateEvents) {
+                this.$$element.on(this.$$updateEvents, this.$$updateEventHandler);
+            }
+        },
+
+        $$updateEventHandler: function (ev) {
+            this.$$debounceViewValueCommit(ev && ev.type);
+        }
+    };
+
+    function setupModelWatcher(ctrl) {
+        // model -> value
+        // Note: we cannot use a normal scope.$watch as we want to detect the following:
+        // 1. scope value is 'a'
+        // 2. user enters 'b'
+        // 3. ng-change kicks in and reverts scope value to 'a'
+        //    -> scope value did not change since the last digest as
+        //       ng-change executes in apply phase
+        // 4. view should be changed back to 'a'
+        ctrl.$$scope.$watch(function ngModelWatch(scope) {
+            var modelValue = ctrl.$$ngModelGet(scope);
+
+            // if scope model value and ngModel value are out of sync
+            // This cannot be moved to the action function, because it would not catch the
+            // case where the model is changed in the ngChange function or the model setter
+            if (modelValue !== ctrl.$modelValue &&
+                // checks for NaN is needed to allow setting the model to NaN when there's an asyncValidator
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-self-compare
+                (ctrl.$modelValue === ctrl.$modelValue || modelValue === modelValue)
+            ) {
+                ctrl.$$setModelValue(modelValue);
+            }
+
+            return modelValue;
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc method
+     * @name ngModel.NgModelController#$setValidity
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Change the validity state, and notify the form.
+     *
+     * This method can be called within $parsers/$formatters or a custom validation implementation.
+     * However, in most cases it should be sufficient to use the `ngModel.$validators` and
+     * `ngModel.$asyncValidators` collections which will call `$setValidity` automatically.
+     *
+     * @param {string} validationErrorKey Name of the validator. The `validationErrorKey` will be assigned
+     *        to either `$error[validationErrorKey]` or `$pending[validationErrorKey]`
+     *        (for unfulfilled `$asyncValidators`), so that it is available for data-binding.
+     *        The `validationErrorKey` should be in camelCase and will get converted into dash-case
+     *        for class name. Example: `myError` will result in `ng-valid-my-error` and `ng-invalid-my-error`
+     *        classes and can be bound to as `{{ someForm.someControl.$error.myError }}`.
+     * @param {boolean} isValid Whether the current state is valid (true), invalid (false), pending (undefined),
+     *                          or skipped (null). Pending is used for unfulfilled `$asyncValidators`.
+     *                          Skipped is used by AngularJS when validators do not run because of parse errors and
+     *                          when `$asyncValidators` do not run because any of the `$validators` failed.
+     */
+    addSetValidityMethod({
+        clazz: NgModelController,
+        set: function (object, property) {
+            object[property] = true;
+        },
+        unset: function (object, property) {
+            delete object[property];
+        }
+    });
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngModel
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 1
+     * @param {expression} ngModel assignable {@link guide/expression Expression} to bind to.
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngModel` directive binds an `input`,`select`, `textarea` (or custom form control) to a
+     * property on the scope using {@link ngModel.NgModelController NgModelController},
+     * which is created and exposed by this directive.
+     *
+     * `ngModel` is responsible for:
+     *
+     * - Binding the view into the model, which other directives such as `input`, `textarea` or `select`
+     *   require.
+     * - Providing validation behavior (i.e. required, number, email, url).
+     * - Keeping the state of the control (valid/invalid, dirty/pristine, touched/untouched, validation errors).
+     * - Setting related css classes on the element (`ng-valid`, `ng-invalid`, `ng-dirty`, `ng-pristine`, `ng-touched`,
+     *   `ng-untouched`, `ng-empty`, `ng-not-empty`) including animations.
+     * - Registering the control with its parent {@link ng.directive:form form}.
+     *
+     * Note: `ngModel` will try to bind to the property given by evaluating the expression on the
+     * current scope. If the property doesn't already exist on this scope, it will be created
+     * implicitly and added to the scope.
+     *
+     * For best practices on using `ngModel`, see:
+     *
+     *  - [Understanding Scopes](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/wiki/Understanding-Scopes)
+     *
+     * For basic examples, how to use `ngModel`, see:
+     *
+     *  - {@link ng.directive:input input}
+     *    - {@link input[text] text}
+     *    - {@link input[checkbox] checkbox}
+     *    - {@link input[radio] radio}
+     *    - {@link input[number] number}
+     *    - {@link input[email] email}
+     *    - {@link input[url] url}
+     *    - {@link input[date] date}
+     *    - {@link input[datetime-local] datetime-local}
+     *    - {@link input[time] time}
+     *    - {@link input[month] month}
+     *    - {@link input[week] week}
+     *  - {@link ng.directive:select select}
+     *  - {@link ng.directive:textarea textarea}
+     *
+     * ## Complex Models (objects or collections)
+     *
+     * By default, `ngModel` watches the model by reference, not value. This is important to know when
+     * binding inputs to models that are objects (e.g. `Date`) or collections (e.g. arrays). If only properties of the
+     * object or collection change, `ngModel` will not be notified and so the input will not be  re-rendered.
+     *
+     * The model must be assigned an entirely new object or collection before a re-rendering will occur.
+     *
+     * Some directives have options that will cause them to use a custom `$watchCollection` on the model expression
+     * - for example, `ngOptions` will do so when a `track by` clause is included in the comprehension expression or
+     * if the select is given the `multiple` attribute.
+     *
+     * The `$watchCollection()` method only does a shallow comparison, meaning that changing properties deeper than the
+     * first level of the object (or only changing the properties of an item in the collection if it's an array) will still
+     * not trigger a re-rendering of the model.
+     *
+     * ## CSS classes
+     * The following CSS classes are added and removed on the associated input/select/textarea element
+     * depending on the validity of the model.
+     *
+     *  - `ng-valid`: the model is valid
+     *  - `ng-invalid`: the model is invalid
+     *  - `ng-valid-[key]`: for each valid key added by `$setValidity`
+     *  - `ng-invalid-[key]`: for each invalid key added by `$setValidity`
+     *  - `ng-pristine`: the control hasn't been interacted with yet
+     *  - `ng-dirty`: the control has been interacted with
+     *  - `ng-touched`: the control has been blurred
+     *  - `ng-untouched`: the control hasn't been blurred
+     *  - `ng-pending`: any `$asyncValidators` are unfulfilled
+     *  - `ng-empty`: the view does not contain a value or the value is deemed "empty", as defined
+     *     by the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$isEmpty} method
+     *  - `ng-not-empty`: the view contains a non-empty value
+     *
+     * Keep in mind that ngAnimate can detect each of these classes when added and removed.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * Animations within models are triggered when any of the associated CSS classes are added and removed
+     * on the input element which is attached to the model. These classes include: `.ng-pristine`, `.ng-dirty`,
+     * `.ng-invalid` and `.ng-valid` as well as any other validations that are performed on the model itself.
+     * The animations that are triggered within ngModel are similar to how they work in ngClass and
+     * animations can be hooked into using CSS transitions, keyframes as well as JS animations.
+     *
+     * The following example shows a simple way to utilize CSS transitions to style an input element
+     * that has been rendered as invalid after it has been validated:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * //be sure to include ngAnimate as a module to hook into more
+     * //advanced animations
+     * .my-input {
+     *   transition:0.5s linear all;
+     *   background: white;
+     * }
+     * .my-input.ng-invalid {
+     *   background: red;
+     *   color:white;
+     * }
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Basic Usage
+     * <example deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" fixBase="true" module="inputExample" name="ng-model">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <script>
+            angular.module('inputExample', [])
+              .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.val = '1';
+              }]);
+           </script>
+           <style>
+             .my-input {
+               transition:all linear 0.5s;
+               background: transparent;
+             }
+             .my-input.ng-invalid {
+               color:white;
+               background: red;
+             }
+           </style>
+           <p id="inputDescription">
+            Update input to see transitions when valid/invalid.
+            Integer is a valid value.
+           </p>
+           <form name="testForm" ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <input ng-model="val" ng-pattern="/^\d+$/" name="anim" class="my-input"
+                    aria-describedby="inputDescription" />
+           </form>
+         </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Binding to a getter/setter
+     *
+     * Sometimes it's helpful to bind `ngModel` to a getter/setter function.  A getter/setter is a
+     * function that returns a representation of the model when called with zero arguments, and sets
+     * the internal state of a model when called with an argument. It's sometimes useful to use this
+     * for models that have an internal representation that's different from what the model exposes
+     * to the view.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-success">
+     * **Best Practice:** It's best to keep getters fast because AngularJS is likely to call them more
+     * frequently than other parts of your code.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * You use this behavior by adding `ng-model-options="{ getterSetter: true }"` to an element that
+     * has `ng-model` attached to it. You can also add `ng-model-options="{ getterSetter: true }"` to
+     * a `<form>`, which will enable this behavior for all `<input>`s within it. See
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngModelOptions `ngModelOptions`} for more.
+     *
+     * The following example shows how to use `ngModel` with a getter/setter:
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngModel-getter-setter" module="getterSetterExample">
+         <file name="index.html">
+           <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+             <form name="userForm">
+               <label>Name:
+                 <input type="text" name="userName"
+                        ng-model="user.name"
+                        ng-model-options="{ getterSetter: true }" />
+               </label>
+             </form>
+             <pre>user.name = <span ng-bind="user.name()"></span></pre>
+           </div>
+         </file>
+         <file name="app.js">
+           angular.module('getterSetterExample', [])
+             .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+               var _name = 'Brian';
+               $scope.user = {
+                 name: function(newName) {
+                  // Note that newName can be undefined for two reasons:
+                  // 1. Because it is called as a getter and thus called with no arguments
+                  // 2. Because the property should actually be set to undefined. This happens e.g. if the
+                  //    input is invalid
+                  return arguments.length ? (_name = newName) : _name;
+                 }
+               };
+             }]);
+         </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var ngModelDirective = ['$rootScope', function ($rootScope) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            require: ['ngModel', '^?form', '^?ngModelOptions'],
+            controller: NgModelController,
+            // Prelink needs to run before any input directive
+            // so that we can set the NgModelOptions in NgModelController
+            // before anyone else uses it.
+            priority: 1,
+            compile: function ngModelCompile(element) {
+                // Setup initial state of the control
+                element.addClass(PRISTINE_CLASS).addClass(UNTOUCHED_CLASS).addClass(VALID_CLASS);
+
+                return {
+                    pre: function ngModelPreLink(scope, element, attr, ctrls) {
+                        var modelCtrl = ctrls[0],
+                            formCtrl = ctrls[1] || modelCtrl.$$parentForm,
+                            optionsCtrl = ctrls[2];
+
+                        if (optionsCtrl) {
+                            modelCtrl.$options = optionsCtrl.$options;
+                        }
+
+                        modelCtrl.$$initGetterSetters();
+
+                        // notify others, especially parent forms
+                        formCtrl.$addControl(modelCtrl);
+
+                        attr.$observe('name', function (newValue) {
+                            if (modelCtrl.$name !== newValue) {
+                                modelCtrl.$$parentForm.$$renameControl(modelCtrl, newValue);
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        scope.$on('$destroy', function () {
+                            modelCtrl.$$parentForm.$removeControl(modelCtrl);
+                        });
+                    },
+                    post: function ngModelPostLink(scope, element, attr, ctrls) {
+                        var modelCtrl = ctrls[0];
+                        modelCtrl.$$setUpdateOnEvents();
+
+                        function setTouched() {
+                            modelCtrl.$setTouched();
+                        }
+
+                        element.on('blur', function () {
+                            if (modelCtrl.$touched) return;
+
+                            if ($rootScope.$$phase) {
+                                scope.$evalAsync(setTouched);
+                            } else {
+                                scope.$apply(setTouched);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /* exported defaultModelOptions */
+    var defaultModelOptions;
+    var DEFAULT_REGEXP = /(\s+|^)default(\s+|$)/;
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name ModelOptions
+     * @description
+     * A container for the options set by the {@link ngModelOptions} directive
+     */
+    function ModelOptions(options) {
+        this.$$options = options;
+    }
+
+    ModelOptions.prototype = {
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ModelOptions#getOption
+         * @param {string} name the name of the option to retrieve
+         * @returns {*} the value of the option
+         * @description
+         * Returns the value of the given option
+         */
+        getOption: function (name) {
+            return this.$$options[name];
+        },
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name ModelOptions#createChild
+         * @param {Object} options a hash of options for the new child that will override the parent's options
+         * @return {ModelOptions} a new `ModelOptions` object initialized with the given options.
+         */
+        createChild: function (options) {
+            var inheritAll = false;
+
+            // make a shallow copy
+            options = extend({}, options);
+
+            // Inherit options from the parent if specified by the value `"$inherit"`
+            forEach(options, /* @this */ function (option, key) {
+                if (option === '$inherit') {
+                    if (key === '*') {
+                        inheritAll = true;
+                    } else {
+                        options[key] = this.$$options[key];
+                        // `updateOn` is special so we must also inherit the `updateOnDefault` option
+                        if (key === 'updateOn') {
+                            options.updateOnDefault = this.$$options.updateOnDefault;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (key === 'updateOn') {
+                        // If the `updateOn` property contains the `default` event then we have to remove
+                        // it from the event list and set the `updateOnDefault` flag.
+                        options.updateOnDefault = false;
+                        options[key] = trim(option.replace(DEFAULT_REGEXP, function () {
+                            options.updateOnDefault = true;
+                            return ' ';
+                        }));
+                    }
+                }
+            }, this);
+
+            if (inheritAll) {
+                // We have a property of the form: `"*": "$inherit"`
+                delete options['*'];
+                defaults(options, this.$$options);
+            }
+
+            // Finally add in any missing defaults
+            defaults(options, defaultModelOptions.$$options);
+
+            return new ModelOptions(options);
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    defaultModelOptions = new ModelOptions({
+        updateOn: '',
+        updateOnDefault: true,
+        debounce: 0,
+        getterSetter: false,
+        allowInvalid: false,
+        timezone: null
+    });
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngModelOptions
+     * @restrict A
+     * @priority 10
+     *
+     * @description
+     * This directive allows you to modify the behaviour of {@link ngModel} directives within your
+     * application. You can specify an `ngModelOptions` directive on any element. All {@link ngModel}
+     * directives will use the options of their nearest `ngModelOptions` ancestor.
+     *
+     * The `ngModelOptions` settings are found by evaluating the value of the attribute directive as
+     * an AngularJS expression. This expression should evaluate to an object, whose properties contain
+     * the settings. For example: `<div ng-model-options="{ debounce: 100 }"`.
+     *
+     * ## Inheriting Options
+     *
+     * You can specify that an `ngModelOptions` setting should be inherited from a parent `ngModelOptions`
+     * directive by giving it the value of `"$inherit"`.
+     * Then it will inherit that setting from the first `ngModelOptions` directive found by traversing up the
+     * DOM tree. If there is no ancestor element containing an `ngModelOptions` directive then default settings
+     * will be used.
+     *
+     * For example given the following fragment of HTML
+     *
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <div ng-model-options="{ allowInvalid: true, debounce: 200 }">
+     *   <form ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur', allowInvalid: '$inherit' }">
+     *     <input ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'default', allowInvalid: '$inherit' }" />
+     *   </form>
+     * </div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * the `input` element will have the following settings
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * { allowInvalid: true, updateOn: 'default', debounce: 0 }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Notice that the `debounce` setting was not inherited and used the default value instead.
+     *
+     * You can specify that all undefined settings are automatically inherited from an ancestor by
+     * including a property with key of `"*"` and value of `"$inherit"`.
+     *
+     * For example given the following fragment of HTML
+     *
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <div ng-model-options="{ allowInvalid: true, debounce: 200 }">
+     *   <form ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur', "*": '$inherit' }">
+     *     <input ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'default', "*": '$inherit' }" />
+     *   </form>
+     * </div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * the `input` element will have the following settings
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * { allowInvalid: true, updateOn: 'default', debounce: 200 }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Notice that the `debounce` setting now inherits the value from the outer `<div>` element.
+     *
+     * If you are creating a reusable component then you should be careful when using `"*": "$inherit"`
+     * since you may inadvertently inherit a setting in the future that changes the behavior of your component.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Triggering and debouncing model updates
+     *
+     * The `updateOn` and `debounce` properties allow you to specify a custom list of events that will
+     * trigger a model update and/or a debouncing delay so that the actual update only takes place when
+     * a timer expires; this timer will be reset after another change takes place.
+     *
+     * Given the nature of `ngModelOptions`, the value displayed inside input fields in the view might
+     * be different from the value in the actual model. This means that if you update the model you
+     * should also invoke {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$rollbackViewValue} on the relevant input field in
+     * order to make sure it is synchronized with the model and that any debounced action is canceled.
+     *
+     * The easiest way to reference the control's {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$rollbackViewValue}
+     * method is by making sure the input is placed inside a form that has a `name` attribute. This is
+     * important because `form` controllers are published to the related scope under the name in their
+     * `name` attribute.
+     *
+     * Any pending changes will take place immediately when an enclosing form is submitted via the
+     * `submit` event. Note that `ngClick` events will occur before the model is updated. Use `ngSubmit`
+     * to have access to the updated model.
+     *
+     * ### Overriding immediate updates
+     *
+     * The following example shows how to override immediate updates. Changes on the inputs within the
+     * form will update the model only when the control loses focus (blur event). If `escape` key is
+     * pressed while the input field is focused, the value is reset to the value in the current model.
+     *
+     * <example name="ngModelOptions-directive-blur" module="optionsExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="userForm">
+     *         <label>
+     *           Name:
+     *           <input type="text" name="userName"
+     *                  ng-model="user.name"
+     *                  ng-model-options="{ updateOn: 'blur' }"
+     *                  ng-keyup="cancel($event)" />
+     *         </label><br />
+     *         <label>
+     *           Other data:
+     *           <input type="text" ng-model="user.data" />
+     *         </label><br />
+     *       </form>
+     *       <pre>user.name = <span ng-bind="user.name"></span></pre>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *     angular.module('optionsExample', [])
+     *       .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *         $scope.user = { name: 'say', data: '' };
+     *
+     *         $scope.cancel = function(e) {
+     *           if (e.keyCode === 27) {
+     *             $scope.userForm.userName.$rollbackViewValue();
+     *           }
+     *         };
+     *       }]);
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     var model = element(by.binding('user.name'));
+     *     var input = element(by.model('user.name'));
+     *     var other = element(by.model('user.data'));
+     *
+     *     it('should allow custom events', function() {
+     *       input.sendKeys(' hello');
+     *       input.click();
+     *       expect(model.getText()).toEqual('say');
+     *       other.click();
+     *       expect(model.getText()).toEqual('say hello');
+     *     });
+     *
+     *     it('should $rollbackViewValue when model changes', function() {
+     *       input.sendKeys(' hello');
+     *       expect(input.getAttribute('value')).toEqual('say hello');
+     *       input.sendKeys(protractor.Key.ESCAPE);
+     *       expect(input.getAttribute('value')).toEqual('say');
+     *       other.click();
+     *       expect(model.getText()).toEqual('say');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * ### Debouncing updates
+     *
+     * The next example shows how to debounce model changes. Model will be updated only 1 sec after last change.
+     * If the `Clear` button is pressed, any debounced action is canceled and the value becomes empty.
+     *
+     * <example name="ngModelOptions-directive-debounce" module="optionsExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="userForm">
+     *         Name:
+     *         <input type="text" name="userName"
+     *                ng-model="user.name"
+     *                ng-model-options="{ debounce: 1000 }" />
+     *         <button ng-click="userForm.userName.$rollbackViewValue(); user.name=''">Clear</button><br />
+     *       </form>
+     *       <pre>user.name = <span ng-bind="user.name"></span></pre>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *     angular.module('optionsExample', [])
+     *       .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *         $scope.user = { name: 'say' };
+     *       }]);
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Model updates and validation
+     *
+     * The default behaviour in `ngModel` is that the model value is set to `undefined` when the
+     * validation determines that the value is invalid. By setting the `allowInvalid` property to true,
+     * the model will still be updated even if the value is invalid.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Connecting to the scope
+     *
+     * By setting the `getterSetter` property to true you are telling ngModel that the `ngModel` expression
+     * on the scope refers to a "getter/setter" function rather than the value itself.
