processkit

Async child-process management for Rust with a kernel-backed no-orphan guarantee: every process you start — and everything it spawns — lives in a kill-on-drop container, so no descendant outlives your program.

use processkit::Command;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let version = Command::new("cargo").arg("--version").run().await?;
    println!("{version}");
    Ok(())
}

Why processkit?

std::process and tokio::process reach (at most) the direct child. The processes it spawned — a build tool's compiler children, the real payload behind a wrapper (cmd /c …, sh -c …), a test's helper servers — survive a timeout, a panic, or a dropped future, and keep running as orphans.

processkit spawns every child into the operating system's own containment primitive — a Job Object on Windows, a cgroup v2 on Linux (with a process-group fallback), a POSIX process group on macOS/BSD — so teardown is a kernel operation over the whole tree, not a best-effort signal to one pid:

• Nothing escapes silently. Dropping the handle or group reaps every descendant, grandchildren included. Where a mechanism has a genuine weakness (a setsid child escapes a POSIX process group), the active Mechanism is reported instead of pretending — never a silent downgrade.
• Async-first. Run-and-capture, line streaming, interactive stdin, readiness probes, shell-free pipelines, supervision — all tokio futures.
• Honest results. A non-zero exit is data (ProcessResult) until you ask for success; a timeout is captured in the result; a cancellation is always an error; every platform divergence is typed or documented.
• Testable. One trait seam (ProcessRunner) swaps the real spawner for scripted doubles or record/replay cassettes — no subprocess in your tests.

How it compares

	whole-tree kill-on-drop	async	limits / stats	streaming · pipelines · supervision
std::process	—	—	—	—
tokio::process	—	✓	—	—
command-group	✓	✓	—	—
async-process	—	✓ (smol)	—	—
duct	—	—	—	pipelines
processkit	✓	✓ (tokio)	✓	✓

The first column is the differentiator: a child's descendants are contained and reaped as a unit (Job Object / cgroup v2 / process group), not just the direct child.

Status: feature-complete — every capability below ships today; pre-1.0, so the API can still move between minor versions. See CHANGELOG.md.

Install

cargo add processkit

This crate requires a tokio runtime. Minimum Supported Rust Version: 1.88.

Picking a verb

Every run starts with the same builder; the verb you finish with decides what you get back:

You want	Call	You get
stdout, success required	.run()	trimmed String; non-zero exit / timeout / kill → typed Error
the full outcome, exit code as data	.output_string() / .output_bytes()	ProcessResult — code, stdout, stderr, timed_out; never errors on non-zero
just the exit code	.exit_code()	i32 (a timed-out / killed run errors instead of inventing -1)
a yes/no answer	.probe()	bool — exit 0 → true, 1 → false, anything else errors
the first matching output line	.first_line(|l| …)	Option<String> — None when stdout closes without a match
a live handle — streaming, stdin, probes	.start()	RunningProcess

The same vocabulary repeats on every layer (ProcessRunner, CliClient), and processkit::run("git", ["status"]) / processkit::output(…) skip the builder for one-liners.

Quick start

use processkit::{Command, ProcessGroup, Stdin};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    // Capture output; a non-zero exit does not error on its own.
    let result = Command::new("git").args(["rev-parse", "HEAD"]).output_string().await?;
    println!("HEAD is {}", result.stdout().trim());

    // Require success and get trimmed stdout directly.
    let version = Command::new("cargo").arg("--version").run().await?;
    println!("{version}");

    // Feed stdin.
    let sorted = Command::new("sort")
        .stdin(Stdin::from_string("banana\napple\n"))
        .output_string()
        .await?;
    println!("{}", sorted.stdout());

    // Share one kill-on-drop group across several children; dropping the group
    // reaps the whole tree.
    let group = ProcessGroup::new()?;
    let _server = group.start(&Command::new("some-server")).await?;
    // ... work ...
    group.shutdown().await?; // graceful SIGTERM → wait → SIGKILL (Unix); atomic on Windows

