feat(async): add abort signal support to retry()

[tomas-zijdemans]

Adds signal option to retry() for aborting operations via AbortSignal.

Also improved input validation:

• Uses RangeError instead of TypeError for invalid options
• Validates maxAttempts is a positive integer
• Validates multiplier is a finite number >= 1
• Validates jitter is between 0 and 1 (was only checking > 1)
• Adds NaN checks for maxTimeout, minTimeout, and jitter

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 94.18%. Comparing base (13e5527) to head (124f405).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #6922   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   94.17%   94.18%           
=======================================
  Files         584      584           
  Lines       43087    43102   +15     
  Branches     6875     6883    +8     
=======================================
+ Hits        40578    40596   +18     
+ Misses       2457     2455    -2     
+ Partials       52       51    -1     

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