+     *
+     * The following example shows how to bind to getter/setters:
+     *
+     * <example name="ngModelOptions-directive-getter-setter" module="getterSetterExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="userForm">
+     *         <label>
+     *           Name:
+     *           <input type="text" name="userName"
+     *                  ng-model="user.name"
+     *                  ng-model-options="{ getterSetter: true }" />
+     *         </label>
+     *       </form>
+     *       <pre>user.name = <span ng-bind="user.name()"></span></pre>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *     angular.module('getterSetterExample', [])
+     *       .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *         var _name = 'Brian';
+     *         $scope.user = {
+     *           name: function(newName) {
+     *             return angular.isDefined(newName) ? (_name = newName) : _name;
+     *           }
+     *         };
+     *       }]);
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Specifying timezones
+     *
+     * You can specify the timezone that date/time input directives expect by providing its name in the
+     * `timezone` property.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Programmatically changing options
+     *
+     * The `ngModelOptions` expression is only evaluated once when the directive is linked; it is not
+     * watched for changes. However, it is possible to override the options on a single
+     * {@link ngModel.NgModelController} instance with
+     * {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$overrideModelOptions `NgModelController#$overrideModelOptions()`}.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {Object} ngModelOptions options to apply to {@link ngModel} directives on this element and
+     *   and its descendents. Valid keys are:
+     *   - `updateOn`: string specifying which event should the input be bound to. You can set several
+     *     events using an space delimited list. There is a special event called `default` that
+     *     matches the default events belonging to the control. These are the events that are bound to
+     *     the control, and when fired, update the `$viewValue` via `$setViewValue`.
+     *
+     *     `ngModelOptions` considers every event that is not listed in `updateOn` a "default" event,
+     *     since different control types use different default events.
+     *
+     *     See also the section {@link ngModelOptions#triggering-and-debouncing-model-updates
+     *     Triggering and debouncing model updates}.
+     *
+     *   - `debounce`: integer value which contains the debounce model update value in milliseconds. A
+     *     value of 0 triggers an immediate update. If an object is supplied instead, you can specify a
+     *     custom value for each event. For example:
+     *     ```
+     *     ng-model-options="{
+     *       updateOn: 'default blur click',
+     *       debounce: { 'default': 500, 'blur': 0 }
+     *     }"
+     *     ```
+     *
+     *     "default" also applies to all events that are listed in `updateOn` but are not
+     *     listed in `debounce`, i.e. "click" would also be debounced by 500 milliseconds.
+     *
+     *   - `allowInvalid`: boolean value which indicates that the model can be set with values that did
+     *     not validate correctly instead of the default behavior of setting the model to undefined.
+     *   - `getterSetter`: boolean value which determines whether or not to treat functions bound to
+     *     `ngModel` as getters/setters.
+     *   - `timezone`: Defines the timezone to be used to read/write the `Date` instance in the model for
+     *     `<input type="date" />`, `<input type="time" />`, ... . It understands UTC/GMT and the
+     *     continental US time zone abbreviations, but for general use, use a time zone offset, for
+     *     example, `'+0430'` (4 hours, 30 minutes east of the Greenwich meridian)
+     *     If not specified, the timezone of the browser will be used.
+     *
+     */
+    var ngModelOptionsDirective = function () {
+        NgModelOptionsController.$inject = ['$attrs', '$scope'];
+
+        function NgModelOptionsController($attrs, $scope) {
+            this.$$attrs = $attrs;
+            this.$$scope = $scope;
+        }
+        NgModelOptionsController.prototype = {
+            $onInit: function () {
+                var parentOptions = this.parentCtrl ? this.parentCtrl.$options : defaultModelOptions;
+                var modelOptionsDefinition = this.$$scope.$eval(this.$$attrs.ngModelOptions);
+
+                this.$options = parentOptions.createChild(modelOptionsDefinition);
+            }
+        };
+
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            // ngModelOptions needs to run before ngModel and input directives
+            priority: 10,
+            require: {
+                parentCtrl: '?^^ngModelOptions'
+            },
+            bindToController: true,
+            controller: NgModelOptionsController
+        };
+    };
+
+
+    // shallow copy over values from `src` that are not already specified on `dst`
+    function defaults(dst, src) {
+        forEach(src, function (value, key) {
+            if (!isDefined(dst[key])) {
+                dst[key] = value;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngNonBindable
+     * @restrict AC
+     * @priority 1000
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngNonBindable` directive tells AngularJS not to compile or bind the contents of the current
+     * DOM element, including directives on the element itself that have a lower priority than
+     * `ngNonBindable`. This is useful if the element contains what appears to be AngularJS directives
+     * and bindings but which should be ignored by AngularJS. This could be the case if you have a site
+     * that displays snippets of code, for instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * In this example there are two locations where a simple interpolation binding (`{{}}`) is present,
+     * but the one wrapped in `ngNonBindable` is left alone.
+     *
+      <example name="ng-non-bindable">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div>Normal: {{1 + 2}}</div>
+          <div ng-non-bindable>Ignored: {{1 + 2}}</div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+         it('should check ng-non-bindable', function() {
+           expect(element(by.binding('1 + 2')).getText()).toContain('3');
+           expect(element.all(by.css('div')).last().getText()).toMatch(/1 \+ 2/);
+         });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var ngNonBindableDirective = ngDirective({
+        terminal: true,
+        priority: 1000
+    });
+
+    /* exported ngOptionsDirective */
+
+    /* global jqLiteRemove */
+
+    var ngOptionsMinErr = minErr('ngOptions');
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngOptions
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The `ngOptions` attribute can be used to dynamically generate a list of `<option>`
+     * elements for the `<select>` element using the array or object obtained by evaluating the
+     * `ngOptions` comprehension expression.
+     *
+     * In many cases, {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat ngRepeat} can be used on `<option>` elements instead of
+     * `ngOptions` to achieve a similar result. However, `ngOptions` provides some benefits:
+     * - more flexibility in how the `<select>`'s model is assigned via the `select` **`as`** part of the
+     * comprehension expression
+     * - reduced memory consumption by not creating a new scope for each repeated instance
+     * - increased render speed by creating the options in a documentFragment instead of individually
+     *
+     * When an item in the `<select>` menu is selected, the array element or object property
+     * represented by the selected option will be bound to the model identified by the `ngModel`
+     * directive.
+     *
+     * Optionally, a single hard-coded `<option>` element, with the value set to an empty string, can
+     * be nested into the `<select>` element. This element will then represent the `null` or "not selected"
+     * option. See example below for demonstration.
+     *
+     * ## Complex Models (objects or collections)
+     *
+     * By default, `ngModel` watches the model by reference, not value. This is important to know when
+     * binding the select to a model that is an object or a collection.
+     *
+     * One issue occurs if you want to preselect an option. For example, if you set
+     * the model to an object that is equal to an object in your collection, `ngOptions` won't be able to set the selection,
+     * because the objects are not identical. So by default, you should always reference the item in your collection
+     * for preselections, e.g.: `$scope.selected = $scope.collection[3]`.
+     *
+     * Another solution is to use a `track by` clause, because then `ngOptions` will track the identity
+     * of the item not by reference, but by the result of the `track by` expression. For example, if your
+     * collection items have an id property, you would `track by item.id`.
+     *
+     * A different issue with objects or collections is that ngModel won't detect if an object property or
+     * a collection item changes. For that reason, `ngOptions` additionally watches the model using
+     * `$watchCollection`, when the expression contains a `track by` clause or the the select has the `multiple` attribute.
+     * This allows ngOptions to trigger a re-rendering of the options even if the actual object/collection
+     * has not changed identity, but only a property on the object or an item in the collection changes.
+     *
+     * Note that `$watchCollection` does a shallow comparison of the properties of the object (or the items in the collection
+     * if the model is an array). This means that changing a property deeper than the first level inside the
+     * object/collection will not trigger a re-rendering.
+     *
+     * ## `select` **`as`**
+     *
+     * Using `select` **`as`** will bind the result of the `select` expression to the model, but
+     * the value of the `<select>` and `<option>` html elements will be either the index (for array data sources)
+     * or property name (for object data sources) of the value within the collection. If a **`track by`** expression
+     * is used, the result of that expression will be set as the value of the `option` and `select` elements.
+     *
+     *
+     * ### `select` **`as`** and **`track by`**
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     * Be careful when using `select` **`as`** and **`track by`** in the same expression.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * Given this array of items on the $scope:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * $scope.items = [{
+     *   id: 1,
+     *   label: 'aLabel',
+     *   subItem: { name: 'aSubItem' }
+     * }, {
+     *   id: 2,
+     *   label: 'bLabel',
+     *   subItem: { name: 'bSubItem' }
+     * }];
+     * ```
+     *
+     * This will work:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <select ng-options="item as item.label for item in items track by item.id" ng-model="selected"></select>
+     * ```
+     * ```js
+     * $scope.selected = $scope.items[0];
+     * ```
+     *
+     * but this will not work:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <select ng-options="item.subItem as item.label for item in items track by item.id" ng-model="selected"></select>
+     * ```
+     * ```js
+     * $scope.selected = $scope.items[0].subItem;
+     * ```
+     *
+     * In both examples, the **`track by`** expression is applied successfully to each `item` in the
+     * `items` array. Because the selected option has been set programmatically in the controller, the
+     * **`track by`** expression is also applied to the `ngModel` value. In the first example, the
+     * `ngModel` value is `items[0]` and the **`track by`** expression evaluates to `items[0].id` with
+     * no issue. In the second example, the `ngModel` value is `items[0].subItem` and the **`track by`**
+     * expression evaluates to `items[0].subItem.id` (which is undefined). As a result, the model value
+     * is not matched against any `<option>` and the `<select>` appears as having no selected value.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+     * @param {comprehension_expression} ngOptions in one of the following forms:
+     *
+     *   * for array data sources:
+     *     * `label` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array`
+     *     * `select` **`as`** `label` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array`
+     *     * `label` **`group by`** `group` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array`
+     *     * `label` **`disable when`** `disable` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array`
+     *     * `label` **`group by`** `group` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array` **`track by`** `trackexpr`
+     *     * `label` **`disable when`** `disable` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array` **`track by`** `trackexpr`
+     *     * `label` **`for`** `value` **`in`** `array` | orderBy:`orderexpr` **`track by`** `trackexpr`
+     *        (for including a filter with `track by`)
+     *   * for object data sources:
+     *     * `label` **`for (`**`key` **`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *     * `select` **`as`** `label` **`for (`**`key` **`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *     * `label` **`group by`** `group` **`for (`**`key`**`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *     * `label` **`disable when`** `disable` **`for (`**`key`**`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *     * `select` **`as`** `label` **`group by`** `group`
+     *         **`for` `(`**`key`**`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *     * `select` **`as`** `label` **`disable when`** `disable`
+     *         **`for` `(`**`key`**`,`** `value`**`) in`** `object`
+     *
+     * Where:
+     *
+     *   * `array` / `object`: an expression which evaluates to an array / object to iterate over.
+     *   * `value`: local variable which will refer to each item in the `array` or each property value
+     *      of `object` during iteration.
+     *   * `key`: local variable which will refer to a property name in `object` during iteration.
+     *   * `label`: The result of this expression will be the label for `<option>` element. The
+     *     `expression` will most likely refer to the `value` variable (e.g. `value.propertyName`).
+     *   * `select`: The result of this expression will be bound to the model of the parent `<select>`
+     *      element. If not specified, `select` expression will default to `value`.
+     *   * `group`: The result of this expression will be used to group options using the `<optgroup>`
+     *      DOM element.
+     *   * `disable`: The result of this expression will be used to disable the rendered `<option>`
+     *      element. Return `true` to disable.
+     *   * `trackexpr`: Used when working with an array of objects. The result of this expression will be
+     *      used to identify the objects in the array. The `trackexpr` will most likely refer to the
+     *     `value` variable (e.g. `value.propertyName`). With this the selection is preserved
+     *      even when the options are recreated (e.g. reloaded from the server).
+     * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+     * @param {string=} required The control is considered valid only if value is entered.
+     * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds `required` attribute and `required` validation constraint to
+     *    the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use `ngRequired` instead of
+     *    `required` when you want to data-bind to the `required` attribute.
+     * @param {string=} ngAttrSize sets the size of the select element dynamically. Uses the
+     * {@link guide/interpolation#-ngattr-for-binding-to-arbitrary-attributes ngAttr} directive.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example module="selectExample" name="select">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <script>
+            angular.module('selectExample', [])
+              .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                $scope.colors = [
+                  {name:'black', shade:'dark'},
+                  {name:'white', shade:'light', notAnOption: true},
+                  {name:'red', shade:'dark'},
+                  {name:'blue', shade:'dark', notAnOption: true},
+                  {name:'yellow', shade:'light', notAnOption: false}
+                ];
+                $scope.myColor = $scope.colors[2]; // red
+              }]);
+            </script>
+            <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+              <ul>
+                <li ng-repeat="color in colors">
+                  <label>Name: <input ng-model="color.name"></label>
+                  <label><input type="checkbox" ng-model="color.notAnOption"> Disabled?</label>
+                  <button ng-click="colors.splice($index, 1)" aria-label="Remove">X</button>
+                </li>
+                <li>
+                  <button ng-click="colors.push({})">add</button>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+              <hr/>
+              <label>Color (null not allowed):
+                <select ng-model="myColor" ng-options="color.name for color in colors"></select>
+              </label><br/>
+              <label>Color (null allowed):
+              <span  class="nullable">
+                <select ng-model="myColor" ng-options="color.name for color in colors">
+                  <option value="">-- choose color --</option>
+                </select>
+              </span></label><br/>
+
+              <label>Color grouped by shade:
+                <select ng-model="myColor" ng-options="color.name group by color.shade for color in colors">
+                </select>
+              </label><br/>
+
+              <label>Color grouped by shade, with some disabled:
+                <select ng-model="myColor"
+                      ng-options="color.name group by color.shade disable when color.notAnOption for color in colors">
+                </select>
+              </label><br/>
+
+
+
+              Select <button ng-click="myColor = { name:'not in list', shade: 'other' }">bogus</button>.
+              <br/>
+              <hr/>
+              Currently selected: {{ {selected_color:myColor} }}
+              <div style="border:solid 1px black; height:20px"
+                   ng-style="{'background-color':myColor.name}">
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+             it('should check ng-options', function() {
+               expect(element(by.binding('{selected_color:myColor}')).getText()).toMatch('red');
+               element.all(by.model('myColor')).first().click();
+               element.all(by.css('select[ng-model="myColor"] option')).first().click();
+               expect(element(by.binding('{selected_color:myColor}')).getText()).toMatch('black');
+               element(by.css('.nullable select[ng-model="myColor"]')).click();
+               element.all(by.css('.nullable select[ng-model="myColor"] option')).first().click();
+               expect(element(by.binding('{selected_color:myColor}')).getText()).toMatch('null');
+             });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+
+    /* eslint-disable max-len */
+    //                     //00001111111111000000000002222222222000000000000000000000333333333300000000000000000000000004444444444400000000000005555555555555000000000666666666666600000007777777777777000000000000000888888888800000000000000000009999999999
+    var NG_OPTIONS_REGEXP = /^\s*([\s\S]+?)(?:\s+as\s+([\s\S]+?))?(?:\s+group\s+by\s+([\s\S]+?))?(?:\s+disable\s+when\s+([\s\S]+?))?\s+for\s+(?:([$\w][$\w]*)|(?:\(\s*([$\w][$\w]*)\s*,\s*([$\w][$\w]*)\s*\)))\s+in\s+([\s\S]+?)(?:\s+track\s+by\s+([\s\S]+?))?$/;
+    // 1: value expression (valueFn)
+    // 2: label expression (displayFn)
+    // 3: group by expression (groupByFn)
+    // 4: disable when expression (disableWhenFn)
+    // 5: array item variable name
+    // 6: object item key variable name
+    // 7: object item value variable name
+    // 8: collection expression
+    // 9: track by expression
+    /* eslint-enable */
+
+
+    var ngOptionsDirective = ['$compile', '$document', '$parse', function ($compile, $document, $parse) {
+
+        function parseOptionsExpression(optionsExp, selectElement, scope) {
+
+            var match = optionsExp.match(NG_OPTIONS_REGEXP);
+            if (!(match)) {
+                throw ngOptionsMinErr('iexp',
+                    'Expected expression in form of ' +
+                    '\'_select_ (as _label_)? for (_key_,)?_value_ in _collection_\'' +
+                    ' but got \'{0}\'. Element: {1}',
+                    optionsExp, startingTag(selectElement));
+            }
+
+            // Extract the parts from the ngOptions expression
+
+            // The variable name for the value of the item in the collection
+            var valueName = match[5] || match[7];
+            // The variable name for the key of the item in the collection
+            var keyName = match[6];
+
+            // An expression that generates the viewValue for an option if there is a label expression
+            var selectAs = / as /.test(match[0]) && match[1];
+            // An expression that is used to track the id of each object in the options collection
+            var trackBy = match[9];
+            // An expression that generates the viewValue for an option if there is no label expression
+            var valueFn = $parse(match[2] ? match[1] : valueName);
+            var selectAsFn = selectAs && $parse(selectAs);
+            var viewValueFn = selectAsFn || valueFn;
+            var trackByFn = trackBy && $parse(trackBy);
+
+            // Get the value by which we are going to track the option
+            // if we have a trackFn then use that (passing scope and locals)
+            // otherwise just hash the given viewValue
+            var getTrackByValueFn = trackBy ?
+                function (value, locals) {
+                    return trackByFn(scope, locals);
+                } :
+                function getHashOfValue(value) {
+                    return hashKey(value);
+                };
+            var getTrackByValue = function (value, key) {
+                return getTrackByValueFn(value, getLocals(value, key));
+            };
+
+            var displayFn = $parse(match[2] || match[1]);
+            var groupByFn = $parse(match[3] || '');
+            var disableWhenFn = $parse(match[4] || '');
+            var valuesFn = $parse(match[8]);
+
+            var locals = {};
+            var getLocals = keyName ? function (value, key) {
+                locals[keyName] = key;
+                locals[valueName] = value;
+                return locals;
+            } : function (value) {
+                locals[valueName] = value;
+                return locals;
+            };
+
+
+            function Option(selectValue, viewValue, label, group, disabled) {
+                this.selectValue = selectValue;
+                this.viewValue = viewValue;
+                this.label = label;
+                this.group = group;
+                this.disabled = disabled;
+            }
+
+            function getOptionValuesKeys(optionValues) {
+                var optionValuesKeys;
+
+                if (!keyName && isArrayLike(optionValues)) {
+                    optionValuesKeys = optionValues;
+                } else {
+                    // if object, extract keys, in enumeration order, unsorted
+                    optionValuesKeys = [];
+                    for (var itemKey in optionValues) {
+                        if (optionValues.hasOwnProperty(itemKey) && itemKey.charAt(0) !== '$') {
+                            optionValuesKeys.push(itemKey);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return optionValuesKeys;
+            }
+
+            return {
+                trackBy: trackBy,
+                getTrackByValue: getTrackByValue,
+                getWatchables: $parse(valuesFn, function (optionValues) {
+                    // Create a collection of things that we would like to watch (watchedArray)
+                    // so that they can all be watched using a single $watchCollection
+                    // that only runs the handler once if anything changes
+                    var watchedArray = [];
+                    optionValues = optionValues || [];
+
+                    var optionValuesKeys = getOptionValuesKeys(optionValues);
+                    var optionValuesLength = optionValuesKeys.length;
+                    for (var index = 0; index < optionValuesLength; index++) {
+                        var key = (optionValues === optionValuesKeys) ? index : optionValuesKeys[index];
+                        var value = optionValues[key];
+
+                        var locals = getLocals(value, key);
+                        var selectValue = getTrackByValueFn(value, locals);
+                        watchedArray.push(selectValue);
+
+                        // Only need to watch the displayFn if there is a specific label expression
+                        if (match[2] || match[1]) {
+                            var label = displayFn(scope, locals);
+                            watchedArray.push(label);
+                        }
+
+                        // Only need to watch the disableWhenFn if there is a specific disable expression
+                        if (match[4]) {
+                            var disableWhen = disableWhenFn(scope, locals);
+                            watchedArray.push(disableWhen);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return watchedArray;
+                }),
+
+                getOptions: function () {
+
+                    var optionItems = [];
+                    var selectValueMap = {};
+
+                    // The option values were already computed in the `getWatchables` fn,
+                    // which must have been called to trigger `getOptions`
+                    var optionValues = valuesFn(scope) || [];
+                    var optionValuesKeys = getOptionValuesKeys(optionValues);
+                    var optionValuesLength = optionValuesKeys.length;
+
+                    for (var index = 0; index < optionValuesLength; index++) {
+                        var key = (optionValues === optionValuesKeys) ? index : optionValuesKeys[index];
+                        var value = optionValues[key];
+                        var locals = getLocals(value, key);
+                        var viewValue = viewValueFn(scope, locals);
+                        var selectValue = getTrackByValueFn(viewValue, locals);
+                        var label = displayFn(scope, locals);
+                        var group = groupByFn(scope, locals);
+                        var disabled = disableWhenFn(scope, locals);
+                        var optionItem = new Option(selectValue, viewValue, label, group, disabled);
+
+                        optionItems.push(optionItem);
+                        selectValueMap[selectValue] = optionItem;
+                    }
+
+                    return {
+                        items: optionItems,
+                        selectValueMap: selectValueMap,
+                        getOptionFromViewValue: function (value) {
+                            return selectValueMap[getTrackByValue(value)];
+                        },
+                        getViewValueFromOption: function (option) {
+                            // If the viewValue could be an object that may be mutated by the application,
+                            // we need to make a copy and not return the reference to the value on the option.
