Funded by the EU.

Base utilities for EO4EU

This package serves as a common base of utilities used in other eo4eu-[...]-utils packages. You may find it generally useful.

General

• The if_none function helps with the writing of optional parameters. For example:

def validate(input: str, accepted: list[str]|None = None):
    accepted = if_none(accepted, ["yes", "definitely", "absolutely"])
    if input not in accepted:
        raise ValueError(f"Input \"{input}\" not in {accepted}")

Typing

The eo4eu_base_utils.typing submodule provides some of the types found in the standard library typing module. The difference is, for versions below 3.10, this module will pull them from typing_extensions instead.

Unify

The eo4eu_base_utils.unify submodule provides functions for working with dictionaries. Namely:

• overlay combines two dictionaries recursively, preserving nested keys if possible. In the case of conflicts, overlay will prefer the second dictionary provided. Example:

from pprint import pprint
from eo4eu_base_utils.unify import overlay

h0 = {
    "name": "bobby.png",
    "dataset": "hamster images",
    "date": None,
    "metadata": {
        "size": "3TB",
        "color": "brown",
    },
}
h1 = {
    "path": "/usr/hamsters/bobby.png",
    "date": "2025-14-01",
    "metadata": {
        "color": "brown and white, actually",
        "type": "chubby",
    },
}

pprint(overlay(h0, h1))

Output:

{'dataset': 'hamster images',
 'date': '2025-14-01',
 'metadata': {'color': 'brown and white, actually',
              'size': '3TB',
              'type': 'chubby'},
 'name': 'bobby.png',
 'path': '/usr/hamsters/bobby.png'}

• unify is similar to overlay, but raises a eo4eu_base_utils.unify.UnifyError in the case of conflicts. This function has a more general notion of values being "compatible"; one or both of the dictionaries might have types as values, thus serving as more of a schema. An example:

from pprint import pprint
from eo4eu_base_utils.unify import overlay

schema = {
    "service": "elasticsearch",
    "auth": {
        "username": str,
        "password": str,
    },
    "port": int,
}

good_data = {
    "service": "elasticsearch",
    "mood": "good",
    "auth": {
        "username": "buddy",
        "password": "pasword",
    },
    "port": 6868,
}

also_good_data = {  # doesn't matter if keys are missing
    "auth": {
        "username": "buddy",
    },
}

bad_data = {
    "auth": {
        "username": 007,  # not a string
    },
}

pprint(unify(schema, good_data))
pprint(unify(schema, also_good_data))
pprint(unify(schema, bad_data))  # this will raise an error

unify is commutative, therefore unify(d0, d1) == unify(d1, d0).

Result

The Result type is a hacky attempt to get something like rust's Result type, and have errors as values instead of exceptions. It has several constructors:

def parse_num(num_str: str) -> Result[float]:
    try:
        return Result.ok(float(num_str))
    except Exception as e:
        return Result.err(str(e))

The above function may also be written as:

def parse_num(num_str: str) -> Result[float]:
    return Result.wrap(float, num_str)

The Result type allows you to do a few neat things. For example, instead of this pattern:

config = None
try:
    config = read_from_file(config_file)
except Exception as e:
    logger.error(f"Failed to read config: {e}")

You can do this:

config = read_from_file(config_file)  # returns Result
if config.is_err():
    logger.error(f"Failed to read config: {config.fmt_err()}")

There is also result.is_ok() which is the opposite of result.is_err(). Also, things like:

some_num = (Result.wrap(get_user_input)
                  .default("7")
                  .map_ok(lambda num_str: float(num_str))
                  .map_ok(lambda num: num if num > 0 else 0)
                  .unwrap())  # this raises an exception if the result is an error

Which would normally be written as:

def get_some_num():
    user_input = "7"
    try:
        user_input = get_user_input()
    except Exception:
        pass

    num = float(user_input)
    if num < 0:
        num = 0
    return num

Possibly a bad example, but anyway...