    Ok(())
}

Documentation

This README is the quick tour. The docs/ guide set goes deeper on every capability, with more examples and the platform fine print collected in one place. New here? Skim the Cookbook first — it maps "I want to …" tasks to working snippets — then read Running commands end to end:

Guide	Covers
Cookbook	Task → snippet recipes for everything below; the fastest way in
Running commands	The full Command builder and every consuming verb, with error semantics
Process groups	Containment, teardown, signals, suspend/resume, members, limits, stats
Streaming & interactive I/O	Line streaming, conversational stdin, readiness probes, wait_any, profiling
Pipelines	Shell-free a | b | c, pipefail attribution, chain timeouts
Timeouts, retries & cancellation	Captured vs raised deadlines, retry classifiers, CancellationToken
Supervision	Restart policies, backoff & jitter, stop conditions, outcomes
Testing your code	The ProcessRunner seam, scripted/recording/mock doubles, cassettes, CliClient
Platform support	Mechanisms, all capability matrices, every caveat

API reference: docs.rs/processkit.

Where the project is headed: the roadmap (committed near-term work). Open proposals and settled decisions live in ideas/ and decisions/.

Feature flags

Each flag is additive and only gates visibility — the kill-on-drop tree guarantee is unconditional in every configuration.

Feature	Default	Adds
stats	✅	group/per-run resource measurement, sample_stats, profile
process-control	✅	Signal, ProcessGroup::{signal, suspend, resume, members, adopt}
limits	—	whole-tree resource caps (implies stats)
cancellation	—	CancellationToken integration (pulls tokio-util)
record	—	record/replay cassettes (pulls serde)
mock	—	mockall-generated MockRunner
tracing	—	lifecycle events: spawn/exit, timeout/cancel, teardown, retries, storms (never argv/env)

Capping a group's resources

Requires the limits feature (off by default) — add it to the dependency:

processkit = { version = "…", features = ["limits"] }

ProcessGroupOptions can then bound the whole tree's memory, process count, and CPU at creation, so a runaway or untrusted child tree can't exhaust the host:

use processkit::{Command, ProcessGroup, ProcessGroupOptions};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let group = ProcessGroup::with_options(
        ProcessGroupOptions::default()
            .memory_max(512 * 1024 * 1024) // 512 MiB across the tree
            .max_processes(64)
            .cpu_quota(0.5),               // half of one core
    )?;
    let _job = group.start(&Command::new("untrusted-tool")).await?;
    // ... work ...
    Ok(())
}

cpu_quota is a fraction of a single core (0.5 = half a core, 2.0 = two cores); on Windows it is converted against the host's CPU count and is approximate.

Limits need a real container — a Windows Job Object or a Linux cgroup v2. There is no whole-tree limit on macOS/the BSDs, the Linux process-group fallback, or the no-containment target, and a Linux cgroup must permit controller delegation (run as root, in a container, or under a systemd unit with Delegate=yes). When a requested limit can't be enforced, with_options returns Error::ResourceLimit instead of a silently-unbounded group — an unapplied cap is no protection.

Deeper: Process groups → resource limits.

Signalling and pausing the whole tree

Beyond the kill/shutdown teardown verbs, a group can broadcast a signal to every member or freeze and thaw the whole tree:

use processkit::{Command, ProcessGroup, Signal};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let group = ProcessGroup::new()?;
    let _server = group.start(&Command::new("my-server")).await?;

    group.signal(Signal::Hup)?; // e.g. "reload configuration"
    group.suspend()?;           // freeze the whole tree…
    group.resume()?;            // …and let it run again
    Ok(())
}

Signals are POSIX-only: on Windows just Signal::Kill is deliverable (it maps to the Job Object terminate) and anything else returns Error::Unsupported. Signal::Kill always takes the same whole-tree hard-kill path as terminate_all(). Suspend/resume work everywhere a container exists — one cgroup.freeze write covering the subtree on Linux, SIGSTOP/SIGCONT on macOS/BSD and the Linux process-group fallback (both idempotent), and per-thread suspension on Windows (best-effort; only there nested suspends stack and need matching resumes).