+                            return trackBy ? copy(option.viewValue) : option.viewValue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+
+        // Support: IE 9 only
+        // We can't just jqLite('<option>') since jqLite is not smart enough
+        // to create it in <select> and IE barfs otherwise.
+        var optionTemplate = window.document.createElement('option'),
+            optGroupTemplate = window.document.createElement('optgroup');
+
+        function ngOptionsPostLink(scope, selectElement, attr, ctrls) {
+
+            var selectCtrl = ctrls[0];
+            var ngModelCtrl = ctrls[1];
+            var multiple = attr.multiple;
+
+            // The emptyOption allows the application developer to provide their own custom "empty"
+            // option when the viewValue does not match any of the option values.
+            for (var i = 0, children = selectElement.children(), ii = children.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                if (children[i].value === '') {
+                    selectCtrl.hasEmptyOption = true;
+                    selectCtrl.emptyOption = children.eq(i);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // The empty option will be compiled and rendered before we first generate the options
+            selectElement.empty();
+
+            var providedEmptyOption = !!selectCtrl.emptyOption;
+
+            var unknownOption = jqLite(optionTemplate.cloneNode(false));
+            unknownOption.val('?');
+
+            var options;
+            var ngOptions = parseOptionsExpression(attr.ngOptions, selectElement, scope);
+            // This stores the newly created options before they are appended to the select.
+            // Since the contents are removed from the fragment when it is appended,
+            // we only need to create it once.
+            var listFragment = $document[0].createDocumentFragment();
+
+            // Overwrite the implementation. ngOptions doesn't use hashes
+            selectCtrl.generateUnknownOptionValue = function (val) {
+                return '?';
+            };
+
+            // Update the controller methods for multiple selectable options
+            if (!multiple) {
+
+                selectCtrl.writeValue = function writeNgOptionsValue(value) {
+                    // The options might not be defined yet when ngModel tries to render
+                    if (!options) return;
+
+                    var selectedOption = selectElement[0].options[selectElement[0].selectedIndex];
+                    var option = options.getOptionFromViewValue(value);
+
+                    // Make sure to remove the selected attribute from the previously selected option
+                    // Otherwise, screen readers might get confused
+                    if (selectedOption) selectedOption.removeAttribute('selected');
+
+                    if (option) {
+                        // Don't update the option when it is already selected.
+                        // For example, the browser will select the first option by default. In that case,
+                        // most properties are set automatically - except the `selected` attribute, which we
+                        // set always
+
+                        if (selectElement[0].value !== option.selectValue) {
+                            selectCtrl.removeUnknownOption();
+
+                            selectElement[0].value = option.selectValue;
+                            option.element.selected = true;
+                        }
+
+                        option.element.setAttribute('selected', 'selected');
+                    } else {
+                        selectCtrl.selectUnknownOrEmptyOption(value);
+                    }
+                };
+
+                selectCtrl.readValue = function readNgOptionsValue() {
+
+                    var selectedOption = options.selectValueMap[selectElement.val()];
+
+                    if (selectedOption && !selectedOption.disabled) {
+                        selectCtrl.unselectEmptyOption();
+                        selectCtrl.removeUnknownOption();
+                        return options.getViewValueFromOption(selectedOption);
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                };
+
+                // If we are using `track by` then we must watch the tracked value on the model
+                // since ngModel only watches for object identity change
+                // FIXME: When a user selects an option, this watch will fire needlessly
+                if (ngOptions.trackBy) {
+                    scope.$watch(
+                        function () {
+                            return ngOptions.getTrackByValue(ngModelCtrl.$viewValue);
+                        },
+                        function () {
+                            ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                        }
+                    );
+                }
+
+            } else {
+
+                selectCtrl.writeValue = function writeNgOptionsMultiple(values) {
+                    // The options might not be defined yet when ngModel tries to render
+                    if (!options) return;
+
+                    // Only set `<option>.selected` if necessary, in order to prevent some browsers from
+                    // scrolling to `<option>` elements that are outside the `<select>` element's viewport.
+                    var selectedOptions = values && values.map(getAndUpdateSelectedOption) || [];
+
+                    options.items.forEach(function (option) {
+                        if (option.element.selected && !includes(selectedOptions, option)) {
+                            option.element.selected = false;
+                        }
+                    });
+                };
+
+
+                selectCtrl.readValue = function readNgOptionsMultiple() {
+                    var selectedValues = selectElement.val() || [],
+                        selections = [];
+
+                    forEach(selectedValues, function (value) {
+                        var option = options.selectValueMap[value];
+                        if (option && !option.disabled) selections.push(options.getViewValueFromOption(option));
+                    });
+
+                    return selections;
+                };
+
+                // If we are using `track by` then we must watch these tracked values on the model
+                // since ngModel only watches for object identity change
+                if (ngOptions.trackBy) {
+
+                    scope.$watchCollection(function () {
+                        if (isArray(ngModelCtrl.$viewValue)) {
+                            return ngModelCtrl.$viewValue.map(function (value) {
+                                return ngOptions.getTrackByValue(value);
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }, function () {
+                        ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                    });
+
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (providedEmptyOption) {
+
+                // compile the element since there might be bindings in it
+                $compile(selectCtrl.emptyOption)(scope);
+
+                selectElement.prepend(selectCtrl.emptyOption);
+
+                if (selectCtrl.emptyOption[0].nodeType === NODE_TYPE_COMMENT) {
+                    // This means the empty option has currently no actual DOM node, probably because
+                    // it has been modified by a transclusion directive.
+                    selectCtrl.hasEmptyOption = false;
+
+                    // Redefine the registerOption function, which will catch
+                    // options that are added by ngIf etc. (rendering of the node is async because of
+                    // lazy transclusion)
+                    selectCtrl.registerOption = function (optionScope, optionEl) {
+                        if (optionEl.val() === '') {
+                            selectCtrl.hasEmptyOption = true;
+                            selectCtrl.emptyOption = optionEl;
+                            selectCtrl.emptyOption.removeClass('ng-scope');
+                            // This ensures the new empty option is selected if previously no option was selected
+                            ngModelCtrl.$render();
+
+                            optionEl.on('$destroy', function () {
+                                var needsRerender = selectCtrl.$isEmptyOptionSelected();
+
+                                selectCtrl.hasEmptyOption = false;
+                                selectCtrl.emptyOption = undefined;
+
+                                if (needsRerender) ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                            });
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                } else {
+                    // remove the class, which is added automatically because we recompile the element and it
+                    // becomes the compilation root
+                    selectCtrl.emptyOption.removeClass('ng-scope');
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            // We will re-render the option elements if the option values or labels change
+            scope.$watchCollection(ngOptions.getWatchables, updateOptions);
+
+            // ------------------------------------------------------------------ //
+
+            function addOptionElement(option, parent) {
+                var optionElement = optionTemplate.cloneNode(false);
+                parent.appendChild(optionElement);
+                updateOptionElement(option, optionElement);
+            }
+
+            function getAndUpdateSelectedOption(viewValue) {
+                var option = options.getOptionFromViewValue(viewValue);
+                var element = option && option.element;
+
+                if (element && !element.selected) element.selected = true;
+
+                return option;
+            }
+
+            function updateOptionElement(option, element) {
+                option.element = element;
+                element.disabled = option.disabled;
+                // Support: IE 11 only, Edge 12-13 only
+                // NOTE: The label must be set before the value, otherwise IE 11 & Edge create unresponsive
+                // selects in certain circumstances when multiple selects are next to each other and display
+                // the option list in listbox style, i.e. the select is [multiple], or specifies a [size].
+                // See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/11314 for more info.
+                // This is unfortunately untestable with unit / e2e tests
+                if (option.label !== element.label) {
+                    element.label = option.label;
+                    element.textContent = option.label;
+                }
+                element.value = option.selectValue;
+            }
+
+            function updateOptions() {
+                var previousValue = options && selectCtrl.readValue();
+
+                // We must remove all current options, but cannot simply set innerHTML = null
+                // since the providedEmptyOption might have an ngIf on it that inserts comments which we
+                // must preserve.
+                // Instead, iterate over the current option elements and remove them or their optgroup
+                // parents
+                if (options) {
+
+                    for (var i = options.items.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                        var option = options.items[i];
+                        if (isDefined(option.group)) {
+                            jqLiteRemove(option.element.parentNode);
+                        } else {
+                            jqLiteRemove(option.element);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                options = ngOptions.getOptions();
+
+                var groupElementMap = {};
+
+                options.items.forEach(function addOption(option) {
+                    var groupElement;
+
+                    if (isDefined(option.group)) {
+
+                        // This option is to live in a group
+                        // See if we have already created this group
+                        groupElement = groupElementMap[option.group];
+
+                        if (!groupElement) {
+
+                            groupElement = optGroupTemplate.cloneNode(false);
+                            listFragment.appendChild(groupElement);
+
+                            // Update the label on the group element
+                            // "null" is special cased because of Safari
+                            groupElement.label = option.group === null ? 'null' : option.group;
+
+                            // Store it for use later
+                            groupElementMap[option.group] = groupElement;
+                        }
+
+                        addOptionElement(option, groupElement);
+
+                    } else {
+
+                        // This option is not in a group
+                        addOptionElement(option, listFragment);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                selectElement[0].appendChild(listFragment);
+
+                ngModelCtrl.$render();
+
+                // Check to see if the value has changed due to the update to the options
+                if (!ngModelCtrl.$isEmpty(previousValue)) {
+                    var nextValue = selectCtrl.readValue();
+                    var isNotPrimitive = ngOptions.trackBy || multiple;
+                    if (isNotPrimitive ? !equals(previousValue, nextValue) : previousValue !== nextValue) {
+                        ngModelCtrl.$setViewValue(nextValue);
+                        ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            terminal: true,
+            require: ['select', 'ngModel'],
+            link: {
+                pre: function ngOptionsPreLink(scope, selectElement, attr, ctrls) {
+                    // Deactivate the SelectController.register method to prevent
+                    // option directives from accidentally registering themselves
+                    // (and unwanted $destroy handlers etc.)
+                    ctrls[0].registerOption = noop;
+                },
+                post: ngOptionsPostLink
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngPluralize
+     * @restrict EA
+     *
+     * @description
+     * `ngPluralize` is a directive that displays messages according to en-US localization rules.
+     * These rules are bundled with angular.js, but can be overridden
+     * (see {@link guide/i18n AngularJS i18n} dev guide). You configure ngPluralize directive
+     * by specifying the mappings between
+     * [plural categories](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html)
+     * and the strings to be displayed.
+     *
+     * ## Plural categories and explicit number rules
+     * There are two
+     * [plural categories](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html)
+     * in AngularJS's default en-US locale: "one" and "other".
+     *
+     * While a plural category may match many numbers (for example, in en-US locale, "other" can match
+     * any number that is not 1), an explicit number rule can only match one number. For example, the
+     * explicit number rule for "3" matches the number 3. There are examples of plural categories
+     * and explicit number rules throughout the rest of this documentation.
+     *
+     * ## Configuring ngPluralize
+     * You configure ngPluralize by providing 2 attributes: `count` and `when`.
+     * You can also provide an optional attribute, `offset`.
+     *
+     * The value of the `count` attribute can be either a string or an {@link guide/expression
+     * AngularJS expression}; these are evaluated on the current scope for its bound value.
+     *
+     * The `when` attribute specifies the mappings between plural categories and the actual
+     * string to be displayed. The value of the attribute should be a JSON object.
+     *
+     * The following example shows how to configure ngPluralize:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <ng-pluralize count="personCount"
+                     when="{'0': 'Nobody is viewing.',
+     *                      'one': '1 person is viewing.',
+     *                      'other': '{} people are viewing.'}">
+     * </ng-pluralize>
+     *```
+     *
+     * In the example, `"0: Nobody is viewing."` is an explicit number rule. If you did not
+     * specify this rule, 0 would be matched to the "other" category and "0 people are viewing"
+     * would be shown instead of "Nobody is viewing". You can specify an explicit number rule for
+     * other numbers, for example 12, so that instead of showing "12 people are viewing", you can
+     * show "a dozen people are viewing".
+     *
+     * You can use a set of closed braces (`{}`) as a placeholder for the number that you want substituted
+     * into pluralized strings. In the previous example, AngularJS will replace `{}` with
+     * <span ng-non-bindable>`{{personCount}}`</span>. The closed braces `{}` is a placeholder
+     * for <span ng-non-bindable>{{numberExpression}}</span>.
+     *
+     * If no rule is defined for a category, then an empty string is displayed and a warning is generated.
+     * Note that some locales define more categories than `one` and `other`. For example, fr-fr defines `few` and `many`.
+     *
+     * ## Configuring ngPluralize with offset
+     * The `offset` attribute allows further customization of pluralized text, which can result in
+     * a better user experience. For example, instead of the message "4 people are viewing this document",
+     * you might display "John, Kate and 2 others are viewing this document".
+     * The offset attribute allows you to offset a number by any desired value.
+     * Let's take a look at an example:
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <ng-pluralize count="personCount" offset=2
+     *               when="{'0': 'Nobody is viewing.',
+     *                      '1': '{{person1}} is viewing.',
+     *                      '2': '{{person1}} and {{person2}} are viewing.',
+     *                      'one': '{{person1}}, {{person2}} and one other person are viewing.',
+     *                      'other': '{{person1}}, {{person2}} and {} other people are viewing.'}">
+     * </ng-pluralize>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Notice that we are still using two plural categories(one, other), but we added
+     * three explicit number rules 0, 1 and 2.
+     * When one person, perhaps John, views the document, "John is viewing" will be shown.
+     * When three people view the document, no explicit number rule is found, so
+     * an offset of 2 is taken off 3, and AngularJS uses 1 to decide the plural category.
+     * In this case, plural category 'one' is matched and "John, Mary and one other person are viewing"
+     * is shown.
+     *
+     * Note that when you specify offsets, you must provide explicit number rules for
+     * numbers from 0 up to and including the offset. If you use an offset of 3, for example,
+     * you must provide explicit number rules for 0, 1, 2 and 3. You must also provide plural strings for
+     * plural categories "one" and "other".
+     *
+     * @param {string|expression} count The variable to be bound to.
+     * @param {string} when The mapping between plural category to its corresponding strings.
+     * @param {number=} offset Offset to deduct from the total number.
+     *
+     * @example
+        <example module="pluralizeExample" name="ng-pluralize">
+          <file name="index.html">
+            <script>
+              angular.module('pluralizeExample', [])
+                .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+                  $scope.person1 = 'Igor';
+                  $scope.person2 = 'Misko';
+                  $scope.personCount = 1;
+                }]);
+            </script>
+            <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+              <label>Person 1:<input type="text" ng-model="person1" value="Igor" /></label><br/>
+              <label>Person 2:<input type="text" ng-model="person2" value="Misko" /></label><br/>
+              <label>Number of People:<input type="text" ng-model="personCount" value="1" /></label><br/>
+
+              <!--- Example with simple pluralization rules for en locale --->
+              Without Offset:
+              <ng-pluralize count="personCount"
+                            when="{'0': 'Nobody is viewing.',
+                                   'one': '1 person is viewing.',
+                                   'other': '{} people are viewing.'}">
+              </ng-pluralize><br>
+
+              <!--- Example with offset --->
+              With Offset(2):
+              <ng-pluralize count="personCount" offset=2
+                            when="{'0': 'Nobody is viewing.',
+                                   '1': '{{person1}} is viewing.',
+                                   '2': '{{person1}} and {{person2}} are viewing.',
+                                   'one': '{{person1}}, {{person2}} and one other person are viewing.',
+                                   'other': '{{person1}}, {{person2}} and {} other people are viewing.'}">
+              </ng-pluralize>
+            </div>
+          </file>
+          <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+            it('should show correct pluralized string', function() {
+              var withoutOffset = element.all(by.css('ng-pluralize')).get(0);
+              var withOffset = element.all(by.css('ng-pluralize')).get(1);
+              var countInput = element(by.model('personCount'));
+
+              expect(withoutOffset.getText()).toEqual('1 person is viewing.');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Igor is viewing.');
+
+              countInput.clear();
+              countInput.sendKeys('0');
+
+              expect(withoutOffset.getText()).toEqual('Nobody is viewing.');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Nobody is viewing.');
+
+              countInput.clear();
+              countInput.sendKeys('2');
+
+              expect(withoutOffset.getText()).toEqual('2 people are viewing.');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Igor and Misko are viewing.');
+
+              countInput.clear();
+              countInput.sendKeys('3');
+
+              expect(withoutOffset.getText()).toEqual('3 people are viewing.');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Igor, Misko and one other person are viewing.');
+
+              countInput.clear();
+              countInput.sendKeys('4');
+
+              expect(withoutOffset.getText()).toEqual('4 people are viewing.');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Igor, Misko and 2 other people are viewing.');
+            });
+            it('should show data-bound names', function() {
+              var withOffset = element.all(by.css('ng-pluralize')).get(1);
+              var personCount = element(by.model('personCount'));
+              var person1 = element(by.model('person1'));
+              var person2 = element(by.model('person2'));
+              personCount.clear();
+              personCount.sendKeys('4');
+              person1.clear();
+              person1.sendKeys('Di');
+              person2.clear();
+              person2.sendKeys('Vojta');
+              expect(withOffset.getText()).toEqual('Di, Vojta and 2 other people are viewing.');
+            });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+    var ngPluralizeDirective = ['$locale', '$interpolate', '$log', function ($locale, $interpolate, $log) {
+        var BRACE = /{}/g,
+            IS_WHEN = /^when(Minus)?(.+)$/;
+
+        return {
+            link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                var numberExp = attr.count,
+                    whenExp = attr.$attr.when && element.attr(attr.$attr.when), // we have {{}} in attrs
+                    offset = attr.offset || 0,
+                    whens = scope.$eval(whenExp) || {},
+                    whensExpFns = {},
+                    startSymbol = $interpolate.startSymbol(),
+                    endSymbol = $interpolate.endSymbol(),
+                    braceReplacement = startSymbol + numberExp + '-' + offset + endSymbol,
+                    watchRemover = angular.noop,
+                    lastCount;
+
+                forEach(attr, function (expression, attributeName) {
+                    var tmpMatch = IS_WHEN.exec(attributeName);
+                    if (tmpMatch) {
+                        var whenKey = (tmpMatch[1] ? '-' : '') + lowercase(tmpMatch[2]);
+                        whens[whenKey] = element.attr(attr.$attr[attributeName]);
+                    }
+                });
+                forEach(whens, function (expression, key) {
+                    whensExpFns[key] = $interpolate(expression.replace(BRACE, braceReplacement));
+
+                });
+
+                scope.$watch(numberExp, function ngPluralizeWatchAction(newVal) {
+                    var count = parseFloat(newVal);
+                    var countIsNaN = isNumberNaN(count);
+
+                    if (!countIsNaN && !(count in whens)) {
+                        // If an explicit number rule such as 1, 2, 3... is defined, just use it.
+                        // Otherwise, check it against pluralization rules in $locale service.
+                        count = $locale.pluralCat(count - offset);
+                    }
+
+                    // If both `count` and `lastCount` are NaN, we don't need to re-register a watch.
+                    // In JS `NaN !== NaN`, so we have to explicitly check.
+                    if ((count !== lastCount) && !(countIsNaN && isNumberNaN(lastCount))) {
+                        watchRemover();
+                        var whenExpFn = whensExpFns[count];
+                        if (isUndefined(whenExpFn)) {
+                            if (newVal != null) {
+                                $log.debug('ngPluralize: no rule defined for \'' + count + '\' in ' + whenExp);
+                            }
+                            watchRemover = noop;
+                            updateElementText();
+                        } else {
+                            watchRemover = scope.$watch(whenExpFn, updateElementText);
+                        }
+                        lastCount = count;
+                    }
+                });
+
+                function updateElementText(newText) {
+                    element.text(newText || '');
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /* exported ngRepeatDirective */
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngRepeat
+     * @multiElement
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngRepeat` directive instantiates a template once per item from a collection. Each template
+     * instance gets its own scope, where the given loop variable is set to the current collection item,
+     * and `$index` is set to the item index or key.
