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43 changes: 21 additions & 22 deletions app/_mesh_policies/external-services/index.md
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{:.warning}
> This policy is deprecated. Use [`MeshExternalService`](/mesh/meshexternalservice/) instead.

This policy allows services running inside the mesh to consume services that are not part of the mesh. The `ExternalService` resource allows you to declare specific external resources by name within the mesh, instead of implementing the default [passthrough mode](/docs/{{ page.release }}/networking/non-mesh-traffic#outgoing). Passthrough mode allows access to any non-mesh host by specifying its domain name or IP address, without the ability to apply any traffic policies. The `ExternalService` resource enables the same observability, security, and traffic manipulation for external traffic as for services entirely inside the mesh
This policy allows services running inside the mesh to consume services that are not part of the mesh. The `ExternalService` resource allows you to declare specific external resources by name within the mesh, instead of implementing the default passthrough mode. Passthrough mode allows access to any non-mesh host by specifying its domain name or IP address, without the ability to apply any traffic policies. The `ExternalService` resource enables the same observability, security, and traffic manipulation for external traffic as for services entirely inside the mesh

When you enable this policy, you should also [disable passthrough mode](/docs/{{ page.release }}/networking/non-mesh-traffic#outgoing) for the mesh and enable the [data plane proxy builtin DNS](/docs/{{ page.release }}/networking/dns) name resolution.
When you enable this policy, you should also disable passthrough mode for the mesh and enable the [data plane proxy built-in DNS](/mesh/dns/) name resolution.

## Usage

Simple configuration of external service requires `name` of the resource, `kuma.io/service: service-name`, and `address`. By default, a protocol used for communication is `TCP`. It's possible to change that by configuring `kuma.io/protocol` tag. Apart from that, it's possible to define TLS configuration used for communication with external services. More information about configuration options can be found [here](#available-policy-fields).
Simple configuration of external service requires `name` of the resource, `kuma.io/service: service-name`, and `address`. By default, a protocol used for communication is `TCP`. It's possible to change that by configuring `kuma.io/protocol` tag. Apart from that, it's possible to define TLS configuration used for communication with external services. For more information, see [available policy fields](#available-policy-fields).

Below is an example of simple HTTPS external service:

{% tabs %}
{% tab Kubernetes %}
{% navtabs "environment" %}
{% navtab "Kubernetes" %}
```yaml
apiVersion: kuma.io/v1alpha1
kind: ExternalService
Expand All @@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ spec:

Then apply the configuration with `kubectl apply -f [..]`.

{% endtab %}
{% endnavtab %}

{% tab Universal %}
{% navtab "Universal" %}
```yaml
type: ExternalService
mesh: default
Expand All @@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ networking:
secret: clientKey
```

Then apply the configuration with `kumactl apply -f [..]` or with the [HTTP API](/docs/{{ page.release }}/reference/http-api).
Then apply the configuration with `kumactl apply -f [..]` or with the HTTP API.

Universal mode is best combined with [transparent proxy](/docs/{{ page.release }}/production/dp-config/transparent-proxying/). For backward compatibility only, you can consume an external service from within the mesh by filling the proper `outbound` section of the relevant data plane resource:
Universal mode is best combined with [transparent proxy](/mesh/transparent-proxying/). For backward compatibility only, you can consume an external service from within the mesh by filling the proper `outbound` section of the relevant data plane resource:

```yaml
type: Dataplane
Expand All @@ -98,15 +98,15 @@ networking:

Then `httpbin.org` is accessible at `127.0.0.1:10000`.

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
{% endnavtab %}
{% endnavtabs %}

### Accessing the External Service
### Accessing the external service

Consuming the defined service from within the mesh for both Kubernetes and Universal deployments (assuming [transparent proxy](/docs/{{ page.release }}/production/dp-config/transparent-proxying/)) can be done:
Consuming the defined service from within the mesh for both Kubernetes and Universal deployments (assuming [transparent proxy](/mesh/transparent-proxying/)) can be done:

* With the `.mesh` naming of the service `curl httpbin.mesh`. With this approach, specify port 80.
* With the real name and port, in this case `curl httpbin.org:443`. This approach works only with [the data plane proxy builtin DNS](/docs/{{ page.release }}/networking/dns) name resolution.
* With the real name and port, in this case `curl httpbin.org:443`. This approach works only with [the data plane proxy builtin DNS](/mesh/dns/) name resolution.

