Add base exception class and error handling utilities

[Sichao25]

Based on the discussion in issue #112 , introduces a base exception class for PCMS error handling and adds utility functions to control error behavior. This provides a foundation for error handling across the codebase.

[jacobmerson]

I think this is much more complex than it needs to be. The compiler will insert a std::terminate if the code is compiled with -fnoexcept. My suggestion would be that we just create a basic pcms exception type that can live in the utility library I defined in #252.

An example of what this exception type should look like can be found here: https://github.com/SCOREC/mumfim/blob/develop/src/mumfim/exceptions.h