Deeper: Process groups → signals, suspend/resume.

Inspecting the tree

members() snapshots the live member pids, and wait_any races several running processes, reporting whichever exits first — the natural primitive for supervising a few long-lived children:

use processkit::{Command, ProcessGroup, wait_any};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let group = ProcessGroup::new()?;
    let mut a = group.start(&Command::new("server-a")).await?;
    let mut b = group.start(&Command::new("server-b")).await?;

    println!("live pids: {:?}", group.members()?);

    // Borrows only: the loser stays usable after the race.
    let (idx, code) = wait_any(&mut [&mut a, &mut b]).await?;
    println!("contender #{idx} exited first with {code:?}");
    Ok(())
}

members() lists the whole tree on Windows (Job Object) and Linux (cgroup); the POSIX process-group backends list the tracked group leaders only. (members is part of the default-on process-control feature; wait_any is always available.) wait_any applies no per-process timeout (bound the race with tokio::time::timeout) and does no output pumping — drain chatty children first.

Deeper: Process groups → members · Streaming → racing children.

Running many at once

wait_any's siblings cover the join and fan-out cases. wait_all joins a fixed set of handles you already hold, returning every exit code in order; output_all runs a whole batch of commands with a concurrency cap, so fanning out hundreds of commands can't exhaust file descriptors or the process table:

use processkit::{Command, JobRunner, wait_all, output_all};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let group = processkit::ProcessGroup::new()?;
    let mut a = group.start(&Command::new("worker-a")).await?;
    let mut b = group.start(&Command::new("worker-b")).await?;
    let codes = wait_all(&mut [&mut a, &mut b]).await?; // both, in input order

    // 200 conversions, but never more than 8 processes alive at once.
    let cmds = (0..200).map(|i| Command::new("convert").arg(format!("{i}.png")));
    let results = output_all(cmds, 8, &JobRunner).await;
    let failed = results.iter().filter(|r| !matches!(r, Ok(o) if o.is_success())).count();
    println!("{:?}; {failed} conversions failed", codes);
    Ok(())
}

output_all is collect-all: each element is one command's independent Result, so a non-zero exit (an Ok with a non-zero code) never short-circuits the batch — the caller folds the outcomes. Pass &group instead of &JobRunner to keep every child in one shared kill-on-drop group. It is deliberately not a pool, scheduler, or retrier. wait_all shares wait_any's two non-features (no per-process timeout, no output pumping).

Sampling stats over time

A point-in-time stats() becomes a series with sample_stats, and a single run can be profiled end-to-end (requires the default-on stats feature):

use processkit::{Command, ProcessGroup, StreamExt};
use std::time::Duration;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    // A CPU/RSS/process-count series for a whole group:
    let group = ProcessGroup::new()?;
    let _worker = group.start(&Command::new("worker")).await?;
    let mut samples = group.sample_stats(Duration::from_millis(250));
    if let Some(s) = samples.next().await {
        println!("procs={} rss={:?}", s.active_process_count, s.peak_memory_bytes);
    }
    drop(samples);

    // …or a one-shot summary of a single run:
    let profile = Command::new("crunch")
        .start().await?
        .profile(Duration::from_millis(100)).await?;
    println!(
        "exit={:?} took={:?} peak_rss={:?} avg_cpu={:?}",
        profile.exit_code, profile.duration, profile.peak_memory_bytes, profile.avg_cpu(),
    );
    Ok(())
}

The series inherits stats()'s platform matrix (full CPU/memory on Windows and Linux cgroup; counts only on the POSIX process-group backends); profile samples the started child process itself and applies the run's normal timeout/output handling.

Deeper: Process groups → stats · Streaming → profiling a run.