+     *
+     * Special properties are exposed on the local scope of each template instance, including:
+     *
+     * | Variable  | Type            | Details                                                                     |
+     * |-----------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+     * | `$index`  | {@type number}  | iterator offset of the repeated element (0..length-1)                       |
+     * | `$first`  | {@type boolean} | true if the repeated element is first in the iterator.                      |
+     * | `$middle` | {@type boolean} | true if the repeated element is between the first and last in the iterator. |
+     * | `$last`   | {@type boolean} | true if the repeated element is last in the iterator.                       |
+     * | `$even`   | {@type boolean} | true if the iterator position `$index` is even (otherwise false).           |
+     * | `$odd`    | {@type boolean} | true if the iterator position `$index` is odd (otherwise false).            |
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     *   Creating aliases for these properties is possible with {@link ng.directive:ngInit `ngInit`}.
+     *   This may be useful when, for instance, nesting ngRepeats.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Iterating over object properties
+     *
+     * It is possible to get `ngRepeat` to iterate over the properties of an object using the following
+     * syntax:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * <div ng-repeat="(key, value) in myObj"> ... </div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * However, there are a few limitations compared to array iteration:
+     *
+     * - The JavaScript specification does not define the order of keys
+     *   returned for an object, so AngularJS relies on the order returned by the browser
+     *   when running `for key in myObj`. Browsers generally follow the strategy of providing
+     *   keys in the order in which they were defined, although there are exceptions when keys are deleted
+     *   and reinstated. See the
+     *   [MDN page on `delete` for more info](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/delete#Cross-browser_notes).
+     *
+     * - `ngRepeat` will silently *ignore* object keys starting with `$`, because
+     *   it's a prefix used by AngularJS for public (`$`) and private (`$$`) properties.
+     *
+     * - The built-in filters {@link ng.orderBy orderBy} and {@link ng.filter filter} do not work with
+     *   objects, and will throw an error if used with one.
+     *
+     * If you are hitting any of these limitations, the recommended workaround is to convert your object into an array
+     * that is sorted into the order that you prefer before providing it to `ngRepeat`. You could
+     * do this with a filter such as [toArrayFilter](http://ngmodules.org/modules/angular-toArrayFilter)
+     * or implement a `$watch` on the object yourself.
+     *
+     *
+     * ## Tracking and Duplicates
+     *
+     * `ngRepeat` uses {@link $rootScope.Scope#$watchCollection $watchCollection} to detect changes in
+     * the collection. When a change happens, `ngRepeat` then makes the corresponding changes to the DOM:
+     *
+     * * When an item is added, a new instance of the template is added to the DOM.
+     * * When an item is removed, its template instance is removed from the DOM.
+     * * When items are reordered, their respective templates are reordered in the DOM.
+     *
+     * To minimize creation of DOM elements, `ngRepeat` uses a function
+     * to "keep track" of all items in the collection and their corresponding DOM elements.
+     * For example, if an item is added to the collection, `ngRepeat` will know that all other items
+     * already have DOM elements, and will not re-render them.
+     *
+     * All different types of tracking functions, their syntax, and and their support for duplicate
+     * items in collections can be found in the
+     * {@link ngRepeat#ngRepeat-arguments ngRepeat expression description}.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-success">
+     * **Best Practice:** If you are working with objects that have a unique identifier property, you
+     * should track by this identifier instead of the object instance,
+     * e.g. `item in items track by item.id`.
+     * Should you reload your data later, `ngRepeat` will not have to rebuild the DOM elements for items
+     * it has already rendered, even if the JavaScript objects in the collection have been substituted
+     * for new ones. For large collections, this significantly improves rendering performance.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * ### Effects of DOM Element re-use
+     *
+     * When DOM elements are re-used, ngRepeat updates the scope for the element, which will
+     * automatically update any active bindings on the template. However, other
+     * functionality will not be updated, because the element is not re-created:
+     *
+     * - Directives are not re-compiled
+     * - {@link guide/expression#one-time-binding one-time expressions} on the repeated template are not
+     * updated if they have stabilized.
+     *
+     * The above affects all kinds of element re-use due to tracking, but may be especially visible
+     * when tracking by `$index` due to the way ngRepeat re-uses elements.
+     *
+     * The following example shows the effects of different actions with tracking:
+
+      <example module="ngRepeat" name="ngRepeat-tracking" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true">
+        <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('ngRepeat', ['ngAnimate']).controller('repeatController', function($scope) {
+            var friends = [
+              {name:'John', age:25},
+              {name:'Mary', age:40},
+              {name:'Peter', age:85}
+            ];
+
+            $scope.removeFirst = function() {
+              $scope.friends.shift();
+            };
+
+            $scope.updateAge = function() {
+              $scope.friends.forEach(function(el) {
+                el.age = el.age + 5;
+              });
+            };
+
+            $scope.copy = function() {
+              $scope.friends = angular.copy($scope.friends);
+            };
+
+            $scope.reset = function() {
+              $scope.friends = angular.copy(friends);
+            };
+
+            $scope.reset();
+          });
+        </file>
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="repeatController">
+            <ol>
+              <li>When you click "Update Age", only the first list updates the age, because all others have
+              a one-time binding on the age property. If you then click "Copy", the current friend list
+              is copied, and now the second list updates the age, because the identity of the collection items
+              has changed and the list must be re-rendered. The 3rd and 4th list stay the same, because all the
+              items are already known according to their tracking functions.
+              </li>
+              <li>When you click "Remove First", the 4th list has the wrong age on both remaining items. This is
+              due to tracking by $index: when the first collection item is removed, ngRepeat reuses the first
+              DOM element for the new first collection item, and so on. Since the age property is one-time
+              bound, the value remains from the collection item which was previously at this index.
+              </li>
+            </ol>
+
+            <button ng-click="removeFirst()">Remove First</button>
+            <button ng-click="updateAge()">Update Age</button>
+            <button ng-click="copy()">Copy</button>
+            <br><button ng-click="reset()">Reset List</button>
+            <br>
+            <code>track by $id(friend)</code> (default):
+            <ul class="example-animate-container">
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-repeat="friend in friends">
+                {{friend.name}} is {{friend.age}} years old.
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+            <code>track by $id(friend)</code> (default), with age one-time binding:
+            <ul class="example-animate-container">
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-repeat="friend in friends">
+                {{friend.name}} is {{::friend.age}} years old.
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+            <code>track by friend.name</code>, with age one-time binding:
+            <ul class="example-animate-container">
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-repeat="friend in friends track by friend.name">
+                {{friend.name}}  is {{::friend.age}} years old.
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+            <code>track by $index</code>, with age one-time binding:
+            <ul class="example-animate-container">
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-repeat="friend in friends track by $index">
+                {{friend.name}} is {{::friend.age}} years old.
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .example-animate-container {
+            background:white;
+            border:1px solid black;
+            list-style:none;
+            margin:0;
+            padding:0 10px;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat {
+            line-height:30px;
+            list-style:none;
+            box-sizing:border-box;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave {
+            transition:all linear 0.5s;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave.ng-leave-active,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter {
+            opacity:0;
+            max-height:0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move.ng-move-active,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter.ng-enter-active {
+            opacity:1;
+            max-height:30px;
+          }
+        </file>
+      </example>
+
+     *
+     * ## Special repeat start and end points
+     * To repeat a series of elements instead of just one parent element, ngRepeat (as well as other ng directives) supports extending
+     * the range of the repeater by defining explicit start and end points by using **ng-repeat-start** and **ng-repeat-end** respectively.
+     * The **ng-repeat-start** directive works the same as **ng-repeat**, but will repeat all the HTML code (including the tag it's defined on)
+     * up to and including the ending HTML tag where **ng-repeat-end** is placed.
+     *
+     * The example below makes use of this feature:
+     * ```html
+     *   <header ng-repeat-start="item in items">
+     *     Header {{ item }}
+     *   </header>
+     *   <div class="body">
+     *     Body {{ item }}
+     *   </div>
+     *   <footer ng-repeat-end>
+     *     Footer {{ item }}
+     *   </footer>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * And with an input of {@type ['A','B']} for the items variable in the example above, the output will evaluate to:
+     * ```html
+     *   <header>
+     *     Header A
+     *   </header>
+     *   <div class="body">
+     *     Body A
+     *   </div>
+     *   <footer>
+     *     Footer A
+     *   </footer>
+     *   <header>
+     *     Header B
+     *   </header>
+     *   <div class="body">
+     *     Body B
+     *   </div>
+     *   <footer>
+     *     Footer B
+     *   </footer>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * The custom start and end points for ngRepeat also support all other HTML directive syntax flavors provided in AngularJS (such
+     * as **data-ng-repeat-start**, **x-ng-repeat-start** and **ng:repeat-start**).
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                        | Occurs                              |
+     * |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#enter enter} | when a new item is added to the list or when an item is revealed after a filter |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#leave leave} | when an item is removed from the list or when an item is filtered out |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#move move } | when an adjacent item is filtered out causing a reorder or when the item contents are reordered |
+     *
+     * See the example below for defining CSS animations with ngRepeat.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @scope
+     * @priority 1000
+     * @param {repeat_expression} ngRepeat The expression indicating how to enumerate a collection. These
+     *   formats are currently supported:
+     *
+     *   * `variable in expression` – where variable is the user defined loop variable and `expression`
+     *     is a scope expression giving the collection to enumerate.
+     *
+     *     For example: `album in artist.albums`.
+     *
+     *   * `(key, value) in expression` – where `key` and `value` can be any user defined identifiers,
+     *     and `expression` is the scope expression giving the collection to enumerate.
+     *
+     *     For example: `(name, age) in {'adam':10, 'amalie':12}`.
+     *
+     *   * `variable in expression track by tracking_expression` – You can also provide an optional tracking expression
+     *     which can be used to associate the objects in the collection with the DOM elements. If no tracking expression
+     *     is specified, ng-repeat associates elements by identity. It is an error to have
+     *     more than one tracking expression value resolve to the same key. (This would mean that two distinct objects are
+     *     mapped to the same DOM element, which is not possible.)
+     *
+     *     *Default tracking: $id()*: `item in items` is equivalent to `item in items track by $id(item)`.
+     *     This implies that the DOM elements will be associated by item identity in the collection.
+     *
+     *     The built-in `$id()` function can be used to assign a unique
+     *     `$$hashKey` property to each item in the collection. This property is then used as a key to associated DOM elements
+     *     with the corresponding item in the collection by identity. Moving the same object would move
+     *     the DOM element in the same way in the DOM.
+     *     Note that the default id function does not support duplicate primitive values (`number`, `string`),
+     *     but supports duplictae non-primitive values (`object`) that are *equal* in shape.
+     *
+     *     *Custom Expression*: It is possible to use any AngularJS expression to compute the tracking
+     *     id, for example with a function, or using a property on the collection items.
+     *     `item in items track by item.id` is a typical pattern when the items have a unique identifier,
+     *     e.g. database id. In this case the object identity does not matter. Two objects are considered
+     *     equivalent as long as their `id` property is same.
+     *     Tracking by unique identifier is the most performant way and should be used whenever possible.
+     *
+     *     *$index*: This special property tracks the collection items by their index, and
+     *     re-uses the DOM elements that match that index, e.g. `item in items track by $index`. This can
+     *     be used for a performance improvement if no unique identfier is available and the identity of
+     *     the collection items cannot be easily computed. It also allows duplicates.
+     *
+     *     <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     *       <strong>Note:</strong> Re-using DOM elements can have unforeseen effects. Read the
+     *       {@link ngRepeat#tracking-and-duplicates section on tracking and duplicates} for
+     *       more info.
+     *     </div>
+     *
+     *     <div class="alert alert-warning">
+     *       <strong>Note:</strong> the `track by` expression must come last - after any filters, and the alias expression:
+     *       `item in items | filter:searchText as results  track by item.id`
+     *     </div>
+     *
+     *   * `variable in expression as alias_expression` – You can also provide an optional alias expression which will then store the
+     *     intermediate results of the repeater after the filters have been applied. Typically this is used to render a special message
+     *     when a filter is active on the repeater, but the filtered result set is empty.
+     *
+     *     For example: `item in items | filter:x as results` will store the fragment of the repeated items as `results`, but only after
+     *     the items have been processed through the filter.
+     *
+     *     Please note that `as [variable name] is not an operator but rather a part of ngRepeat
+     *     micro-syntax so it can be used only after all filters (and not as operator, inside an expression).
+     *
+     *     For example: `item in items | filter : x | orderBy : order | limitTo : limit as results track by item.id` .
+     *
+     * @example
+     * This example uses `ngRepeat` to display a list of people. A filter is used to restrict the displayed
+     * results by name or by age. New (entering) and removed (leaving) items are animated.
+      <example module="ngRepeat" name="ngRepeat" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="repeatController">
+            I have {{friends.length}} friends. They are:
+            <input type="search" ng-model="q" placeholder="filter friends..." aria-label="filter friends" />
+            <ul class="example-animate-container">
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-repeat="friend in friends | filter:q as results track by friend.name">
+                [{{$index + 1}}] {{friend.name}} who is {{friend.age}} years old.
+              </li>
+              <li class="animate-repeat" ng-if="results.length === 0">
+                <strong>No results found...</strong>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('ngRepeat', ['ngAnimate']).controller('repeatController', function($scope) {
+            $scope.friends = [
+              {name:'John', age:25, gender:'boy'},
+              {name:'Jessie', age:30, gender:'girl'},
+              {name:'Johanna', age:28, gender:'girl'},
+              {name:'Joy', age:15, gender:'girl'},
+              {name:'Mary', age:28, gender:'girl'},
+              {name:'Peter', age:95, gender:'boy'},
+              {name:'Sebastian', age:50, gender:'boy'},
+              {name:'Erika', age:27, gender:'girl'},
+              {name:'Patrick', age:40, gender:'boy'},
+              {name:'Samantha', age:60, gender:'girl'}
+            ];
+          });
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .example-animate-container {
+            background:white;
+            border:1px solid black;
+            list-style:none;
+            margin:0;
+            padding:0 10px;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat {
+            line-height:30px;
+            list-style:none;
+            box-sizing:border-box;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave {
+            transition:all linear 0.5s;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave.ng-leave-active,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter {
+            opacity:0;
+            max-height:0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-repeat.ng-leave,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-move.ng-move-active,
+          .animate-repeat.ng-enter.ng-enter-active {
+            opacity:1;
+            max-height:30px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          var friends = element.all(by.repeater('friend in friends'));
+
+          it('should render initial data set', function() {
+            expect(friends.count()).toBe(10);
+            expect(friends.get(0).getText()).toEqual('[1] John who is 25 years old.');
+            expect(friends.get(1).getText()).toEqual('[2] Jessie who is 30 years old.');
+            expect(friends.last().getText()).toEqual('[10] Samantha who is 60 years old.');
+            expect(element(by.binding('friends.length')).getText())
+                .toMatch("I have 10 friends. They are:");
+          });
+
+           it('should update repeater when filter predicate changes', function() {
+             expect(friends.count()).toBe(10);
+
+             element(by.model('q')).sendKeys('ma');
+
+             expect(friends.count()).toBe(2);
+             expect(friends.get(0).getText()).toEqual('[1] Mary who is 28 years old.');
+             expect(friends.last().getText()).toEqual('[2] Samantha who is 60 years old.');
+           });
+          </file>
+        </example>
+     */
+    var ngRepeatDirective = ['$parse', '$animate', '$compile', function ($parse, $animate, $compile) {
+        var NG_REMOVED = '$$NG_REMOVED';
+        var ngRepeatMinErr = minErr('ngRepeat');
+
+        var updateScope = function (scope, index, valueIdentifier, value, keyIdentifier, key, arrayLength) {
+            // TODO(perf): generate setters to shave off ~40ms or 1-1.5%
+            scope[valueIdentifier] = value;
+            if (keyIdentifier) scope[keyIdentifier] = key;
+            scope.$index = index;
+            scope.$first = (index === 0);
+            scope.$last = (index === (arrayLength - 1));
+            scope.$middle = !(scope.$first || scope.$last);
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
+            scope.$odd = !(scope.$even = (index & 1) === 0);
+        };
+
+        var getBlockStart = function (block) {
+            return block.clone[0];
+        };
+
+        var getBlockEnd = function (block) {
+            return block.clone[block.clone.length - 1];
+        };
+
+
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            multiElement: true,
+            transclude: 'element',
+            priority: 1000,
+            terminal: true,
+            $$tlb: true,
+            compile: function ngRepeatCompile($element, $attr) {
+                var expression = $attr.ngRepeat;
+                var ngRepeatEndComment = $compile.$$createComment('end ngRepeat', expression);
+
+                var match = expression.match(/^\s*([\s\S]+?)\s+in\s+([\s\S]+?)(?:\s+as\s+([\s\S]+?))?(?:\s+track\s+by\s+([\s\S]+?))?\s*$/);
+
+                if (!match) {
+                    throw ngRepeatMinErr('iexp', 'Expected expression in form of \'_item_ in _collection_[ track by _id_]\' but got \'{0}\'.',
+                        expression);
+                }
+
+                var lhs = match[1];
+                var rhs = match[2];
+                var aliasAs = match[3];
+                var trackByExp = match[4];
+
+                match = lhs.match(/^(?:(\s*[$\w]+)|\(\s*([$\w]+)\s*,\s*([$\w]+)\s*\))$/);
+
+                if (!match) {
+                    throw ngRepeatMinErr('iidexp', '\'_item_\' in \'_item_ in _collection_\' should be an identifier or \'(_key_, _value_)\' expression, but got \'{0}\'.',
+                        lhs);
+                }
+                var valueIdentifier = match[3] || match[1];
+                var keyIdentifier = match[2];
+
+                if (aliasAs && (!/^[$a-zA-Z_][$a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(aliasAs) ||
+                        /^(null|undefined|this|\$index|\$first|\$middle|\$last|\$even|\$odd|\$parent|\$root|\$id)$/.test(aliasAs))) {
+                    throw ngRepeatMinErr('badident', 'alias \'{0}\' is invalid --- must be a valid JS identifier which is not a reserved name.',
+                        aliasAs);
+                }
+
+                var trackByExpGetter, trackByIdExpFn, trackByIdArrayFn, trackByIdObjFn;
+                var hashFnLocals = {
+                    $id: hashKey
+                };
+
+                if (trackByExp) {
+                    trackByExpGetter = $parse(trackByExp);
+                } else {
+                    trackByIdArrayFn = function (key, value) {
+                        return hashKey(value);
+                    };
+                    trackByIdObjFn = function (key) {
+                        return key;
+                    };
+                }
+
+                return function ngRepeatLink($scope, $element, $attr, ctrl, $transclude) {
+
+                    if (trackByExpGetter) {
+                        trackByIdExpFn = function (key, value, index) {
+                            // assign key, value, and $index to the locals so that they can be used in hash functions
+                            if (keyIdentifier) hashFnLocals[keyIdentifier] = key;
+                            hashFnLocals[valueIdentifier] = value;
+                            hashFnLocals.$index = index;
+                            return trackByExpGetter($scope, hashFnLocals);
+                        };
+                    }
+
+                    // Store a list of elements from previous run. This is a hash where key is the item from the
+                    // iterator, and the value is objects with following properties.
+                    //   - scope: bound scope
+                    //   - clone: previous element.
+                    //   - index: position
+                    //
+                    // We are using no-proto object so that we don't need to guard against inherited props via
+                    // hasOwnProperty.
+                    var lastBlockMap = createMap();
+
+                    //watch props
+                    $scope.$watchCollection(rhs, function ngRepeatAction(collection) {
+                        var index, length,
+                            previousNode = $element[0], // node that cloned nodes should be inserted after
+                            // initialized to the comment node anchor
+                            nextNode,
+                            // Same as lastBlockMap but it has the current state. It will become the
+                            // lastBlockMap on the next iteration.
