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fix: release references to completed stage logics in GraphInterpreter#3030

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fix/graph-interpreter-memory-leak
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fix: release references to completed stage logics in GraphInterpreter#3030
He-Pin wants to merge 2 commits into
mainfrom
fix/graph-interpreter-memory-leak

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@He-Pin He-Pin commented May 31, 2026

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Motivation

When multiple stages are fused, a single alive stage keeps the GraphInterpreter alive and with it references to all already completed GraphStage logics, which may keep a significant amount of memory.

This issue was originally reported in akka/akka-core#23439.

Modification

  • Modified GraphInterpreter.finish() to release references to all stage logics after finalization
  • Modified GraphInterpreter.toSnapshot() to handle null logics gracefully
  • Added null checks in finish() to avoid NPE when logic is already null

Result

GraphInterpreter no longer keeps references to completed stage logics, allowing them to be garbage collected even if the interpreter is still alive due to other fused stages.

Tests

  • Added directional test to verify logics are released after finish()
  • Added test to verify logics are released when stages complete early

References

@He-Pin He-Pin requested a review from Copilot May 31, 2026 20:29
@He-Pin He-Pin added this to the 2.0.0-M4 milestone May 31, 2026
@He-Pin He-Pin added the t:stream Pekko Streams label May 31, 2026

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Pull request overview

This PR attempts to reduce GraphInterpreter memory retention by clearing stage logic references after finalization and adapting snapshots/tests for released logics.

Changes:

  • Clears entries from GraphInterpreter.logics during finish().
  • Adds null-aware logic snapshot handling.
  • Adds tests asserting the logics array is nulled after finish().

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

File Description
stream/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/stream/impl/fusing/GraphInterpreter.scala Updates finalization and snapshot behavior for null stage logic entries.
stream-tests/src/test/scala/org/apache/pekko/stream/impl/fusing/GraphInterpreterSpec.scala Adds regression tests for releasing stage logic references.
Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)

stream/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/stream/impl/fusing/GraphInterpreter.scala:757

  • toSnapshot still dereferences logicIndexes(connection.inOwner)/outOwner, but logicIndexes now excludes every released (null) logic. After finish() nulls logics, any snapshot of a shell that still has its connections array will throw NoSuchElementException instead of producing the <completed> snapshots added above. Use the owners' stable stageId to index logicSnapshots so released logics are handled.
    val logicIndexes = logics.zipWithIndex.collect { case (stage, idx) if stage ne null => stage -> idx }.toMap
    val connectionSnapshots = connections.filter(_ ne null).map { connection =>
      ConnectionSnapshotImpl(
        connection.id,
        logicSnapshots(logicIndexes(connection.inOwner)),
        logicSnapshots(logicIndexes(connection.outOwner)),

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Comment thread stream/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/stream/impl/fusing/GraphInterpreter.scala Outdated
Comment thread stream/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/stream/impl/fusing/GraphInterpreter.scala Outdated
@He-Pin He-Pin requested a review from pjfanning June 16, 2026 10:01
@He-Pin He-Pin force-pushed the fix/graph-interpreter-memory-leak branch from c58c59e to d29add0 Compare June 16, 2026 12:13
@He-Pin He-Pin removed this from the 2.0.0-M4 milestone Jun 16, 2026
@pjfanning

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@He-Pin there are merge conflicts and also open comments from Copilot that need actions.

@He-Pin

He-Pin commented Jun 23, 2026

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oops, will rebase and fix soon. the origin problem was reported by @jrudolph

Motivation:
GraphInterpreter retains strong references to completed stage logics in
the logics array and Connection objects (inHandler/outHandler/inOwner/outOwner),
preventing garbage collection even after stages have finished. This is
especially problematic for long-running fused interpreters that host
subfused shells, where completed initial stages remain referenced for
the lifetime of the actor.

Modification:
- afterStageHasRun now scans ALL logics for completed stages instead of
  only checking the single activeStage. This ensures stages that complete
  without being activeStage (e.g., boundary stages calling complete(),
  cascading completions) are properly finalized and released.
- finish() and afterStageHasRun null connection handlers (inHandler/
  outHandler) for finalized stages, breaking handler-to-logic reference
  chains to enable garbage collection.
- finish() additionally nulls inOwner/outOwner on all connections since
  the interpreter is being shut down and no more events will be processed.
- logics(i) is set to null after finalizing each stage in both finish()
  and afterStageHasRun.
- toSnapshot handles null logics gracefully with <completed> placeholder
  and uses connection.inOwner.stageId for positional indexing instead of
  identity-based map lookups that fail with NPE on null logics.
- toSnapshot filters out connections with null inOwner/outOwner.
- inLogicName/outLogicName/inOwnerName/outOwnerName debug methods guard
  against null logics and null owners.
- Fix GraphStageLogicSpec "not double-terminate" test to save logic
  references before execute() since afterStageHasRun now releases
  completed logics.

Result:
Completed stage logics are properly finalized and released for GC
during normal stream execution (not just in finish()), and all strong
reference chains (logics array, connection handlers, connection owners)
are broken when the interpreter is shut down, reducing memory retention
in long-running fused interpreters.

Tests:
- stream-tests/testOnly GraphInterpreterSpec: 13/13 passed (includes 2 new regression tests)
- stream-tests/testOnly GraphStageLogicSpec: 17/17 passed
- stream-tests/testOnly InterpreterSpec+LifecycleInterpreterSpec+InterpreterSupervisionSpec+GraphInterpreterFailureModesSpec+ActorGraphInterpreterSpec: 65/65 passed

References:
Refs #3030, Related to akka/akka-core#23439
@He-Pin He-Pin force-pushed the fix/graph-interpreter-memory-leak branch from d29add0 to 3d0369b Compare July 7, 2026 10:26
@He-Pin He-Pin added this to the 2.0.0-M4 milestone Jul 7, 2026
Motivation:\nWhen fused streams keep the GraphInterpreter alive, completed stage logics and connection owners/handlers must not remain strongly referenced.\n\nModification:\nFinalize completed stages after they run, release finalized connection-side references, and keep stable stage ids for diagnostics and snapshots after owners are cleared.\n\nResult:\nCompleted fused stages can be released while other stages keep running, and interpreter snapshots remain usable after release.\n\nTests:\n- rtk sbt "stream-tests / Test / testOnly org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.fusing.GraphInterpreterSpec"\n- rtk sbt "stream-tests / Test / testOnly org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.GraphStageLogicSpec org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.fusing.GraphInterpreterPortsSpec org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.fusing.LifecycleInterpreterSpec org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.fusing.GraphInterpreterFailureModesSpec"\n- rtk sbt "stream-tests / Test / testOnly org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.fusing.GraphInterpreterSpec org.apache.pekko.stream.impl.GraphStageLogicSpec"\n- rtk scalafmt --mode diff-ref=origin/main\n- rtk scalafmt --list --mode diff-ref=origin/main\n- rtk git diff --check\n- qodercli stdout review: No must-fix findings\n- subAgent review: No GraphInterpreter must-fix findings\n\nReferences:\nRefs #3030
@He-Pin

He-Pin commented Jul 8, 2026

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@pjfanning I have address all the problems

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