Supervising a long-lived child

Where Command::retry replays one run until it succeeds, a Supervisor keeps a child alive: it restarts the command per policy whenever it exits, with bounded restarts and exponential backoff (jittered by default so a restarted fleet doesn't stampede):

use processkit::{Command, RestartPolicy, Supervisor};
use std::time::Duration;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let outcome = Supervisor::new(Command::new("my-server").args(["--port", "8080"]))
        .restart(RestartPolicy::OnCrash)          // Always | OnCrash | Never
        .max_restarts(5)
        .backoff(Duration::from_millis(200), 2.0) // base, multiplier (cap: .max_backoff)
        .storm_pause(Duration::from_secs(15))     // crash-loop guard (off by default)
        .stop_when(|res| res.code() == Some(0))   // a clean exit ends supervision
        .run()
        .await?;
    println!("ended after {} restarts: {:?}", outcome.restarts, outcome.stopped);
    Ok(())
}

run() reports a SupervisionOutcome — the final run's result, the restart count, and why supervision stopped. The opt-in failure-storm guard distinguishes "fails rarely" from "crash-looping": each failure feeds a score that halves every failure_decay; past failure_threshold the supervisor takes one collective storm_pause instead of hammering restarts at backoff speed. Supervision is platform-agnostic and runs through the ProcessRunner seam: pass .with_runner(&group) to keep every incarnation in one shared kill-on-drop group, or a ScriptedRunner to test supervision logic hermetically.

Deeper: Supervision.

Waiting for a child to be ready

"Start a server, then use it" needs the server to be ready, not merely started. Three probes replace the arbitrary sleep:

use processkit::Command;
use std::time::Duration;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let mut run = Command::new("my-server").start().await?;

    // Wait for the startup banner (returns the matching line)…
    let banner = run
        .wait_for_line(|l| l.contains("listening on"), Duration::from_secs(10))
        .await?;
    println!("server says: {banner}");

    // …or for the port to accept connections…
    let addr = "127.0.0.1:8080".parse().expect("valid socket address");
    run.wait_for_port(addr, Duration::from_secs(10)).await?;

    // …or for any async health check to pass.
    run.wait_for(|| async { health_check().await }, Duration::from_secs(10)).await?;

    // ready — use the server …
    Ok(())
}

async fn health_check() -> bool {
    // e.g. probe an HTTP /health endpoint
    true
}

A probe that doesn't pass within its deadline — or that can no longer pass (the child exits; for wait_for_line, its stdout closes) — fails with Error::NotReady (distinct from Error::Timeout, which is the run's own Command::timeout) and does not kill the child: the caller decides what happens next. wait_for_line consumes stdout up to the match (continue with finish_streamed); wait_for_port / wait_for don't touch the pipes at all.

Deeper: Streaming → readiness probes.

Pipelines without a shell

a | b | c without a shell string — native pipes, so no quoting or injection surface, and every stage lives in one shared kill-on-drop group:

use processkit::Command;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let out = Command::new("git").args(["log", "--format=%an"])
        .pipe(Command::new("sort"))
        .pipe(Command::new("uniq").arg("-c"))
        .output_string()
        .await?;
    println!("{}", out.stdout());
    Ok(())
}

The | operator is equivalent sugar: (a | b | c).run().

The outcome is pipefail: stdout is the last stage's output, while the exit code, stderr, and reported program come from the first stage that didn't exit cleanly (or the last stage when all succeed). For a consumer that legitimately stops reading early — the producer | head -1 shape, where the producer's SIGPIPE death is expected — mark that stage .unchecked() and pipefail skips it (a checked failure still always wins). The first stage's stdin source is honored; inner stages read from the pipe. .timeout(d) bounds the whole chain (killing every stage at the deadline), and run() requires every stage to succeed, returning the trimmed final stdout.

Deeper: Pipelines.