+                            nextBlockMap = createMap(),
+                            collectionLength,
+                            key, value, // key/value of iteration
+                            trackById,
+                            trackByIdFn,
+                            collectionKeys,
+                            block, // last object information {scope, element, id}
+                            nextBlockOrder,
+                            elementsToRemove;
+
+                        if (aliasAs) {
+                            $scope[aliasAs] = collection;
+                        }
+
+                        if (isArrayLike(collection)) {
+                            collectionKeys = collection;
+                            trackByIdFn = trackByIdExpFn || trackByIdArrayFn;
+                        } else {
+                            trackByIdFn = trackByIdExpFn || trackByIdObjFn;
+                            // if object, extract keys, in enumeration order, unsorted
+                            collectionKeys = [];
+                            for (var itemKey in collection) {
+                                if (hasOwnProperty.call(collection, itemKey) && itemKey.charAt(0) !== '$') {
+                                    collectionKeys.push(itemKey);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        collectionLength = collectionKeys.length;
+                        nextBlockOrder = new Array(collectionLength);
+
+                        // locate existing items
+                        for (index = 0; index < collectionLength; index++) {
+                            key = (collection === collectionKeys) ? index : collectionKeys[index];
+                            value = collection[key];
+                            trackById = trackByIdFn(key, value, index);
+                            if (lastBlockMap[trackById]) {
+                                // found previously seen block
+                                block = lastBlockMap[trackById];
+                                delete lastBlockMap[trackById];
+                                nextBlockMap[trackById] = block;
+                                nextBlockOrder[index] = block;
+                            } else if (nextBlockMap[trackById]) {
+                                // if collision detected. restore lastBlockMap and throw an error
+                                forEach(nextBlockOrder, function (block) {
+                                    if (block && block.scope) lastBlockMap[block.id] = block;
+                                });
+                                throw ngRepeatMinErr('dupes',
+                                    'Duplicates in a repeater are not allowed. Use \'track by\' expression to specify unique keys. Repeater: {0}, Duplicate key: {1}, Duplicate value: {2}',
+                                    expression, trackById, value);
+                            } else {
+                                // new never before seen block
+                                nextBlockOrder[index] = {
+                                    id: trackById,
+                                    scope: undefined,
+                                    clone: undefined
+                                };
+                                nextBlockMap[trackById] = true;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // remove leftover items
+                        for (var blockKey in lastBlockMap) {
+                            block = lastBlockMap[blockKey];
+                            elementsToRemove = getBlockNodes(block.clone);
+                            $animate.leave(elementsToRemove);
+                            if (elementsToRemove[0].parentNode) {
+                                // if the element was not removed yet because of pending animation, mark it as deleted
+                                // so that we can ignore it later
+                                for (index = 0, length = elementsToRemove.length; index < length; index++) {
+                                    elementsToRemove[index][NG_REMOVED] = true;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            block.scope.$destroy();
+                        }
+
+                        // we are not using forEach for perf reasons (trying to avoid #call)
+                        for (index = 0; index < collectionLength; index++) {
+                            key = (collection === collectionKeys) ? index : collectionKeys[index];
+                            value = collection[key];
+                            block = nextBlockOrder[index];
+
+                            if (block.scope) {
+                                // if we have already seen this object, then we need to reuse the
+                                // associated scope/element
+
+                                nextNode = previousNode;
+
+                                // skip nodes that are already pending removal via leave animation
+                                do {
+                                    nextNode = nextNode.nextSibling;
+                                } while (nextNode && nextNode[NG_REMOVED]);
+
+                                if (getBlockStart(block) !== nextNode) {
+                                    // existing item which got moved
+                                    $animate.move(getBlockNodes(block.clone), null, previousNode);
+                                }
+                                previousNode = getBlockEnd(block);
+                                updateScope(block.scope, index, valueIdentifier, value, keyIdentifier, key, collectionLength);
+                            } else {
+                                // new item which we don't know about
+                                $transclude(function ngRepeatTransclude(clone, scope) {
+                                    block.scope = scope;
+                                    // http://jsperf.com/clone-vs-createcomment
+                                    var endNode = ngRepeatEndComment.cloneNode(false);
+                                    clone[clone.length++] = endNode;
+
+                                    $animate.enter(clone, null, previousNode);
+                                    previousNode = endNode;
+                                    // Note: We only need the first/last node of the cloned nodes.
+                                    // However, we need to keep the reference to the jqlite wrapper as it might be changed later
+                                    // by a directive with templateUrl when its template arrives.
+                                    block.clone = clone;
+                                    nextBlockMap[block.id] = block;
+                                    updateScope(block.scope, index, valueIdentifier, value, keyIdentifier, key, collectionLength);
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                        lastBlockMap = nextBlockMap;
+                    });
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    var NG_HIDE_CLASS = 'ng-hide';
+    var NG_HIDE_IN_PROGRESS_CLASS = 'ng-hide-animate';
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngShow
+     * @multiElement
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngShow` directive shows or hides the given HTML element based on the expression provided to
+     * the `ngShow` attribute.
+     *
+     * The element is shown or hidden by removing or adding the `.ng-hide` CSS class onto the element.
+     * The `.ng-hide` CSS class is predefined in AngularJS and sets the display style to none (using an
+     * `!important` flag). For CSP mode please add `angular-csp.css` to your HTML file (see
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngCsp ngCsp}).
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <!-- when $scope.myValue is truthy (element is visible) -->
+     * <div ng-show="myValue"></div>
+     *
+     * <!-- when $scope.myValue is falsy (element is hidden) -->
+     * <div ng-show="myValue" class="ng-hide"></div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * When the `ngShow` expression evaluates to a falsy value then the `.ng-hide` CSS class is added
+     * to the class attribute on the element causing it to become hidden. When truthy, the `.ng-hide`
+     * CSS class is removed from the element causing the element not to appear hidden.
+     *
+     * ## Why is `!important` used?
+     *
+     * You may be wondering why `!important` is used for the `.ng-hide` CSS class. This is because the
+     * `.ng-hide` selector can be easily overridden by heavier selectors. For example, something as
+     * simple as changing the display style on a HTML list item would make hidden elements appear
+     * visible. This also becomes a bigger issue when dealing with CSS frameworks.
+     *
+     * By using `!important`, the show and hide behavior will work as expected despite any clash between
+     * CSS selector specificity (when `!important` isn't used with any conflicting styles). If a
+     * developer chooses to override the styling to change how to hide an element then it is just a
+     * matter of using `!important` in their own CSS code.
+     *
+     * ### Overriding `.ng-hide`
+     *
+     * By default, the `.ng-hide` class will style the element with `display: none !important`. If you
+     * wish to change the hide behavior with `ngShow`/`ngHide`, you can simply overwrite the styles for
+     * the `.ng-hide` CSS class. Note that the selector that needs to be used is actually
+     * `.ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate)` to cope with extra animation classes that can be added.
+     *
+     * ```css
+     * .ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate) {
+     *   /&#42; These are just alternative ways of hiding an element &#42;/
+     *   display: block!important;
+     *   position: absolute;
+     *   top: -9999px;
+     *   left: -9999px;
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * By default you don't need to override anything in CSS and the animations will work around the
+     * display style.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                                           | Occurs                                                                                                        |
+     * |-----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link $animate#addClass addClass} `.ng-hide`       | After the `ngShow` expression evaluates to a non truthy value and just before the contents are set to hidden. |
+     * | {@link $animate#removeClass removeClass} `.ng-hide` | After the `ngShow` expression evaluates to a truthy value and just before contents are set to visible.        |
+     *
+     * Animations in `ngShow`/`ngHide` work with the show and hide events that are triggered when the
+     * directive expression is true and false. This system works like the animation system present with
+     * `ngClass` except that you must also include the `!important` flag to override the display
+     * property so that the elements are not actually hidden during the animation.
+     *
+     * ```css
+     * /&#42; A working example can be found at the bottom of this page. &#42;/
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add, .my-element.ng-hide-remove {
+     *   transition: all 0.5s linear;
+     * }
+     *
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add.ng-hide-add-active { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-remove { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-remove.ng-hide-remove-active { ... }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Keep in mind that, as of AngularJS version 1.3, there is no need to change the display property
+     * to block during animation states - ngAnimate will automatically handle the style toggling for you.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngShow If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy/falsy then the
+     *                            element is shown/hidden respectively.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * A simple example, animating the element's opacity:
+     *
+      <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-show-simple">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          Show: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" aria-label="Toggle ngShow"><br />
+          <div class="check-element animate-show-hide" ng-show="checked">
+            I show up when your checkbox is checked.
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide {
+            opacity: 0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide-add,
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide-remove {
+            transition: all linear 0.5s;
+          }
+
+          .check-element {
+            border: 1px solid black;
+            opacity: 1;
+            padding: 10px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should check ngShow', function() {
+            var checkbox = element(by.model('checked'));
+            var checkElem = element(by.css('.check-element'));
+
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(false);
+            checkbox.click();
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(true);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     *
+     * <hr />
+     * @example
+     * A more complex example, featuring different show/hide animations:
+     *
+      <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-show-complex">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          Show: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" aria-label="Toggle ngShow"><br />
+          <div class="check-element funky-show-hide" ng-show="checked">
+            I show up when your checkbox is checked.
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          body {
+            overflow: hidden;
+            perspective: 1000px;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-add {
+            transform: rotateZ(0);
+            transform-origin: right;
+            transition: all 0.5s ease-in-out;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-add.ng-hide-add-active {
+            transform: rotateZ(-135deg);
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-remove {
+            transform: rotateY(90deg);
+            transform-origin: left;
+            transition: all 0.5s ease;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-remove.ng-hide-remove-active {
+            transform: rotateY(0);
+          }
+
+          .check-element {
+            border: 1px solid black;
+            opacity: 1;
+            padding: 10px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should check ngShow', function() {
+            var checkbox = element(by.model('checked'));
+            var checkElem = element(by.css('.check-element'));
+
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(false);
+            checkbox.click();
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(true);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var ngShowDirective = ['$animate', function ($animate) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            multiElement: true,
+            link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                scope.$watch(attr.ngShow, function ngShowWatchAction(value) {
+                    // we're adding a temporary, animation-specific class for ng-hide since this way
+                    // we can control when the element is actually displayed on screen without having
+                    // to have a global/greedy CSS selector that breaks when other animations are run.
+                    // Read: https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/9103#issuecomment-58335845
+                    $animate[value ? 'removeClass' : 'addClass'](element, NG_HIDE_CLASS, {
+                        tempClasses: NG_HIDE_IN_PROGRESS_CLASS
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngHide
+     * @multiElement
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngHide` directive shows or hides the given HTML element based on the expression provided to
+     * the `ngHide` attribute.
+     *
+     * The element is shown or hidden by removing or adding the `.ng-hide` CSS class onto the element.
+     * The `.ng-hide` CSS class is predefined in AngularJS and sets the display style to none (using an
+     * `!important` flag). For CSP mode please add `angular-csp.css` to your HTML file (see
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngCsp ngCsp}).
+     *
+     * ```html
+     * <!-- when $scope.myValue is truthy (element is hidden) -->
+     * <div ng-hide="myValue" class="ng-hide"></div>
+     *
+     * <!-- when $scope.myValue is falsy (element is visible) -->
+     * <div ng-hide="myValue"></div>
+     * ```
+     *
+     * When the `ngHide` expression evaluates to a truthy value then the `.ng-hide` CSS class is added
+     * to the class attribute on the element causing it to become hidden. When falsy, the `.ng-hide`
+     * CSS class is removed from the element causing the element not to appear hidden.
+     *
+     * ## Why is `!important` used?
+     *
+     * You may be wondering why `!important` is used for the `.ng-hide` CSS class. This is because the
+     * `.ng-hide` selector can be easily overridden by heavier selectors. For example, something as
+     * simple as changing the display style on a HTML list item would make hidden elements appear
+     * visible. This also becomes a bigger issue when dealing with CSS frameworks.
+     *
+     * By using `!important`, the show and hide behavior will work as expected despite any clash between
+     * CSS selector specificity (when `!important` isn't used with any conflicting styles). If a
+     * developer chooses to override the styling to change how to hide an element then it is just a
+     * matter of using `!important` in their own CSS code.
+     *
+     * ### Overriding `.ng-hide`
+     *
+     * By default, the `.ng-hide` class will style the element with `display: none !important`. If you
+     * wish to change the hide behavior with `ngShow`/`ngHide`, you can simply overwrite the styles for
+     * the `.ng-hide` CSS class. Note that the selector that needs to be used is actually
+     * `.ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate)` to cope with extra animation classes that can be added.
+     *
+     * ```css
+     * .ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate) {
+     *   /&#42; These are just alternative ways of hiding an element &#42;/
+     *   display: block!important;
+     *   position: absolute;
+     *   top: -9999px;
+     *   left: -9999px;
+     * }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * By default you don't need to override in CSS anything and the animations will work around the
+     * display style.
+     *
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                                           | Occurs                                                                                                     |
+     * |-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link $animate#addClass addClass} `.ng-hide`       | After the `ngHide` expression evaluates to a truthy value and just before the contents are set to hidden.  |
+     * | {@link $animate#removeClass removeClass} `.ng-hide` | After the `ngHide` expression evaluates to a non truthy value and just before contents are set to visible. |
+     *
+     * Animations in `ngShow`/`ngHide` work with the show and hide events that are triggered when the
+     * directive expression is true and false. This system works like the animation system present with
+     * `ngClass` except that you must also include the `!important` flag to override the display
+     * property so that the elements are not actually hidden during the animation.
+     *
+     * ```css
+     * /&#42; A working example can be found at the bottom of this page. &#42;/
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add, .my-element.ng-hide-remove {
+     *   transition: all 0.5s linear;
+     * }
+     *
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-add.ng-hide-add-active { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-remove { ... }
+     * .my-element.ng-hide-remove.ng-hide-remove-active { ... }
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Keep in mind that, as of AngularJS version 1.3, there is no need to change the display property
+     * to block during animation states - ngAnimate will automatically handle the style toggling for you.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngHide If the {@link guide/expression expression} is truthy/falsy then the
+     *                            element is hidden/shown respectively.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * A simple example, animating the element's opacity:
+     *
+      <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-hide-simple">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          Hide: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" aria-label="Toggle ngHide"><br />
+          <div class="check-element animate-show-hide" ng-hide="checked">
+            I hide when your checkbox is checked.
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide {
+            opacity: 0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide-add,
+          .animate-show-hide.ng-hide-remove {
+            transition: all linear 0.5s;
+          }
+
+          .check-element {
+            border: 1px solid black;
+            opacity: 1;
+            padding: 10px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should check ngHide', function() {
+            var checkbox = element(by.model('checked'));
+            var checkElem = element(by.css('.check-element'));
+
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(true);
+            checkbox.click();
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(false);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     *
+     * <hr />
+     * @example
+     * A more complex example, featuring different show/hide animations:
+     *
+      <example module="ngAnimate" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-hide-complex">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          Hide: <input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" aria-label="Toggle ngHide"><br />
+          <div class="check-element funky-show-hide" ng-hide="checked">
+            I hide when your checkbox is checked.
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          body {
+            overflow: hidden;
+            perspective: 1000px;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-add {
+            transform: rotateZ(0);
+            transform-origin: right;
+            transition: all 0.5s ease-in-out;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-add.ng-hide-add-active {
+            transform: rotateZ(-135deg);
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-remove {
+            transform: rotateY(90deg);
+            transform-origin: left;
+            transition: all 0.5s ease;
+          }
+
+          .funky-show-hide.ng-hide-remove.ng-hide-remove-active {
+            transform: rotateY(0);
+          }
+
+          .check-element {
+            border: 1px solid black;
+            opacity: 1;
+            padding: 10px;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should check ngHide', function() {
+            var checkbox = element(by.model('checked'));
+            var checkElem = element(by.css('.check-element'));
+
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(true);
+            checkbox.click();
+            expect(checkElem.isDisplayed()).toBe(false);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var ngHideDirective = ['$animate', function ($animate) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            multiElement: true,
+            link: function (scope, element, attr) {
+                scope.$watch(attr.ngHide, function ngHideWatchAction(value) {
+                    // The comment inside of the ngShowDirective explains why we add and
+                    // remove a temporary class for the show/hide animation
+                    $animate[value ? 'addClass' : 'removeClass'](element, NG_HIDE_CLASS, {
+                        tempClasses: NG_HIDE_IN_PROGRESS_CLASS
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngStyle
+     * @restrict AC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngStyle` directive allows you to set CSS style on an HTML element conditionally.
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     * You should not use {@link guide/interpolation interpolation} in the value of the `style`
+     * attribute, when using the `ngStyle` directive on the same element.
+     * See {@link guide/interpolation#known-issues here} for more info.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     * @param {expression} ngStyle
+     *
+     * {@link guide/expression Expression} which evals to an
+     * object whose keys are CSS style names and values are corresponding values for those CSS
+     * keys.
+     *
+     * Since some CSS style names are not valid keys for an object, they must be quoted.
+     * See the 'background-color' style in the example below.
+     *
+     * @example
+       <example name="ng-style">
+         <file name="index.html">
+            <input type="button" value="set color" ng-click="myStyle={color:'red'}">
+            <input type="button" value="set background" ng-click="myStyle={'background-color':'blue'}">
+            <input type="button" value="clear" ng-click="myStyle={}">
+            <br/>
+            <span ng-style="myStyle">Sample Text</span>
+            <pre>myStyle={{myStyle}}</pre>
+         </file>
+         <file name="style.css">
+           span {
+             color: black;
+           }
+         </file>
+         <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var colorSpan = element(by.css('span'));
+
+           it('should check ng-style', function() {
+             expect(colorSpan.getCssValue('color')).toBe('rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)');
+             element(by.css('input[value=\'set color\']')).click();
+             expect(colorSpan.getCssValue('color')).toBe('rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)');
+             element(by.css('input[value=clear]')).click();
+             expect(colorSpan.getCssValue('color')).toBe('rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)');
+           });
+         </file>
+       </example>
+     */
+    var ngStyleDirective = ngDirective(function (scope, element, attr) {
+        scope.$watch(attr.ngStyle, function ngStyleWatchAction(newStyles, oldStyles) {
+            if (oldStyles && (newStyles !== oldStyles)) {
+                forEach(oldStyles, function (val, style) {
+                    element.css(style, '');
+                });
+            }
+            if (newStyles) element.css(newStyles);
+        }, true);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngSwitch
+     * @restrict EA
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The `ngSwitch` directive is used to conditionally swap DOM structure on your template based on a scope expression.
+     * Elements within `ngSwitch` but without `ngSwitchWhen` or `ngSwitchDefault` directives will be preserved at the location
+     * as specified in the template.
+     *
+     * The directive itself works similar to ngInclude, however, instead of downloading template code (or loading it
+     * from the template cache), `ngSwitch` simply chooses one of the nested elements and makes it visible based on which element
+     * matches the value obtained from the evaluated expression. In other words, you define a container element
+     * (where you place the directive), place an expression on the **`on="..."` attribute**
+     * (or the **`ng-switch="..."` attribute**), define any inner elements inside of the directive and place
+     * a when attribute per element. The when attribute is used to inform ngSwitch which element to display when the on
+     * expression is evaluated. If a matching expression is not found via a when attribute then an element with the default
+     * attribute is displayed.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * Be aware that the attribute values to match against cannot be expressions. They are interpreted
+     * as literal string values to match against.
+     * For example, **`ng-switch-when="someVal"`** will match against the string `"someVal"` not against the
+     * value of the expression `$scope.someVal`.
+     * </div>
+
+     * @animations
+     * | Animation                        | Occurs                              |
+     * |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#enter enter}  | after the ngSwitch contents change and the matched child element is placed inside the container |
+     * | {@link ng.$animate#leave leave}  | after the ngSwitch contents change and just before the former contents are removed from the DOM |
+     *
+     * @usage
+     *
+     * ```
+     * <ANY ng-switch="expression">
+     *   <ANY ng-switch-when="matchValue1">...</ANY>
+     *   <ANY ng-switch-when="matchValue2">...</ANY>
+     *   <ANY ng-switch-default>...</ANY>
+     * </ANY>
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * @scope
+     * @priority 1200
+     * @param {*} ngSwitch|on expression to match against <code>ng-switch-when</code>.
+     * On child elements add:
+     *
+     * * `ngSwitchWhen`: the case statement to match against. If match then this
+     *   case will be displayed. If the same match appears multiple times, all the
+     *   elements will be displayed. It is possible to associate multiple values to
+     *   the same `ngSwitchWhen` by defining the optional attribute
+     *   `ngSwitchWhenSeparator`. The separator will be used to split the value of
+     *   the `ngSwitchWhen` attribute into multiple tokens, and the element will show
+     *   if any of the `ngSwitch` evaluates to any of these tokens.
+     * * `ngSwitchDefault`: the default case when no other case match. If there
+     *   are multiple default cases, all of them will be displayed when no other
+     *   case match.
