Add palindrome number checker

[damodarlokapure]

Description of Change

This pull request adds a basic palindrome number checker to the math folder.
The implementation checks whether a given integer reads the same forwards and
backwards using an efficient reverse-number approach.

Checklist

• Added description of change
• Added file name matches File name guidelines
• Added tests and example, test must pass
• Added documentation so that the program is self-explanatory and educational
• Relevant documentation/comments is changed or added
• PR title follows semantic commit guidelines
• Search previous suggestions before making a new one, as yours may be a duplicate.
• I acknowledge that all my contributions will be made under the project's license.

Notes:
Adds a beginner-friendly palindrome number algorithm with clear logic and comments.