Environment and privileges

Spawn-time controls for sandboxing and service launch:

use processkit::Command;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    Command::new("worker")
        .inherit_env(["PATH", "HOME", "LANG"]) // allow-list on a cleared env
        .uid(1000).gid(1000)                   // Unix: drop privileges
        .setsid()                              // Unix: new session
        .run()
        .await?;

    Command::new("helper")
        .create_no_window()                    // Windows: no console window
        .run()
        .await?;

    Command::new("daemonish")
        .kill_on_parent_death()                // die with a SIGKILLed parent
        .start()
        .await?;
    Ok(())
}

inherit_env clears the environment and copies only the named parent vars (explicit env/env_remove still apply on top); it works everywhere. uid / gid (group id is set before user id) and setsid are POSIX-only — on other targets the run fails with Error::Unsupported rather than silently skipping a privilege drop. One Linux caveat: under the cgroup mechanism the child joins its cgroup after the uid has already dropped, and the auto-created cgroup isn't writable by the target user — the spawn fails with a permission error (never an uncontained child); privilege drop currently composes cleanly with the process-group mechanism. setsid keeps containment: the group tracks the new session's process group. create_no_window is a harmless no-op outside Windows and, unlike the raw ProcessGroup::spawn escape hatch, survives the group's CREATE_SUSPENDED containment flag (they are OR'd together). kill_on_parent_death hardens the one case Drop can't cover — the parent dying abruptly (SIGKILL): Windows already guarantees it (the job handle closes with the process), Linux arms PDEATHSIG on the direct child, macOS/BSD have no equivalent (documented no-op).

Deeper: Running commands → privileges and spawn flags.

Cancelling a run

Requires the cancellation feature (off by default). Hand a command a CancellationToken (re-exported from tokio-util); cancelling the token kills the process tree, and every consuming path reports Error::Cancelled:

use processkit::{CancellationToken, Command};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let token = CancellationToken::new();

    let job = tokio::spawn({
        let token = token.child_token();
        async move {
            Command::new("long-job").cancel_on(token).run().await
        }
    });

    // elsewhere — a shutdown signal, a sibling failure, a UI button:
    token.cancel();

    assert!(matches!(job.await.unwrap(), Err(processkit::Error::Cancelled { .. })));
    Ok(())
}

Unlike a timeout — whose expiry is captured in the result as timed_out — cancellation is always an error: the run was abandoned, so there is no result to inspect. When a cancel and a timeout land together, cancellation wins. A token cancelled before the run starts short-circuits without spawning anything. On a shared ProcessGroup handle, cancelling kills the child itself but leaves the group's siblings alone (same scope as a timeout), and a supervised command that gets cancelled stops its Supervisor for good — restarting into a still-cancelled token would loop futilely.

For a typed wrapper whose commands never cross your code, set the token once on the client: CliClient::new("gh").default_cancel_on(token.child_token()) — cancelling it kills every in-flight command of that client.

Deeper: Timeouts, retries & cancellation.

Async streaming and interactive I/O

The one-shot helpers above buffer the whole output. For long-running or conversational children, start() returns a live RunningProcess you can drive asynchronously.

Stream stdout line by line

Process each line as it arrives — no waiting for the child to exit, no buffering the full output. StreamExt (re-exported from tokio-stream) provides .next():

use processkit::{Command, StreamExt};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let mut run = Command::new("git")
        .args(["log", "--oneline", "-n", "50"])
        .start()
        .await?;

    let mut lines = run.stdout_lines();
    while let Some(line) = lines.next().await {
        println!("commit: {line}");
    }

    // After the stream ends, collect the exit code and whatever went to stderr
    // (drained in the background while you streamed stdout). `code` is `None` if
    // the run was killed (timeout / signal) and so produced no exit code.
    let (code, stderr) = run.finish_streamed().await?;
    if code != Some(0) {
        eprintln!("git exited {code:?}: {stderr}");
    }
    Ok(())
}

The command's timeout bounds the stream: at the deadline the tree is killed, the pipes close, and the stream ends (on a handle that owns its group — the start() path). A cancel_on token (with the cancellation feature) ends the stream the same way, and the following finish_streamed reports Error::Cancelled. For an ad-hoc bound, wrapping the loop in tokio::time::timeout and dropping the handle (which kills the tree) still works.