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+      <example module="switchExample" deps="angular-animate.js" animations="true" name="ng-switch">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+            <select ng-model="selection" ng-options="item for item in items">
+            </select>
+            <code>selection={{selection}}</code>
+            <hr/>
+            <div class="animate-switch-container"
+              ng-switch on="selection">
+                <div class="animate-switch" ng-switch-when="settings|options" ng-switch-when-separator="|">Settings Div</div>
+                <div class="animate-switch" ng-switch-when="home">Home Span</div>
+                <div class="animate-switch" ng-switch-default>default</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="script.js">
+          angular.module('switchExample', ['ngAnimate'])
+            .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+              $scope.items = ['settings', 'home', 'options', 'other'];
+              $scope.selection = $scope.items[0];
+            }]);
+        </file>
+        <file name="animations.css">
+          .animate-switch-container {
+            position:relative;
+            background:white;
+            border:1px solid black;
+            height:40px;
+            overflow:hidden;
+          }
+
+          .animate-switch {
+            padding:10px;
+          }
+
+          .animate-switch.ng-animate {
+            transition:all cubic-bezier(0.250, 0.460, 0.450, 0.940) 0.5s;
+
+            position:absolute;
+            top:0;
+            left:0;
+            right:0;
+            bottom:0;
+          }
+
+          .animate-switch.ng-leave.ng-leave-active,
+          .animate-switch.ng-enter {
+            top:-50px;
+          }
+          .animate-switch.ng-leave,
+          .animate-switch.ng-enter.ng-enter-active {
+            top:0;
+          }
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          var switchElem = element(by.css('[ng-switch]'));
+          var select = element(by.model('selection'));
+
+          it('should start in settings', function() {
+            expect(switchElem.getText()).toMatch(/Settings Div/);
+          });
+          it('should change to home', function() {
+            select.all(by.css('option')).get(1).click();
+            expect(switchElem.getText()).toMatch(/Home Span/);
+          });
+          it('should change to settings via "options"', function() {
+            select.all(by.css('option')).get(2).click();
+            expect(switchElem.getText()).toMatch(/Settings Div/);
+          });
+          it('should select default', function() {
+            select.all(by.css('option')).get(3).click();
+            expect(switchElem.getText()).toMatch(/default/);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var ngSwitchDirective = ['$animate', '$compile', function ($animate, $compile) {
+        return {
+            require: 'ngSwitch',
+
+            // asks for $scope to fool the BC controller module
+            controller: ['$scope', function NgSwitchController() {
+                this.cases = {};
+            }],
+            link: function (scope, element, attr, ngSwitchController) {
+                var watchExpr = attr.ngSwitch || attr.on,
+                    selectedTranscludes = [],
+                    selectedElements = [],
+                    previousLeaveAnimations = [],
+                    selectedScopes = [];
+
+                var spliceFactory = function (array, index) {
+                    return function (response) {
+                        if (response !== false) array.splice(index, 1);
+                    };
+                };
+
+                scope.$watch(watchExpr, function ngSwitchWatchAction(value) {
+                    var i, ii;
+
+                    // Start with the last, in case the array is modified during the loop
+                    while (previousLeaveAnimations.length) {
+                        $animate.cancel(previousLeaveAnimations.pop());
+                    }
+
+                    for (i = 0, ii = selectedScopes.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+                        var selected = getBlockNodes(selectedElements[i].clone);
+                        selectedScopes[i].$destroy();
+                        var runner = previousLeaveAnimations[i] = $animate.leave(selected);
+                        runner.done(spliceFactory(previousLeaveAnimations, i));
+                    }
+
+                    selectedElements.length = 0;
+                    selectedScopes.length = 0;
+
+                    if ((selectedTranscludes = ngSwitchController.cases['!' + value] || ngSwitchController.cases['?'])) {
+                        forEach(selectedTranscludes, function (selectedTransclude) {
+                            selectedTransclude.transclude(function (caseElement, selectedScope) {
+                                selectedScopes.push(selectedScope);
+                                var anchor = selectedTransclude.element;
+                                caseElement[caseElement.length++] = $compile.$$createComment('end ngSwitchWhen');
+                                var block = {
+                                    clone: caseElement
+                                };
+
+                                selectedElements.push(block);
+                                $animate.enter(caseElement, anchor.parent(), anchor);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    var ngSwitchWhenDirective = ngDirective({
+        transclude: 'element',
+        priority: 1200,
+        require: '^ngSwitch',
+        multiElement: true,
+        link: function (scope, element, attrs, ctrl, $transclude) {
+
+            var cases = attrs.ngSwitchWhen.split(attrs.ngSwitchWhenSeparator).sort().filter(
+                // Filter duplicate cases
+                function (element, index, array) {
+                    return array[index - 1] !== element;
+                }
+            );
+
+            forEach(cases, function (whenCase) {
+                ctrl.cases['!' + whenCase] = (ctrl.cases['!' + whenCase] || []);
+                ctrl.cases['!' + whenCase].push({
+                    transclude: $transclude,
+                    element: element
+                });
+            });
+        }
+    });
+
+    var ngSwitchDefaultDirective = ngDirective({
+        transclude: 'element',
+        priority: 1200,
+        require: '^ngSwitch',
+        multiElement: true,
+        link: function (scope, element, attr, ctrl, $transclude) {
+            ctrl.cases['?'] = (ctrl.cases['?'] || []);
+            ctrl.cases['?'].push({
+                transclude: $transclude,
+                element: element
+            });
+        }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngTransclude
+     * @restrict EAC
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Directive that marks the insertion point for the transcluded DOM of the nearest parent directive that uses transclusion.
+     *
+     * You can specify that you want to insert a named transclusion slot, instead of the default slot, by providing the slot name
+     * as the value of the `ng-transclude` or `ng-transclude-slot` attribute.
+     *
+     * If the transcluded content is not empty (i.e. contains one or more DOM nodes, including whitespace text nodes), any existing
+     * content of this element will be removed before the transcluded content is inserted.
+     * If the transcluded content is empty (or only whitespace), the existing content is left intact. This lets you provide fallback
+     * content in the case that no transcluded content is provided.
+     *
+     * @element ANY
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngTransclude|ngTranscludeSlot the name of the slot to insert at this point. If this is not provided, is empty
+     *                                               or its value is the same as the name of the attribute then the default slot is used.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Basic transclusion
+     * This example demonstrates basic transclusion of content into a component directive.
+     * <example name="simpleTranscludeExample" module="transcludeExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('transcludeExample', [])
+     *        .directive('pane', function(){
+     *           return {
+     *             restrict: 'E',
+     *             transclude: true,
+     *             scope: { title:'@' },
+     *             template: '<div style="border: 1px solid black;">' +
+     *                         '<div style="background-color: gray">{{title}}</div>' +
+     *                         '<ng-transclude></ng-transclude>' +
+     *                       '</div>'
+     *           };
+     *       })
+     *       .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *         $scope.title = 'Lorem Ipsum';
+     *         $scope.text = 'Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor...';
+     *       }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <input ng-model="title" aria-label="title"> <br/>
+     *       <textarea ng-model="text" aria-label="text"></textarea> <br/>
+     *       <pane title="{{title}}"><span>{{text}}</span></pane>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *      it('should have transcluded', function() {
+     *        var titleElement = element(by.model('title'));
+     *        titleElement.clear();
+     *        titleElement.sendKeys('TITLE');
+     *        var textElement = element(by.model('text'));
+     *        textElement.clear();
+     *        textElement.sendKeys('TEXT');
+     *        expect(element(by.binding('title')).getText()).toEqual('TITLE');
+     *        expect(element(by.binding('text')).getText()).toEqual('TEXT');
+     *      });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Transclude fallback content
+     * This example shows how to use `NgTransclude` with fallback content, that
+     * is displayed if no transcluded content is provided.
+     *
+     * <example module="transcludeFallbackContentExample" name="ng-transclude">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <script>
+     * angular.module('transcludeFallbackContentExample', [])
+     * .directive('myButton', function(){
+     *             return {
+     *               restrict: 'E',
+     *               transclude: true,
+     *               scope: true,
+     *               template: '<button style="cursor: pointer;">' +
+     *                           '<ng-transclude>' +
+     *                             '<b style="color: red;">Button1</b>' +
+     *                           '</ng-transclude>' +
+     *                         '</button>'
+     *             };
+     *         });
+     * </script>
+     * <!-- fallback button content -->
+     * <my-button id="fallback"></my-button>
+     * <!-- modified button content -->
+     * <my-button id="modified">
+     *   <i style="color: green;">Button2</i>
+     * </my-button>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     * it('should have different transclude element content', function() {
+     *          expect(element(by.id('fallback')).getText()).toBe('Button1');
+     *          expect(element(by.id('modified')).getText()).toBe('Button2');
+     *        });
+     * </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Multi-slot transclusion
+     * This example demonstrates using multi-slot transclusion in a component directive.
+     * <example name="multiSlotTranscludeExample" module="multiSlotTranscludeExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *    <style>
+     *      .title, .footer {
+     *        background-color: gray
+     *      }
+     *    </style>
+     *    <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *      <input ng-model="title" aria-label="title"> <br/>
+     *      <textarea ng-model="text" aria-label="text"></textarea> <br/>
+     *      <pane>
+     *        <pane-title><a ng-href="{{link}}">{{title}}</a></pane-title>
+     *        <pane-body><p>{{text}}</p></pane-body>
+     *      </pane>
+     *    </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *    angular.module('multiSlotTranscludeExample', [])
+     *     .directive('pane', function() {
+     *        return {
+     *          restrict: 'E',
+     *          transclude: {
+     *            'title': '?paneTitle',
+     *            'body': 'paneBody',
+     *            'footer': '?paneFooter'
+     *          },
+     *          template: '<div style="border: 1px solid black;">' +
+     *                      '<div class="title" ng-transclude="title">Fallback Title</div>' +
+     *                      '<div ng-transclude="body"></div>' +
+     *                      '<div class="footer" ng-transclude="footer">Fallback Footer</div>' +
+     *                    '</div>'
+     *        };
+     *    })
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.title = 'Lorem Ipsum';
+     *      $scope.link = 'https://google.com';
+     *      $scope.text = 'Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor...';
+     *    }]);
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *      it('should have transcluded the title and the body', function() {
+     *        var titleElement = element(by.model('title'));
+     *        titleElement.clear();
+     *        titleElement.sendKeys('TITLE');
+     *        var textElement = element(by.model('text'));
+     *        textElement.clear();
+     *        textElement.sendKeys('TEXT');
+     *        expect(element(by.css('.title')).getText()).toEqual('TITLE');
+     *        expect(element(by.binding('text')).getText()).toEqual('TEXT');
+     *        expect(element(by.css('.footer')).getText()).toEqual('Fallback Footer');
+     *      });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var ngTranscludeMinErr = minErr('ngTransclude');
+    var ngTranscludeDirective = ['$compile', function ($compile) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'EAC',
+            compile: function ngTranscludeCompile(tElement) {
+
+                // Remove and cache any original content to act as a fallback
+                var fallbackLinkFn = $compile(tElement.contents());
+                tElement.empty();
+
+                return function ngTranscludePostLink($scope, $element, $attrs, controller, $transclude) {
+
+                    if (!$transclude) {
+                        throw ngTranscludeMinErr('orphan',
+                            'Illegal use of ngTransclude directive in the template! ' +
+                            'No parent directive that requires a transclusion found. ' +
+                            'Element: {0}',
+                            startingTag($element));
+                    }
+
+
+                    // If the attribute is of the form: `ng-transclude="ng-transclude"` then treat it like the default
+                    if ($attrs.ngTransclude === $attrs.$attr.ngTransclude) {
+                        $attrs.ngTransclude = '';
+                    }
+                    var slotName = $attrs.ngTransclude || $attrs.ngTranscludeSlot;
+
+                    // If the slot is required and no transclusion content is provided then this call will throw an error
+                    $transclude(ngTranscludeCloneAttachFn, null, slotName);
+
+                    // If the slot is optional and no transclusion content is provided then use the fallback content
+                    if (slotName && !$transclude.isSlotFilled(slotName)) {
+                        useFallbackContent();
+                    }
+
+                    function ngTranscludeCloneAttachFn(clone, transcludedScope) {
+                        if (clone.length && notWhitespace(clone)) {
+                            $element.append(clone);
+                        } else {
+                            useFallbackContent();
+                            // There is nothing linked against the transcluded scope since no content was available,
+                            // so it should be safe to clean up the generated scope.
+                            transcludedScope.$destroy();
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    function useFallbackContent() {
+                        // Since this is the fallback content rather than the transcluded content,
+                        // we link against the scope of this directive rather than the transcluded scope
+                        fallbackLinkFn($scope, function (clone) {
+                            $element.append(clone);
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    function notWhitespace(nodes) {
+                        for (var i = 0, ii = nodes.length; i < ii; i++) {
+                            var node = nodes[i];
+                            if (node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPE_TEXT || node.nodeValue.trim()) {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name script
+     * @restrict E
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Load the content of a `<script>` element into {@link ng.$templateCache `$templateCache`}, so that the
+     * template can be used by {@link ng.directive:ngInclude `ngInclude`},
+     * {@link ngRoute.directive:ngView `ngView`}, or {@link guide/directive directives}. The type of the
+     * `<script>` element must be specified as `text/ng-template`, and a cache name for the template must be
+     * assigned through the element's `id`, which can then be used as a directive's `templateUrl`.
+     *
+     * @param {string} type Must be set to `'text/ng-template'`.
+     * @param {string} id Cache name of the template.
+     *
+     * @example
+      <example  name="script-tag">
+        <file name="index.html">
+          <script type="text/ng-template" id="/tpl.html">
+            Content of the template.
+          </script>
+
+          <a ng-click="currentTpl='/tpl.html'" id="tpl-link">Load inlined template</a>
+          <div id="tpl-content" ng-include src="currentTpl"></div>
+        </file>
+        <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+          it('should load template defined inside script tag', function() {
+            element(by.css('#tpl-link')).click();
+            expect(element(by.css('#tpl-content')).getText()).toMatch(/Content of the template/);
+          });
+        </file>
+      </example>
+     */
+    var scriptDirective = ['$templateCache', function ($templateCache) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'E',
+            terminal: true,
+            compile: function (element, attr) {
+                if (attr.type === 'text/ng-template') {
+                    var templateUrl = attr.id,
+                        text = element[0].text;
+
+                    $templateCache.put(templateUrl, text);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /* exported selectDirective, optionDirective */
+
+    var noopNgModelController = {
+        $setViewValue: noop,
+        $render: noop
+    };
+
+    function setOptionSelectedStatus(optionEl, value) {
+        optionEl.prop('selected', value);
+        /**
+         * When unselecting an option, setting the property to null / false should be enough
+         * However, screenreaders might react to the selected attribute instead, see
+         * https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/14419
+         * Note: "selected" is a boolean attr and will be removed when the "value" arg in attr() is false
+         * or null
+         */
+        optionEl.attr('selected', value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc type
+     * @name  select.SelectController
+     *
+     * @description
+     * The controller for the {@link ng.select select} directive. The controller exposes
+     * a few utility methods that can be used to augment the behavior of a regular or an
+     * {@link ng.ngOptions ngOptions} select element.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Set a custom error when the unknown option is selected
+     *
+     * This example sets a custom error "unknownValue" on the ngModelController
+     * when the select element's unknown option is selected, i.e. when the model is set to a value
+     * that is not matched by any option.
+     *
+     * <example name="select-unknown-value-error" module="staticSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="testSelect"> Single select: </label><br>
+     *     <select name="testSelect" ng-model="selected" unknown-value-error>
+     *       <option value="option-1">Option 1</option>
+     *       <option value="option-2">Option 2</option>
+     *     </select><br>
+     *     <span class="error" ng-if="myForm.testSelect.$error.unknownValue">
+     *       Error: The current model doesn't match any option</span><br>
+     *
+     *     <button ng-click="forceUnknownOption()">Force unknown option</button><br>
+     *   </form>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('staticSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.selected = null;
+     *
+     *      $scope.forceUnknownOption = function() {
+     *        $scope.selected = 'nonsense';
+     *      };
+     *   }])
+     *   .directive('unknownValueError', function() {
+     *     return {
+     *       require: ['ngModel', 'select'],
+     *       link: function(scope, element, attrs, ctrls) {
+     *         var ngModelCtrl = ctrls[0];
+     *         var selectCtrl = ctrls[1];
+     *
+     *         ngModelCtrl.$validators.unknownValue = function(modelValue, viewValue) {
+     *           if (selectCtrl.$isUnknownOptionSelected()) {
+     *             return false;
+     *           }
+     *
+     *           return true;
+     *         };
+     *       }
+     *
+     *     };
+     *   });
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Set the "required" error when the unknown option is selected.
+     *
+     * By default, the "required" error on the ngModelController is only set on a required select
+     * when the empty option is selected. This example adds a custom directive that also sets the
+     * error when the unknown option is selected.
+     *
+     * <example name="select-unknown-value-required" module="staticSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="testSelect"> Select: </label><br>
+     *     <select name="testSelect" ng-model="selected" required unknown-value-required>
+     *       <option value="option-1">Option 1</option>
+     *       <option value="option-2">Option 2</option>
+     *     </select><br>
+     *     <span class="error" ng-if="myForm.testSelect.$error.required">Error: Please select a value</span><br>
+     *
+     *     <button ng-click="forceUnknownOption()">Force unknown option</button><br>
+     *   </form>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('staticSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.selected = null;
+     *
+     *      $scope.forceUnknownOption = function() {
+     *        $scope.selected = 'nonsense';
+     *      };
+     *   }])
+     *   .directive('unknownValueRequired', function() {
+     *     return {
+     *       priority: 1, // This directive must run after the required directive has added its validator
+     *       require: ['ngModel', 'select'],
+     *       link: function(scope, element, attrs, ctrls) {
+     *         var ngModelCtrl = ctrls[0];
+     *         var selectCtrl = ctrls[1];
+     *
+     *         var originalRequiredValidator = ngModelCtrl.$validators.required;
+     *
+     *         ngModelCtrl.$validators.required = function() {
+     *           if (attrs.required && selectCtrl.$isUnknownOptionSelected()) {
+     *             return false;
+     *           }
+     *
+     *           return originalRequiredValidator.apply(this, arguments);
+     *         };
+     *       }
+     *     };
+     *   });
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *  it('should show the error message when the unknown option is selected', function() {
+
+          var error = element(by.className('error'));
+
+          expect(error.getText()).toBe('Error: Please select a value');
+
+          element(by.cssContainingText('option', 'Option 1')).click();
+
+          expect(error.isPresent()).toBe(false);
+
+          element(by.tagName('button')).click();
+
+          expect(error.getText()).toBe('Error: Please select a value');
+        });
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     *
+     */
+    var SelectController = ['$element', '$scope', /** @this */ function ($element, $scope) {
+
+        var self = this,
+            optionsMap = new NgMap();
+
+        self.selectValueMap = {}; // Keys are the hashed values, values the original values
+
+        // If the ngModel doesn't get provided then provide a dummy noop version to prevent errors
+        self.ngModelCtrl = noopNgModelController;
+        self.multiple = false;
+
+        // The "unknown" option is one that is prepended to the list if the viewValue
+        // does not match any of the options. When it is rendered the value of the unknown
+        // option is '? XXX ?' where XXX is the hashKey of the value that is not known.
+        //
+        // Support: IE 9 only
+        // We can't just jqLite('<option>') since jqLite is not smart enough
+        // to create it in <select> and IE barfs otherwise.
+        self.unknownOption = jqLite(window.document.createElement('option'));
+
+        // The empty option is an option with the value '' that the application developer can
+        // provide inside the select. It is always selectable and indicates that a "null" selection has
+        // been made by the user.
+        // If the select has an empty option, and the model of the select is set to "undefined" or "null",
+        // the empty option is selected.
+        // If the model is set to a different unmatched value, the unknown option is rendered and
+        // selected, i.e both are present, because a "null" selection and an unknown value are different.
+        self.hasEmptyOption = false;
+        self.emptyOption = undefined;
+
+        self.renderUnknownOption = function (val) {
+            var unknownVal = self.generateUnknownOptionValue(val);
+            self.unknownOption.val(unknownVal);
+            $element.prepend(self.unknownOption);
+            setOptionSelectedStatus(self.unknownOption, true);
+            $element.val(unknownVal);
+        };
+
+        self.updateUnknownOption = function (val) {
+            var unknownVal = self.generateUnknownOptionValue(val);
+            self.unknownOption.val(unknownVal);
+            setOptionSelectedStatus(self.unknownOption, true);
+            $element.val(unknownVal);
+        };
+
+        self.generateUnknownOptionValue = function (val) {
+            return '? ' + hashKey(val) + ' ?';
+        };
+
+        self.removeUnknownOption = function () {
+            if (self.unknownOption.parent()) self.unknownOption.remove();
+        };
+
+        self.selectEmptyOption = function () {
+            if (self.emptyOption) {
+                $element.val('');
+                setOptionSelectedStatus(self.emptyOption, true);
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.unselectEmptyOption = function () {
+            if (self.hasEmptyOption) {
+                setOptionSelectedStatus(self.emptyOption, false);
+            }
+        };
+
+        $scope.$on('$destroy', function () {
+            // disable unknown option so that we don't do work when the whole select is being destroyed
+            self.renderUnknownOption = noop;
+        });
+
+        // Read the value of the select control, the implementation of this changes depending
+        // upon whether the select can have multiple values and whether ngOptions is at work.