It's possible to define TLS origination and validation at 2 different layers:
* Envoy is responsible for originating and verifying TLS.
Expand All @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ The first approach has an advantage that we can apply HTTP based policies, becau
* `address` the address of the external service. It has to be a valid IP address or a domain name, and must include a port.
* `tls` is the section to configure the TLS originator when consuming the external service:
* `enabled` turns on and off the TLS origination.
* `allowRenegotiation` turns on and off TLS renegotiation. It's not recommended enabling this for [security reasons](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/api-v3/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/tls.proto).
* `allowRenegotiation` turns on and off TLS renegotiation. We don't recommend enabling this for [security reasons](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/api-v3/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/tls.proto).
However, some servers require this setting to fetch client certificate after TLS handshake. TLS renegotiation is not available in TLS v1.3.
* `serverName` overrides the default Server Name Indication. Set this value to empty string to disable SNI.
* `caCert` the CA certificate for the external service TLS verification.
Expand All @@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ The first approach has an advantage that we can apply HTTP based policies, becau

As with other services, avoid duplicating service names under `kuma.io/service` with already existing ones. A good practice is to derive the tag value from the domain name or IP of the actual external service.

### External Services and Locality Aware Load Balancing
### External services and locality-aware load balancing

There are might be scenarios when a particular external service should be accessible only from the particular zone.
In order to make it work we should use `kuma.io/zone` tag for external service. When this tag is set and {% if_version lte:2.5.x %}[locality-aware load balancing](/docs/{{ page.release }}/policies/locality-aware){% endif_version %}{% if_version gte:2.6.x %}[locality-aware load balancing](/docs/{{ page.release }}/policies/meshloadbalancingstrategy){% endif_version %} is enabled
To make it work we should use `kuma.io/zone` tag for external service. When this tag is set and [locality-aware load balancing](/mesh/policies/meshloadbalancingstrategy/) is enabled
then the traffic from the zone will be redirected only to external services associated with the zone using `kuma.io/zone` tag.

Example:
Expand All @@ -167,16 +167,15 @@ networking:
address: zone-2.httpbin.org:80
```

In this example, when {% if_version lte:2.5.x %}[locality-aware load balancing](/docs/{{ page.release }}/policies/locality-aware){% endif_version %}{% if_version gte:2.6.x %}[locality-aware load balancing](/docs/{{ page.release }}/policies/meshloadbalancingstrategy){% endif_version %} is enabled, if the service in the `zone-1` is trying to set connection with
In this example, when [locality-aware load balancing](/mesh/policies/meshloadbalancingstrategy/) is enabled, if the service in the `zone-1` is trying to set connection with
`httpbin.mesh` it will be redirected to `zone-1.httpbin.org:80`. Whereas the same request from the `zone-2` will be redirected to `zone-2.httpbin.org:80`.

{:.warning}
> If `ZoneEgress` is enabled, there is a limitation that prevents the behavior described above from working. The control-plane replaces the external service's address in the remote zone with the IP address of `ZoneEgress`. This causes a problem because Envoy does not support a cluster that use both DNS and IP addresses as endpoints definition.
> If `ZoneEgress` is enabled, there is a limitation that prevents the behavior described above from working. The control plane replaces the external service's address in the remote zone with the IP address of `ZoneEgress`. This causes a problem because Envoy does not support a cluster that use both DNS and IP addresses as endpoints definition.


## Builtin Gateway support
## Built-in Gateway support

{{site.mesh_product_name}} Gateway fully supports external services.
Note that mesh Dataplanes can be configured with the same `kuma.io/service` tag as an external service resource.
In this scenario, {{site.mesh_product_name}} Gateway will prefer the ExternalService and not route any traffic to the Dataplanes.
Note that before gateway becomes generally available this behaviour will change to be the same as for any other dataplanes.
Note that before the gateway becomes generally available, this behavior matches that of any other dataplanes.
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