Interactive stdin — write requests, read responses

Keep stdin open with keep_stdin_open(), take the writer with standard_input(), then interleave async writes and reads:

use processkit::{Command, StreamExt};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    // `bc` evaluates each stdin line and prints the result on stdout.
    let mut run = Command::new("bc").keep_stdin_open().start().await?;

    let mut stdin = run.standard_input().expect("stdin was kept open");
    stdin.write_line("2 + 2").await?;
    stdin.write_line("6 * 7").await?;
    stdin.finish().await?; // send EOF so bc finishes

    let mut answers = run.stdout_lines();
    while let Some(answer) = answers.next().await {
        println!("bc says: {answer}");
    }
    Ok(())
}

Feed stdin from an async stream, react to stdout as it's read

Stdin::from_lines writes each item of any Stream<Item = String> as a line — back it with a channel, a file tail, or a network source. Pair it with on_stdout_line / on_stderr_line to handle output inline (the handler runs on the read pump, in addition to capture):

use processkit::{Command, Stdin};
use tokio_stream::iter; // any `Stream<Item = String>` works

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    let input = iter(vec!["banana".to_owned(), "apple".to_owned(), "cherry".to_owned()]);

    let result = Command::new("sort")
        .stdin(Stdin::from_lines(input))
        .on_stdout_line(|line| println!("sorted: {line}"))
        .output_string()
        .await?;
    let _ = result; // already printed line by line above
    Ok(())
}

Deeper: Streaming & interactive I/O.

Wrapping a CLI tool

CliClient + the cli_client! macro turn a typed wrapper around an external tool (git, jj, gh, …) into just its parsers — the runner is injectable, so the wrapper is hermetically testable with a ScriptedRunner (no subprocess). The seam covers streaming too: a scripted start() feeds canned lines through the same pump machinery, so stdout_lines/wait_for_line-based orchestration tests hermetically as well:

use processkit::{cli_client, ProcessRunner, Result};
use std::path::Path;

cli_client!(pub struct Git => "git");

impl<R: ProcessRunner> Git<R> {
    async fn head(&self, dir: &Path) -> Result<String> {
        self.core.run(self.core.command_in(dir, ["rev-parse", "HEAD"])).await
    }
}

Deeper: Testing your code → CliClient.

Recording and replaying runs

Requires the record feature (off by default). RecordReplayRunner turns real runs into a JSON cassette once, then replays them deterministically — fast, hermetic, no subprocess in CI:

use processkit::{Command, JobRunner, ProcessRunnerExt, RecordReplayRunner};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> processkit::Result<()> {
    // Record once against the real tool (e.g. an opt-in `--record` test run):
    let runner = RecordReplayRunner::record("fixtures/git.json", JobRunner::new());
    let version = runner.run(&Command::new("git").arg("--version")).await?;
    runner.save()?; // or best-effort on drop

    // Replay everywhere else — no subprocess, identical results:
    let runner = RecordReplayRunner::replay("fixtures/git.json")?;
    assert_eq!(runner.run(&Command::new("git").arg("--version")).await?, version);
    Ok(())
}

Entries are matched by program + args + cwd + has-stdin. Environment override values never reach the file — only the sorted variable names, so a committed fixture can't leak secrets (and env differences can't cause spurious misses). When one invocation was recorded several times, replay serves the entries in capture order and then repeats the last one — a recorded sequence of changing outputs replays faithfully, while retry/probe loops keep getting a stable final answer. An invocation absent from the cassette is a strict error (replay never spawns a surprise subprocess), and the file carries a format version so future readers fail loudly instead of misreading old fixtures.

Deeper: Testing your code → record/replay.

Contributing

Running the tests and the (maintainer-only) release process are documented in CONTRIBUTING.md.

License

Licensed under the MIT License.