+        self.readValue = function readSingleValue() {
+            var val = $element.val();
+            // ngValue added option values are stored in the selectValueMap, normal interpolations are not
+            var realVal = val in self.selectValueMap ? self.selectValueMap[val] : val;
+
+            if (self.hasOption(realVal)) {
+                return realVal;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        };
+
+
+        // Write the value to the select control, the implementation of this changes depending
+        // upon whether the select can have multiple values and whether ngOptions is at work.
+        self.writeValue = function writeSingleValue(value) {
+            // Make sure to remove the selected attribute from the previously selected option
+            // Otherwise, screen readers might get confused
+            var currentlySelectedOption = $element[0].options[$element[0].selectedIndex];
+            if (currentlySelectedOption) setOptionSelectedStatus(jqLite(currentlySelectedOption), false);
+
+            if (self.hasOption(value)) {
+                self.removeUnknownOption();
+
+                var hashedVal = hashKey(value);
+                $element.val(hashedVal in self.selectValueMap ? hashedVal : value);
+
+                // Set selected attribute and property on selected option for screen readers
+                var selectedOption = $element[0].options[$element[0].selectedIndex];
+                setOptionSelectedStatus(jqLite(selectedOption), true);
+            } else {
+                self.selectUnknownOrEmptyOption(value);
+            }
+        };
+
+
+        // Tell the select control that an option, with the given value, has been added
+        self.addOption = function (value, element) {
+            // Skip comment nodes, as they only pollute the `optionsMap`
+            if (element[0].nodeType === NODE_TYPE_COMMENT) return;
+
+            assertNotHasOwnProperty(value, '"option value"');
+            if (value === '') {
+                self.hasEmptyOption = true;
+                self.emptyOption = element;
+            }
+            var count = optionsMap.get(value) || 0;
+            optionsMap.set(value, count + 1);
+            // Only render at the end of a digest. This improves render performance when many options
+            // are added during a digest and ensures all relevant options are correctly marked as selected
+            scheduleRender();
+        };
+
+        // Tell the select control that an option, with the given value, has been removed
+        self.removeOption = function (value) {
+            var count = optionsMap.get(value);
+            if (count) {
+                if (count === 1) {
+                    optionsMap.delete(value);
+                    if (value === '') {
+                        self.hasEmptyOption = false;
+                        self.emptyOption = undefined;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    optionsMap.set(value, count - 1);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Check whether the select control has an option matching the given value
+        self.hasOption = function (value) {
+            return !!optionsMap.get(value);
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name select.SelectController#$hasEmptyOption
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Returns `true` if the select element currently has an empty option
+         * element, i.e. an option that signifies that the select is empty / the selection is null.
+         *
+         */
+        self.$hasEmptyOption = function () {
+            return self.hasEmptyOption;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name select.SelectController#$isUnknownOptionSelected
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Returns `true` if the select element's unknown option is selected. The unknown option is added
+         * and automatically selected whenever the select model doesn't match any option.
+         *
+         */
+        self.$isUnknownOptionSelected = function () {
+            // Presence of the unknown option means it is selected
+            return $element[0].options[0] === self.unknownOption[0];
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @ngdoc method
+         * @name select.SelectController#$isEmptyOptionSelected
+         *
+         * @description
+         *
+         * Returns `true` if the select element has an empty option and this empty option is currently
+         * selected. Returns `false` if the select element has no empty option or it is not selected.
+         *
+         */
+        self.$isEmptyOptionSelected = function () {
+            return self.hasEmptyOption && $element[0].options[$element[0].selectedIndex] === self.emptyOption[0];
+        };
+
+        self.selectUnknownOrEmptyOption = function (value) {
+            if (value == null && self.emptyOption) {
+                self.removeUnknownOption();
+                self.selectEmptyOption();
+            } else if (self.unknownOption.parent().length) {
+                self.updateUnknownOption(value);
+            } else {
+                self.renderUnknownOption(value);
+            }
+        };
+
+        var renderScheduled = false;
+
+        function scheduleRender() {
+            if (renderScheduled) return;
+            renderScheduled = true;
+            $scope.$$postDigest(function () {
+                renderScheduled = false;
+                self.ngModelCtrl.$render();
+            });
+        }
+
+        var updateScheduled = false;
+
+        function scheduleViewValueUpdate(renderAfter) {
+            if (updateScheduled) return;
+
+            updateScheduled = true;
+
+            $scope.$$postDigest(function () {
+                if ($scope.$$destroyed) return;
+
+                updateScheduled = false;
+                self.ngModelCtrl.$setViewValue(self.readValue());
+                if (renderAfter) self.ngModelCtrl.$render();
+            });
+        }
+
+
+        self.registerOption = function (optionScope, optionElement, optionAttrs, interpolateValueFn, interpolateTextFn) {
+
+            if (optionAttrs.$attr.ngValue) {
+                // The value attribute is set by ngValue
+                var oldVal, hashedVal = NaN;
+                optionAttrs.$observe('value', function valueAttributeObserveAction(newVal) {
+
+                    var removal;
+                    var previouslySelected = optionElement.prop('selected');
+
+                    if (isDefined(hashedVal)) {
+                        self.removeOption(oldVal);
+                        delete self.selectValueMap[hashedVal];
+                        removal = true;
+                    }
+
+                    hashedVal = hashKey(newVal);
+                    oldVal = newVal;
+                    self.selectValueMap[hashedVal] = newVal;
+                    self.addOption(newVal, optionElement);
+                    // Set the attribute directly instead of using optionAttrs.$set - this stops the observer
+                    // from firing a second time. Other $observers on value will also get the result of the
+                    // ngValue expression, not the hashed value
+                    optionElement.attr('value', hashedVal);
+
+                    if (removal && previouslySelected) {
+                        scheduleViewValueUpdate();
+                    }
+
+                });
+            } else if (interpolateValueFn) {
+                // The value attribute is interpolated
+                optionAttrs.$observe('value', function valueAttributeObserveAction(newVal) {
+                    // This method is overwritten in ngOptions and has side-effects!
+                    self.readValue();
+
+                    var removal;
+                    var previouslySelected = optionElement.prop('selected');
+
+                    if (isDefined(oldVal)) {
+                        self.removeOption(oldVal);
+                        removal = true;
+                    }
+                    oldVal = newVal;
+                    self.addOption(newVal, optionElement);
+
+                    if (removal && previouslySelected) {
+                        scheduleViewValueUpdate();
+                    }
+                });
+            } else if (interpolateTextFn) {
+                // The text content is interpolated
+                optionScope.$watch(interpolateTextFn, function interpolateWatchAction(newVal, oldVal) {
+                    optionAttrs.$set('value', newVal);
+                    var previouslySelected = optionElement.prop('selected');
+                    if (oldVal !== newVal) {
+                        self.removeOption(oldVal);
+                    }
+                    self.addOption(newVal, optionElement);
+
+                    if (oldVal && previouslySelected) {
+                        scheduleViewValueUpdate();
+                    }
+                });
+            } else {
+                // The value attribute is static
+                self.addOption(optionAttrs.value, optionElement);
+            }
+
+
+            optionAttrs.$observe('disabled', function (newVal) {
+
+                // Since model updates will also select disabled options (like ngOptions),
+                // we only have to handle options becoming disabled, not enabled
+
+                if (newVal === 'true' || newVal && optionElement.prop('selected')) {
+                    if (self.multiple) {
+                        scheduleViewValueUpdate(true);
+                    } else {
+                        self.ngModelCtrl.$setViewValue(null);
+                        self.ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            optionElement.on('$destroy', function () {
+                var currentValue = self.readValue();
+                var removeValue = optionAttrs.value;
+
+                self.removeOption(removeValue);
+                scheduleRender();
+
+                if (self.multiple && currentValue && currentValue.indexOf(removeValue) !== -1 ||
+                    currentValue === removeValue
+                ) {
+                    // When multiple (selected) options are destroyed at the same time, we don't want
+                    // to run a model update for each of them. Instead, run a single update in the $$postDigest
+                    scheduleViewValueUpdate(true);
+                }
+            });
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name select
+     * @restrict E
+     *
+     * @description
+     * HTML `select` element with AngularJS data-binding.
+     *
+     * The `select` directive is used together with {@link ngModel `ngModel`} to provide data-binding
+     * between the scope and the `<select>` control (including setting default values).
+     * It also handles dynamic `<option>` elements, which can be added using the {@link ngRepeat `ngRepeat}` or
+     * {@link ngOptions `ngOptions`} directives.
+     *
+     * When an item in the `<select>` menu is selected, the value of the selected option will be bound
+     * to the model identified by the `ngModel` directive. With static or repeated options, this is
+     * the content of the `value` attribute or the textContent of the `<option>`, if the value attribute is missing.
+     * Value and textContent can be interpolated.
+     *
+     * The {@link select.SelectController select controller} exposes utility functions that can be used
+     * to manipulate the select's behavior.
+     *
+     * ## Matching model and option values
+     *
+     * In general, the match between the model and an option is evaluated by strictly comparing the model
+     * value against the value of the available options.
+     *
+     * If you are setting the option value with the option's `value` attribute, or textContent, the
+     * value will always be a `string` which means that the model value must also be a string.
+     * Otherwise the `select` directive cannot match them correctly.
+     *
+     * To bind the model to a non-string value, you can use one of the following strategies:
+     * - the {@link ng.ngOptions `ngOptions`} directive
+     *   ({@link ng.select#using-select-with-ngoptions-and-setting-a-default-value})
+     * - the {@link ng.ngValue `ngValue`} directive, which allows arbitrary expressions to be
+     *   option values ({@link ng.select#using-ngvalue-to-bind-the-model-to-an-array-of-objects Example})
+     * - model $parsers / $formatters to convert the string value
+     *   ({@link ng.select#binding-select-to-a-non-string-value-via-ngmodel-parsing-formatting Example})
+     *
+     * If the viewValue of `ngModel` does not match any of the options, then the control
+     * will automatically add an "unknown" option, which it then removes when the mismatch is resolved.
+     *
+     * Optionally, a single hard-coded `<option>` element, with the value set to an empty string, can
+     * be nested into the `<select>` element. This element will then represent the `null` or "not selected"
+     * option. See example below for demonstration.
+     *
+     * ## Choosing between `ngRepeat` and `ngOptions`
+     *
+     * In many cases, `ngRepeat` can be used on `<option>` elements instead of {@link ng.directive:ngOptions
+     * ngOptions} to achieve a similar result. However, `ngOptions` provides some benefits:
+     * - more flexibility in how the `<select>`'s model is assigned via the `select` **`as`** part of the
+     * comprehension expression
+     * - reduced memory consumption by not creating a new scope for each repeated instance
+     * - increased render speed by creating the options in a documentFragment instead of individually
+     *
+     * Specifically, select with repeated options slows down significantly starting at 2000 options in
+     * Chrome and Internet Explorer / Edge.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param {string} ngModel Assignable AngularJS expression to data-bind to.
+     * @param {string=} name Property name of the form under which the control is published.
+     * @param {string=} multiple Allows multiple options to be selected. The selected values will be
+     *     bound to the model as an array.
+     * @param {string=} required Sets `required` validation error key if the value is not entered.
+     * @param {string=} ngRequired Adds required attribute and required validation constraint to
+     * the element when the ngRequired expression evaluates to true. Use ngRequired instead of required
+     * when you want to data-bind to the required attribute.
+     * @param {string=} ngChange AngularJS expression to be executed when selected option(s) changes due to user
+     *    interaction with the select element.
+     * @param {string=} ngOptions sets the options that the select is populated with and defines what is
+     * set on the model on selection. See {@link ngOptions `ngOptions`}.
+     * @param {string=} ngAttrSize sets the size of the select element dynamically. Uses the
+     * {@link guide/interpolation#-ngattr-for-binding-to-arbitrary-attributes ngAttr} directive.
+     *
+     *
+     * @knownIssue
+     *
+     * In Firefox, the select model is only updated when the select element is blurred. For example,
+     * when switching between options with the keyboard, the select model is only set to the
+     * currently selected option when the select is blurred, e.g via tab key or clicking the mouse
+     * outside the select.
+     *
+     * This is due to an ambiguity in the select element specification. See the
+     * [issue on the Firefox bug tracker](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=126379)
+     * for more information, and this
+     * [Github comment for a workaround](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/9134#issuecomment-130800488)
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Simple `select` elements with static options
+     *
+     * <example name="static-select" module="staticSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="singleSelect"> Single select: </label><br>
+     *     <select name="singleSelect" ng-model="data.singleSelect">
+     *       <option value="option-1">Option 1</option>
+     *       <option value="option-2">Option 2</option>
+     *     </select><br>
+     *
+     *     <label for="singleSelect"> Single select with "not selected" option and dynamic option values: </label><br>
+     *     <select name="singleSelect" id="singleSelect" ng-model="data.singleSelect">
+     *       <option value="">---Please select---</option> <!-- not selected / blank option -->
+     *       <option value="{{data.option1}}">Option 1</option> <!-- interpolation -->
+     *       <option value="option-2">Option 2</option>
+     *     </select><br>
+     *     <button ng-click="forceUnknownOption()">Force unknown option</button><br>
+     *     <tt>singleSelect = {{data.singleSelect}}</tt>
+     *
+     *     <hr>
+     *     <label for="multipleSelect"> Multiple select: </label><br>
+     *     <select name="multipleSelect" id="multipleSelect" ng-model="data.multipleSelect" multiple>
+     *       <option value="option-1">Option 1</option>
+     *       <option value="option-2">Option 2</option>
+     *       <option value="option-3">Option 3</option>
+     *     </select><br>
+     *     <tt>multipleSelect = {{data.multipleSelect}}</tt><br/>
+     *   </form>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('staticSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.data = {
+     *       singleSelect: null,
+     *       multipleSelect: [],
+     *       option1: 'option-1'
+     *      };
+     *
+     *      $scope.forceUnknownOption = function() {
+     *        $scope.data.singleSelect = 'nonsense';
+     *      };
+     *   }]);
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Using `ngRepeat` to generate `select` options
+     * <example name="select-ngrepeat" module="ngrepeatSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="repeatSelect"> Repeat select: </label>
+     *     <select name="repeatSelect" id="repeatSelect" ng-model="data.model">
+     *       <option ng-repeat="option in data.availableOptions" value="{{option.id}}">{{option.name}}</option>
+     *     </select>
+     *   </form>
+     *   <hr>
+     *   <tt>model = {{data.model}}</tt><br/>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('ngrepeatSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.data = {
+     *       model: null,
+     *       availableOptions: [
+     *         {id: '1', name: 'Option A'},
+     *         {id: '2', name: 'Option B'},
+     *         {id: '3', name: 'Option C'}
+     *       ]
+     *      };
+     *   }]);
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Using `ngValue` to bind the model to an array of objects
+     * <example name="select-ngvalue" module="ngvalueSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="ngvalueselect"> ngvalue select: </label>
+     *     <select size="6" name="ngvalueselect" ng-model="data.model" multiple>
+     *       <option ng-repeat="option in data.availableOptions" ng-value="option.value">{{option.name}}</option>
+     *     </select>
+     *   </form>
+     *   <hr>
+     *   <pre>model = {{data.model | json}}</pre><br/>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('ngvalueSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.data = {
+     *       model: null,
+     *       availableOptions: [
+               {value: 'myString', name: 'string'},
+               {value: 1, name: 'integer'},
+               {value: true, name: 'boolean'},
+               {value: null, name: 'null'},
+               {value: {prop: 'value'}, name: 'object'},
+               {value: ['a'], name: 'array'}
+     *       ]
+     *      };
+     *   }]);
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Using `select` with `ngOptions` and setting a default value
+     * See the {@link ngOptions ngOptions documentation} for more `ngOptions` usage examples.
+     *
+     * <example name="select-with-default-values" module="defaultValueSelect">
+     * <file name="index.html">
+     * <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *   <form name="myForm">
+     *     <label for="mySelect">Make a choice:</label>
+     *     <select name="mySelect" id="mySelect"
+     *       ng-options="option.name for option in data.availableOptions track by option.id"
+     *       ng-model="data.selectedOption"></select>
+     *   </form>
+     *   <hr>
+     *   <tt>option = {{data.selectedOption}}</tt><br/>
+     * </div>
+     * </file>
+     * <file name="app.js">
+     *  angular.module('defaultValueSelect', [])
+     *    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *      $scope.data = {
+     *       availableOptions: [
+     *         {id: '1', name: 'Option A'},
+     *         {id: '2', name: 'Option B'},
+     *         {id: '3', name: 'Option C'}
+     *       ],
+     *       selectedOption: {id: '3', name: 'Option C'} //This sets the default value of the select in the ui
+     *       };
+     *   }]);
+     * </file>
+     *</example>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ### Binding `select` to a non-string value via `ngModel` parsing / formatting
+     *
+     * <example name="select-with-non-string-options" module="nonStringSelect">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <select ng-model="model.id" convert-to-number>
+     *       <option value="0">Zero</option>
+     *       <option value="1">One</option>
+     *       <option value="2">Two</option>
+     *     </select>
+     *     {{ model }}
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="app.js">
+     *     angular.module('nonStringSelect', [])
+     *       .run(function($rootScope) {
+     *         $rootScope.model = { id: 2 };
+     *       })
+     *       .directive('convertToNumber', function() {
+     *         return {
+     *           require: 'ngModel',
+     *           link: function(scope, element, attrs, ngModel) {
+     *             ngModel.$parsers.push(function(val) {
+     *               return parseInt(val, 10);
+     *             });
+     *             ngModel.$formatters.push(function(val) {
+     *               return '' + val;
+     *             });
+     *           }
+     *         };
+     *       });
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+     *     it('should initialize to model', function() {
+     *       expect(element(by.model('model.id')).$('option:checked').getText()).toEqual('Two');
+     *     });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     *
+     */
+    var selectDirective = function () {
+
+        return {
+            restrict: 'E',
+            require: ['select', '?ngModel'],
+            controller: SelectController,
+            priority: 1,
+            link: {
+                pre: selectPreLink,
+                post: selectPostLink
+            }
+        };
+
+        function selectPreLink(scope, element, attr, ctrls) {
+
+            var selectCtrl = ctrls[0];
+            var ngModelCtrl = ctrls[1];
+
+            // if ngModel is not defined, we don't need to do anything but set the registerOption
+            // function to noop, so options don't get added internally
+            if (!ngModelCtrl) {
+                selectCtrl.registerOption = noop;
+                return;
+            }
+
+
+            selectCtrl.ngModelCtrl = ngModelCtrl;
+
+            // When the selected item(s) changes we delegate getting the value of the select control
+            // to the `readValue` method, which can be changed if the select can have multiple
+            // selected values or if the options are being generated by `ngOptions`
+            element.on('change', function () {
+                selectCtrl.removeUnknownOption();
+                scope.$apply(function () {
+                    ngModelCtrl.$setViewValue(selectCtrl.readValue());
+                });
+            });
+
+            // If the select allows multiple values then we need to modify how we read and write
+            // values from and to the control; also what it means for the value to be empty and
+            // we have to add an extra watch since ngModel doesn't work well with arrays - it
+            // doesn't trigger rendering if only an item in the array changes.
+            if (attr.multiple) {
+                selectCtrl.multiple = true;
+
+                // Read value now needs to check each option to see if it is selected
+                selectCtrl.readValue = function readMultipleValue() {
+                    var array = [];
+                    forEach(element.find('option'), function (option) {
+                        if (option.selected && !option.disabled) {
+                            var val = option.value;
+                            array.push(val in selectCtrl.selectValueMap ? selectCtrl.selectValueMap[val] : val);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    return array;
+                };
+
+                // Write value now needs to set the selected property of each matching option
+                selectCtrl.writeValue = function writeMultipleValue(value) {
+                    forEach(element.find('option'), function (option) {
+                        var shouldBeSelected = !!value && (includes(value, option.value) ||
+                            includes(value, selectCtrl.selectValueMap[option.value]));
+                        var currentlySelected = option.selected;
+
+                        // Support: IE 9-11 only, Edge 12-15+
+                        // In IE and Edge adding options to the selection via shift+click/UP/DOWN
+                        // will de-select already selected options if "selected" on those options was set
+                        // more than once (i.e. when the options were already selected)
+                        // So we only modify the selected property if necessary.
+                        // Note: this behavior cannot be replicated via unit tests because it only shows in the
+                        // actual user interface.
+                        if (shouldBeSelected !== currentlySelected) {
+                            setOptionSelectedStatus(jqLite(option), shouldBeSelected);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+                };
+
+                // we have to do it on each watch since ngModel watches reference, but
+                // we need to work of an array, so we need to see if anything was inserted/removed
+                var lastView, lastViewRef = NaN;
+                scope.$watch(function selectMultipleWatch() {
+                    if (lastViewRef === ngModelCtrl.$viewValue && !equals(lastView, ngModelCtrl.$viewValue)) {
+                        lastView = shallowCopy(ngModelCtrl.$viewValue);
+                        ngModelCtrl.$render();
+                    }
+                    lastViewRef = ngModelCtrl.$viewValue;
+                });
+
+                // If we are a multiple select then value is now a collection
+                // so the meaning of $isEmpty changes
+                ngModelCtrl.$isEmpty = function (value) {
+                    return !value || value.length === 0;
+                };
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        function selectPostLink(scope, element, attrs, ctrls) {
+            // if ngModel is not defined, we don't need to do anything
+            var ngModelCtrl = ctrls[1];
+            if (!ngModelCtrl) return;
+
+            var selectCtrl = ctrls[0];
+
+            // We delegate rendering to the `writeValue` method, which can be changed
+            // if the select can have multiple selected values or if the options are being
+            // generated by `ngOptions`.
+            // This must be done in the postLink fn to prevent $render to be called before
+            // all nodes have been linked correctly.
+            ngModelCtrl.$render = function () {
+                selectCtrl.writeValue(ngModelCtrl.$viewValue);
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    // The option directive is purely designed to communicate the existence (or lack of)
+    // of dynamically created (and destroyed) option elements to their containing select
+    // directive via its controller.
+    var optionDirective = ['$interpolate', function ($interpolate) {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'E',
+            priority: 100,
+            compile: function (element, attr) {
+                var interpolateValueFn, interpolateTextFn;
+
+                if (isDefined(attr.ngValue)) {
+                    // Will be handled by registerOption
+                } else if (isDefined(attr.value)) {
+                    // If the value attribute is defined, check if it contains an interpolation
+                    interpolateValueFn = $interpolate(attr.value, true);
+                } else {
+                    // If the value attribute is not defined then we fall back to the
+                    // text content of the option element, which may be interpolated
+                    interpolateTextFn = $interpolate(element.text(), true);
+                    if (!interpolateTextFn) {
+                        attr.$set('value', element.text());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return function (scope, element, attr) {
+                    // This is an optimization over using ^^ since we don't want to have to search
+                    // all the way to the root of the DOM for every single option element
+                    var selectCtrlName = '$selectController',
+                        parent = element.parent(),
+                        selectCtrl = parent.data(selectCtrlName) ||
+                        parent.parent().data(selectCtrlName); // in case we are in optgroup
+
+                    if (selectCtrl) {
+                        selectCtrl.registerOption(scope, element, attr, interpolateValueFn, interpolateTextFn);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }];
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngRequired
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngRequired AngularJS expression. If it evaluates to `true`, it sets the
+     *                                `required` attribute to the element and adds the `required`
+     *                                {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `validator`}.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * ngRequired adds the required {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `validator`} to {@link ngModel `ngModel`}.
+     * It is most often used for {@link input `input`} and {@link select `select`} controls, but can also be
+     * applied to custom controls.
+     *
+     * The directive sets the `required` attribute on the element if the AngularJS expression inside
+     * `ngRequired` evaluates to true. A special directive for setting `required` is necessary because we
+     * cannot use interpolation inside `required`. See the {@link guide/interpolation interpolation guide}
+     * for more info.
+     *
+     * The validator will set the `required` error key to true if the `required` attribute is set and
+     * calling {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$isEmpty `NgModelController.$isEmpty`} with the
+     * {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue `ngModel.$viewValue`} returns `true`. For example, the
+     * `$isEmpty()` implementation for `input[text]` checks the length of the `$viewValue`. When developing
+     * custom controls, `$isEmpty()` can be overwritten to account for a $viewValue that is not string-based.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngRequiredDirective" module="ngRequiredExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('ngRequiredExample', [])
+     *         .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *           $scope.required = true;
+     *         }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="form">
+     *         <label for="required">Toggle required: </label>
+     *         <input type="checkbox" ng-model="required" id="required" />
+     *         <br>
+     *         <label for="input">This input must be filled if `required` is true: </label>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="model" id="input" name="input" ng-required="required" /><br>
+     *         <hr>
+     *         required error set? = <code>{{form.input.$error.required}}</code><br>
+     *         model = <code>{{model}}</code>
+     *       </form>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var required = element(by.binding('form.input.$error.required'));
+           var model = element(by.binding('model'));
+           var input = element(by.id('input'));
+
+           it('should set the required error', function() {
+             expect(required.getText()).toContain('true');
+
+             input.sendKeys('123');
+             expect(required.getText()).not.toContain('true');
+             expect(model.getText()).toContain('123');
+           });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var requiredDirective = function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            require: '?ngModel',
+            link: function (scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
+                if (!ctrl) return;
+                attr.required = true; // force truthy in case we are on non input element
+
+                ctrl.$validators.required = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return !attr.required || !ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue);
+                };
+
+                attr.$observe('required', function () {
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngPattern
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @param {expression|RegExp} ngPattern AngularJS expression that must evaluate to a `RegExp` or a `String`
+     *                                      parsable into a `RegExp`, or a `RegExp` literal. See above for
+     *                                      more details.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * ngPattern adds the pattern {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `validator`} to {@link ngModel `ngModel`}.
+     * It is most often used for text-based {@link input `input`} controls, but can also be applied to custom text-based controls.
+     *
+     * The validator sets the `pattern` error key if the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue `ngModel.$viewValue`}
+     * does not match a RegExp which is obtained from the `ngPattern` attribute value:
+     * - the value is an AngularJS expression:
+     *   - If the expression evaluates to a RegExp object, then this is used directly.
+     *   - If the expression evaluates to a string, then it will be converted to a RegExp after wrapping it
+     *     in `^` and `$` characters. For instance, `"abc"` will be converted to `new RegExp('^abc$')`.
+     * - If the value is a RegExp literal, e.g. `ngPattern="/^\d+$/"`, it is used directly.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Note:** Avoid using the `g` flag on the RegExp, as it will cause each successive search to
+     * start at the index of the last search's match, thus not taking the whole input value into
+     * account.
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Note:** This directive is also added when the plain `pattern` attribute is used, with two
+     * differences:
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>
+     *     `ngPattern` does not set the `pattern` attribute and therefore HTML5 constraint validation is
+     *     not available.
+     *   </li>
+     *   <li>
+     *     The `ngPattern` attribute must be an expression, while the `pattern` value must be
+     *     interpolated.
+     *   </li>
+     * </ol>
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngPatternDirective" module="ngPatternExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('ngPatternExample', [])
+     *         .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *           $scope.regex = '\\d+';
+     *         }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="form">
+     *         <label for="regex">Set a pattern (regex string): </label>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="regex" id="regex" />
+     *         <br>
+     *         <label for="input">This input is restricted by the current pattern: </label>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="model" id="input" name="input" ng-pattern="regex" /><br>
+     *         <hr>
+     *         input valid? = <code>{{form.input.$valid}}</code><br>
+     *         model = <code>{{model}}</code>
+     *       </form>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var model = element(by.binding('model'));
+           var input = element(by.id('input'));
+
+           it('should validate the input with the default pattern', function() {
+             input.sendKeys('aaa');
+             expect(model.getText()).not.toContain('aaa');
+
+             input.clear().then(function() {
+               input.sendKeys('123');
+               expect(model.getText()).toContain('123');
+             });
+           });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var patternDirective = function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            require: '?ngModel',
+            link: function (scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
+                if (!ctrl) return;
+
+                var regexp, patternExp = attr.ngPattern || attr.pattern;
+                attr.$observe('pattern', function (regex) {
+                    if (isString(regex) && regex.length > 0) {
+                        regex = new RegExp('^' + regex + '$');
+                    }
+
+                    if (regex && !regex.test) {
+                        throw minErr('ngPattern')('noregexp',
+                            'Expected {0} to be a RegExp but was {1}. Element: {2}', patternExp,
+                            regex, startingTag(elm));
+                    }
+
+                    regexp = regex || undefined;
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+
+                ctrl.$validators.pattern = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    // HTML5 pattern constraint validates the input value, so we validate the viewValue
+                    return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || isUndefined(regexp) || regexp.test(viewValue);
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMaxlength
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMaxlength AngularJS expression that must evaluate to a `Number` or `String`
+     *                                 parsable into a `Number`. Used as value for the `maxlength`
+     *                                 {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators validator}.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * ngMaxlength adds the maxlength {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `validator`} to {@link ngModel `ngModel`}.
+     * It is most often used for text-based {@link input `input`} controls, but can also be applied to custom text-based controls.
+     *
+     * The validator sets the `maxlength` error key if the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue `ngModel.$viewValue`}
+     * is longer than the integer obtained by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the
+     * `ngMaxlength` attribute value.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Note:** This directive is also added when the plain `maxlength` attribute is used, with two
+     * differences:
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>
+     *     `ngMaxlength` does not set the `maxlength` attribute and therefore HTML5 constraint
+     *     validation is not available.
+     *   </li>
+     *   <li>
+     *     The `ngMaxlength` attribute must be an expression, while the `maxlength` value must be
+     *     interpolated.
+     *   </li>
+     * </ol>
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngMaxlengthDirective" module="ngMaxlengthExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('ngMaxlengthExample', [])
+     *         .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *           $scope.maxlength = 5;
+     *         }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="form">
+     *         <label for="maxlength">Set a maxlength: </label>
+     *         <input type="number" ng-model="maxlength" id="maxlength" />
+     *         <br>
+     *         <label for="input">This input is restricted by the current maxlength: </label>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="model" id="input" name="input" ng-maxlength="maxlength" /><br>
+     *         <hr>
+     *         input valid? = <code>{{form.input.$valid}}</code><br>
+     *         model = <code>{{model}}</code>
+     *       </form>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var model = element(by.binding('model'));
+           var input = element(by.id('input'));
+
+           it('should validate the input with the default maxlength', function() {
+             input.sendKeys('abcdef');
+             expect(model.getText()).not.toContain('abcdef');
+
+             input.clear().then(function() {
+               input.sendKeys('abcde');
+               expect(model.getText()).toContain('abcde');
+             });
+           });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var maxlengthDirective = function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            require: '?ngModel',
+            link: function (scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
+                if (!ctrl) return;
+
+                var maxlength = -1;
+                attr.$observe('maxlength', function (value) {
+                    var intVal = toInt(value);
+                    maxlength = isNumberNaN(intVal) ? -1 : intVal;
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+                ctrl.$validators.maxlength = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return (maxlength < 0) || ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || (viewValue.length <= maxlength);
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc directive
+     * @name ngMinlength
+     * @restrict A
+     *
+     * @param {expression} ngMinlength AngularJS expression that must evaluate to a `Number` or `String`
+     *                                 parsable into a `Number`. Used as value for the `minlength`
+     *                                 {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators validator}.
+     *
+     * @description
+     *
+     * ngMinlength adds the minlength {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$validators `validator`} to {@link ngModel `ngModel`}.
+     * It is most often used for text-based {@link input `input`} controls, but can also be applied to custom text-based controls.
+     *
+     * The validator sets the `minlength` error key if the {@link ngModel.NgModelController#$viewValue `ngModel.$viewValue`}
+     * is shorter than the integer obtained by evaluating the AngularJS expression given in the
+     * `ngMinlength` attribute value.
+     *
+     * <div class="alert alert-info">
+     * **Note:** This directive is also added when the plain `minlength` attribute is used, with two
+     * differences:
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>
+     *     `ngMinlength` does not set the `minlength` attribute and therefore HTML5 constraint
+     *     validation is not available.
+     *   </li>
+     *   <li>
+     *     The `ngMinlength` value must be an expression, while the `minlength` value must be
+     *     interpolated.
+     *   </li>
+     * </ol>
+     * </div>
+     *
+     * @example
+     * <example name="ngMinlengthDirective" module="ngMinlengthExample">
+     *   <file name="index.html">
+     *     <script>
+     *       angular.module('ngMinlengthExample', [])
+     *         .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+     *           $scope.minlength = 3;
+     *         }]);
+     *     </script>
+     *     <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+     *       <form name="form">
+     *         <label for="minlength">Set a minlength: </label>
+     *         <input type="number" ng-model="minlength" id="minlength" />
+     *         <br>
+     *         <label for="input">This input is restricted by the current minlength: </label>
+     *         <input type="text" ng-model="model" id="input" name="input" ng-minlength="minlength" /><br>
+     *         <hr>
+     *         input valid? = <code>{{form.input.$valid}}</code><br>
+     *         model = <code>{{model}}</code>
+     *       </form>
+     *     </div>
+     *   </file>
+     *   <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+           var model = element(by.binding('model'));
+           var input = element(by.id('input'));
+
+           it('should validate the input with the default minlength', function() {
+             input.sendKeys('ab');
+             expect(model.getText()).not.toContain('ab');
+
+             input.sendKeys('abc');
+             expect(model.getText()).toContain('abc');
+           });
+     *   </file>
+     * </example>
+     */
+    var minlengthDirective = function () {
+        return {
+            restrict: 'A',
+            require: '?ngModel',
+            link: function (scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
+                if (!ctrl) return;
+
+                var minlength = 0;
+                attr.$observe('minlength', function (value) {
+                    minlength = toInt(value) || 0;
+                    ctrl.$validate();
+                });
+                ctrl.$validators.minlength = function (modelValue, viewValue) {
+                    return ctrl.$isEmpty(viewValue) || viewValue.length >= minlength;
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    };
+
+    if (window.angular.bootstrap) {
+        // AngularJS is already loaded, so we can return here...
+        if (window.console) {
+            console.log('WARNING: Tried to load AngularJS more than once.');
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // try to bind to jquery now so that one can write jqLite(fn)
+    // but we will rebind on bootstrap again.
+    bindJQuery();
+
+    publishExternalAPI(angular);
+
+    angular.module("ngLocale", [], ["$provide", function ($provide) {
+        var PLURAL_CATEGORY = {
+            ZERO: "zero",
+            ONE: "one",
+            TWO: "two",
+            FEW: "few",
+            MANY: "many",
+            OTHER: "other"
+        };
+
+        function getDecimals(n) {
+            n = n + '';
+            var i = n.indexOf('.');
+            return (i == -1) ? 0 : n.length - i - 1;
+        }
+
+        function getVF(n, opt_precision) {
+            var v = opt_precision;
+
+            if (undefined === v) {
+                v = Math.min(getDecimals(n), 3);
+            }
+
+            var base = Math.pow(10, v);
+            var f = ((n * base) | 0) % base;
+            return {
+                v: v,
+                f: f
+            };
+        }
+
+        $provide.value("$locale", {
+            "DATETIME_FORMATS": {
+                "AMPMS": [
+                    "AM",
+                    "PM"
+                ],
+                "DAY": [
+                    "Sunday",
+                    "Monday",
+                    "Tuesday",
+                    "Wednesday",
+                    "Thursday",
+                    "Friday",
+                    "Saturday"
+                ],
+                "ERANAMES": [
+                    "Before Christ",
+                    "Anno Domini"
+                ],
+                "ERAS": [
+                    "BC",
+                    "AD"
+                ],
+                "FIRSTDAYOFWEEK": 6,
+                "MONTH": [
+                    "January",
+                    "February",
+                    "March",
+                    "April",
+                    "May",
+                    "June",
+                    "July",
+                    "August",
+                    "September",
+                    "October",
+                    "November",
+                    "December"
+                ],
+                "SHORTDAY": [
+                    "Sun",
+                    "Mon",
+                    "Tue",
+                    "Wed",
+                    "Thu",
+                    "Fri",
+                    "Sat"
+                ],
+                "SHORTMONTH": [
+                    "Jan",
+                    "Feb",
+                    "Mar",
+                    "Apr",
+                    "May",
+                    "Jun",
+                    "Jul",
+                    "Aug",
+                    "Sep",
+                    "Oct",
+                    "Nov",
+                    "Dec"
+                ],
+                "STANDALONEMONTH": [
+                    "January",
+                    "February",
+                    "March",
+                    "April",
+                    "May",
+                    "June",
+                    "July",
+                    "August",
+                    "September",
+                    "October",
+                    "November",
+                    "December"
+                ],
+                "WEEKENDRANGE": [
+                    5,
+                    6
+                ],
+                "fullDate": "EEEE, MMMM d, y",
+                "longDate": "MMMM d, y",
+                "medium": "MMM d, y h:mm:ss a",
+                "mediumDate": "MMM d, y",
+                "mediumTime": "h:mm:ss a",
+                "short": "M/d/yy h:mm a",
+                "shortDate": "M/d/yy",
+                "shortTime": "h:mm a"
+            },
+            "NUMBER_FORMATS": {
+                "CURRENCY_SYM": "$",
+                "DECIMAL_SEP": ".",
+                "GROUP_SEP": ",",
+                "PATTERNS": [{
+                        "gSize": 3,
+                        "lgSize": 3,
+                        "maxFrac": 3,
+                        "minFrac": 0,
+                        "minInt": 1,
+                        "negPre": "-",
+                        "negSuf": "",
+                        "posPre": "",
+                        "posSuf": ""
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "gSize": 3,
+                        "lgSize": 3,
+                        "maxFrac": 2,
+                        "minFrac": 2,
+                        "minInt": 1,
+                        "negPre": "-\u00a4",
+                        "negSuf": "",
+                        "posPre": "\u00a4",
+                        "posSuf": ""
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            "id": "en-us",
+            "localeID": "en_US",
+            "pluralCat": function (n, opt_precision) {
+                var i = n | 0;
+                var vf = getVF(n, opt_precision);
+                if (i == 1 && vf.v == 0) {
+                    return PLURAL_CATEGORY.ONE;
+                }
+                return PLURAL_CATEGORY.OTHER;
+            }
+        });
+    }]);
+
+    jqLite(function () {
+        angularInit(window.document, bootstrap);
+    });
+
+})(window);
+
+!window.angular.$$csp().noInlineStyle && window.angular.element(document.head).prepend('<style type="text/css">@charset "UTF-8";[ng\\:cloak],[ng-cloak],[data-ng-cloak],[x-ng-cloak],.ng-cloak,.x-ng-cloak,.ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate){display:none !important;}ng\\:form{display:block;}.ng-animate-shim{visibility:hidden;}.ng-anchor{position:absolute;}</style>');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
index 09ebd87..35be341 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/repos/repos.component.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ var repos = {
 				</li>
 			</ul>
 		</div>
-	`
+    `
 };
 
 angular

From 55f9602819724a08c66b0a3207136d1e4fb464b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sascha Kleiber <skleiber@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2018 12:11:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Removed bang from prefix, otherwise substates not working
 with 1.6

---
 29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html       |  8 ++++----
 29-resolves-bindings/content/js/app.js        | 16 +++++++++------
 .../contact/email/contact-email.component.js  | 20 +++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html b/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
index 9f0a568..0f9e10b 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/index.html
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@
             <header class="header">
                 <ul class="header__labels">
                     <li>
-                        <a href="#!/">Home</a>
+                        <a href="#/">Home</a>
                     </li>
                     <li>
-                        <a href="#!/about">About</a>
+                        <a href="#/about">About</a>
                     </li>
                     <li>
-                        <a href="#!/contact">Contact</a>
+                        <a href="#/contact">Contact</a>
                     </li>
                     <li>
-                        <a href="#!/repos">GitHub repos</a>
+                        <a href="#/repos">GitHub repos</a>
                     </li>
                 </ul>
             </header>
diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/app.js b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/app.js
index 17a309a..bc51baf 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/app.js
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 angular
-	.module('app', [
-		'home',
-		'about',
-		'contact',
-		'repos'
-	]);
+    .module('app', [
+        'home',
+        'about',
+        'contact',
+        'repos'
+    ])
+    .config(function ($locationProvider) {
+        $locationProvider
+            .hashPrefix('');
+    });
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js
index b110771..4980ff6 100644
--- a/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js
+++ b/29-resolves-bindings/content/js/components/contact/email/contact-email.component.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 var contactEmail = {
-	template: `
+    template: `
 		<div>Contact us via Email: todd@toddmotto.com</div>
 	`
 };
 
 angular
-	.module('contact')
-	.component('contactEmail', contactEmail)
-	.config(function ($stateProvider) {
-		$stateProvider
-			.state('contact.email', {
-				url: '/email', // this inherits from the parent state, so /contact/email
-				component: 'contactEmail'
-			});
-	});
+    .module('contact')
+    .component('contactEmail', contactEmail)
+    .config(function ($stateProvider) {
+        $stateProvider
+            .state('contact.email', {
+                url: '/email', // this inherits from the parent state, so /contact/email
+                component: 'contactEmail'
+            });
+    });
\ No newline at end of file
